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Shao N, Liu B, Xiao Y, Wang X, Ren L, Dong J, Sun L, Zhu Y, Zhang T, Yang F. Genetic Characteristics of Human Parainfluenza Virus Types 1-4 From Patients With Clinical Respiratory Tract Infection in China. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:679246. [PMID: 34335501 PMCID: PMC8320325 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.679246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIV1–4) cause acute respiratory tract infections, thereby impacting human health worldwide. However, there are no current effective antivirals or licensed vaccines for infection prevention. Moreover, sequence information for human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) circulating in China is inadequate. Therefore, to shed light on viral genetic diversity and evolution, we collected samples from patients infected with HPIV1–4 in China from 2012 to 2018 to sequence the viruses. We obtained 24 consensus sequences, comprising 1 for HPIV1, 2 for HPIV2, 19 for HPIV3, and 2 for HPIV4A. Phylogenetic analyses classified the 1 HPIV1 into clade 2, and the 2 HPIV4 sequences into cluster 4A. Based on the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) gene, a new sub-cluster was identified in one of the HPIV2, namely G1c, and the 19 HPIV3 sequences were classified into the genetic lineages of C3f and C3a. The results indicated that HPIV1–4 were co-circulated in China. Further, the lineages of sub-cluster C3 of HPIV3 were co-circulated in China. A recombination analysis indicated that a putative recombination event may have occurred in the HN gene of HPIV3. In the obtained sequences of HPIV3, we found that two amino acid substitution sites (R73K in the F protein of PUMCH14028/2014 and A281V in the HN protein of PUMCH13961/2014) and a negative selection site (amino acid position 398 in the F protein) corresponded to the previously reported neutralization-related sites. Moreover, amino acid substitution site (K108E) corresponded to the negative selection site (amino acid position 108) in the 10 F proteins of HPIV3. However, no amino acid substitution site corresponded to the glycosylation site in the obtained HPIV3 sequences. These results might help in studying virus evolution, developing vaccines, and monitoring HPIV-related respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Shao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Xiao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Ren
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Dong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lilian Sun
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yafang Zhu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Chibanga VP, Dirr L, Guillon P, El-Deeb IM, Bailly B, Thomson RJ, von Itzstein M. New antiviral approaches for human parainfluenza: Inhibiting the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase. Antiviral Res 2019; 167:89-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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3
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Ortega V, Stone JA, Contreras EM, Iorio RM, Aguilar HC. Addicted to sugar: roles of glycans in the order Mononegavirales. Glycobiology 2019; 29:2-21. [PMID: 29878112 PMCID: PMC6291800 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is a biologically important protein modification process by which a carbohydrate chain is enzymatically added to a protein at a specific amino acid residue. This process plays roles in many cellular functions, including intracellular trafficking, cell-cell signaling, protein folding and receptor binding. While glycosylation is a common host cell process, it is utilized by many pathogens as well. Protein glycosylation is widely employed by viruses for both host invasion and evasion of host immune responses. Thus better understanding of viral glycosylation functions has potential applications for improved antiviral therapeutic and vaccine development. Here, we summarize our current knowledge on the broad biological functions of glycans for the Mononegavirales, an order of enveloped negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses of high medical importance that includes Ebola, rabies, measles and Nipah viruses. We discuss glycobiological findings by genera in alphabetical order within each of eight Mononegavirales families, namely, the bornaviruses, filoviruses, mymonaviruses, nyamiviruses, paramyxoviruses, pneumoviruses, rhabdoviruses and sunviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Ortega
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jacquelyn A Stone
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Erik M Contreras
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Ronald M Iorio
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Immunology and Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Hector C Aguilar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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4
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Jain M, Islam S, Rahman ASMZ, Akhtar S, Hasan KN, Ahsan GU, Khaleque A, Hossain M. Molecular analysis of hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, matrix genes provide insight into the genetic diversity of seasonal H3N2 human influenza a viruses in Bangladesh during July-August, 2012. Virusdisease 2018; 29:54-60. [PMID: 29607359 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-018-0431-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus subtype H3 is a threat to public health and it is important to understand the evolution of the viruses for the surveillance and the selection of vaccine strains. Comparative analysis of four Bangladeshi isolates with isolates circulating other parts of the world based on three candidate genes hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), matrix protein (MA) showed no evidence of significant distinct subclade of viruses circulating in the country over the period of study. Despite these findings, we found N161S substitution in all four H3N2 influenza stains resulting in the gain of NSS160-162 glycosylation site. All H3N2 Influenza subtypes in the study had amino acid substitution at position 31 on the M2 protein (Aspartic acid to Asparagine) which is known to be responsible for amantadine drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Jain
- 1Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, North South University, Dhaka, 1229 Bangladesh
| | - Sohidul Islam
- 1Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, North South University, Dhaka, 1229 Bangladesh
| | - A S M Zisanur Rahman
- 1Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, North South University, Dhaka, 1229 Bangladesh
| | - Sharmin Akhtar
- 1Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, North South University, Dhaka, 1229 Bangladesh
| | - Kazi Nadim Hasan
- 1Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, North South University, Dhaka, 1229 Bangladesh
| | - Gias Uddin Ahsan
- 2Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, 1229 Bangladesh.,3NSU Genome Research Institute (NGRI), North South University, Dhaka, 1229 Bangladesh
| | - Abdul Khaleque
- 1Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, North South University, Dhaka, 1229 Bangladesh
| | - Maqsud Hossain
- 1Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, North South University, Dhaka, 1229 Bangladesh.,3NSU Genome Research Institute (NGRI), North South University, Dhaka, 1229 Bangladesh
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5
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Park KS, Yang MH, Lee CK, Song KJ. Genetic analysis of human parainfluenza viruses circulating in Korea, 2006. J Med Virol 2014; 86:1041-7. [PMID: 24464425 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIV) are important causes of respiratory tract infections in young children. To characterize the molecular epidemiology of an HPIV outbreak occurring in Korea during 2006, genetic analysis of 269 cell culture isolates from HPIV-infected children, was conducted using nested reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). HPIV-1 was detected in 70.3% of tested samples (189/269). The detection rate of HPIV-2 and HPIV-3 was 1.5% (4/269) and 9.3% (25/269), respectively. Mixed HPIV-1, -2 and -3 infections were detected in 19.0% (51/269): HPIV-1 and HPIV-2 in 15, HPIV-1 and HPIV-3 in 26, HPIV-2 and HPIV-3 in 6, and HPIV-1, -2 and -3 in 4. Of these positive samples for three different types HIPV-1, -2, and -3, two each representative strains were selected, the full length of hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) gene for HPIV was amplified by RT-PCR, and sequenced. Multiple alignment analysis, based on reference sequence of HPIV-1, -2, and -3 strains available in GenBank, showed that the identity of nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences was 92.4-97.6% and 92.7-97.9%, respectively, for HPIV-1, 88.5-99.8% and 88.6-100% for HPIV-2, and 96.3-99.5% and 95.0-99.3% for HPIV-3, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that HPIV-1, -2, and -3 strains identified in this study were closely related among the strains in the same type with no significant genetic variability. These results show that HPIV of multiple imported sources was circulating in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Sook Park
- Department of Microbiology, The Institute for Viral Diseases and Korea Bank for Pathogenic Viruses, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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6
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Abstract
Sialic acid linked to glycoproteins and gangliosides is used by many viruses as a receptor for cell entry. These viruses include important human and animal pathogens, such as influenza, parainfluenza, mumps, corona, noro, rota, and DNA tumor viruses. Attachment to sialic acid is mediated by receptor binding proteins that are constituents of viral envelopes or exposed at the surface of non-enveloped viruses. Some of these viruses are also equipped with a neuraminidase or a sialyl-O-acetyl-esterase. These receptor-destroying enzymes promote virus release from infected cells and neutralize sialic acid-containing soluble proteins interfering with cell surface binding of the virus. Variations in the receptor specificity are important determinants for host range, tissue tropism, pathogenicity, and transmissibility of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philippe Delannoy
- Lille University of Science and Technology, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Mark von Itzstein
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland Australia
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7
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Quantitative comparison of human parainfluenza virus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase receptor binding and receptor cleavage. J Virol 2013; 87:8962-70. [PMID: 23740997 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00739-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The human parainfluenza virus (hPIV) hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein binds (H) oligosaccharide receptors that contain N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and cleaves (N) Neu5Ac from these oligosaccharides. In order to determine if one of HN's two functions is predominant, we measured the affinity of H for its ligands by a solid-phase binding assay with two glycoprotein substrates and by surface plasmon resonance with three monovalent glycans. We compared the dissociation constant (Kd) values from these experiments with previously determined Michaelis-Menten constants (Kms) for the enzyme activity. We found that glycoprotein substrates and monovalent glycans containing Neu5Acα2-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc bind HN with Kd values in the 10 to 100 μM range. Km values for HN were previously determined to be on the order of 1 mM (M. M. Tappert, D. F. Smith, and G. M. Air, J. Virol. 85:12146-12159, 2011). A Km value greater than the Kd value indicates that cleavage occurs faster than the dissociation of binding and will dominate under N-permissive conditions. We propose, therefore, that HN is a neuraminidase that can hold its substrate long enough to act as a binding protein. The N activity can therefore regulate binding by reducing virus-receptor interactions when the concentration of receptor is high.
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8
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Chang A, Dutch RE. Paramyxovirus fusion and entry: multiple paths to a common end. Viruses 2012; 4:613-36. [PMID: 22590688 PMCID: PMC3347325 DOI: 10.3390/v4040613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 03/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The paramyxovirus family contains many common human pathogenic viruses, including measles, mumps, the parainfluenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, and the zoonotic henipaviruses, Hendra and Nipah. While the expression of a type 1 fusion protein and a type 2 attachment protein is common to all paramyxoviruses, there is considerable variation in viral attachment, the activation and triggering of the fusion protein, and the process of viral entry. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the understanding of paramyxovirus F protein-mediated membrane fusion, an essential process in viral infectivity. We also review the role of the other surface glycoproteins in receptor binding and viral entry, and the implications for viral infection. Throughout, we concentrate on the commonalities and differences in fusion triggering and viral entry among the members of the family. Finally, we highlight key unanswered questions and how further studies can identify novel targets for the development of therapeutic treatments against these human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca E. Dutch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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9
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The second receptor binding site of the globular head of the Newcastle disease virus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase activates the stalk of multiple paramyxovirus receptor binding proteins to trigger fusion. J Virol 2012; 86:5730-41. [PMID: 22438532 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06793-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein of paramyxoviruses carries out three distinct activities contributing to the ability of HN to promote viral fusion and entry: receptor binding, receptor cleavage (neuraminidase), and activation of the fusion protein. The relationship between receptor binding and fusion triggering functions of HN are not fully understood. For Newcastle disease virus (NDV), one bifunctional site (site I) on HN's globular head can mediate both receptor binding and neuraminidase activities, and a second site (site II) in the globular head is also capable of mediating receptor binding. The receptor analog, zanamivir, blocks receptor binding and cleavage activities of NDV HN's site I while activating receptor binding by site II. Comparison of chimeric proteins in which the globular head of NDV HN is connected to the stalk region of either human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3) or Nipah virus receptor binding proteins indicates that receptor binding to NDV HN site II not only can activate its own fusion (F) protein but can also activate the heterotypic fusion proteins. We suggest a general model for paramyxovirus fusion activation in which receptor engagement at site II plays an active role in F activation.
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10
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Mizuta K, Saitoh M, Kobayashi M, Tsukagoshi H, Aoki Y, Ikeda T, Abiko C, Katsushima N, Itagaki T, Noda M, Kozawa K, Ahiko T, Kimura H. Detailed genetic analysis of hemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoprotein gene in human parainfluenza virus type 1 isolates from patients with acute respiratory infection between 2002 and 2009 in Yamagata prefecture, Japan. Virol J 2011; 8:533. [PMID: 22152158 PMCID: PMC3295729 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human parainfluenza virus type 1 (HPIV1) causes various acute respiratory infections (ARI). Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) glycoprotein of HPIV1 is a major antigen. However, the molecular epidemiology and genetic characteristics of such ARI are not exactly known. Recent studies suggested that a phylogenetic analysis tool, namely the maximum likelihood (ML) method, may be applied to estimate the evolutionary time scale of various viruses. Thus, we conducted detailed genetic analyses including homology analysis, phylogenetic analysis (using both the neighbor joining (NJ) and ML methods), and analysis of the pairwise distances of HN gene in HPIV1 isolated from patients with ARI in Yamagata prefecture, Japan. Results A few substitutions of nucleotides in the second binding site of HN gene were observed among the present isolates. The strains were classified into two major clusters in the phylogenetic tree by the NJ method. Another phylogenetic tree constructed by the ML method showed that the strains diversified in the late 1980s. No positively selected sites were found in the present strains. Moreover, the pairwise distance among the present isolates was relatively short. Conclusions The evolution of HN gene in the present HPIV1 isolates was relatively slow. The ML method may be a useful phylogenetic method to estimate the evolutionary time scale of HPIV and other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsumi Mizuta
- Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-6-6 Toka-machi, Yamagata-shi, Yamagata 990-0031, Japan
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11
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Fukushima K, Takahashi T, Takaguchi M, Ueyama H, Ito S, Kurebayashi Y, Kawanishi T, McKimm-Breschkin JL, Takimoto T, Minami A, Suzuki T. Plaque formation assay for human parainfluenza virus type 1. Biol Pharm Bull 2011; 34:996-1000. [PMID: 21720003 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.34.996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human parainfluenza virus type 1 (hPIV1) generally does not show visible plaques in common cell lines, including Lewis lung carcinoma-monkey kidney (LLC-MK(2)) cells, by plaque formation assays for human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hPIV3) and Sendai virus. In several conditions of the plaque formation assay, complete elimination of serum proteins in the overlay medium was necessary for visualization of hPIV1-induced plaque formation in LLC-MK(2) cells. We developed a plaque formation assay for hPIV1 isolation and titration in LLC-MK(2) cells using an initial overlay medium of bovine serum albumin-free Eagle's minimum essential medium containing agarose and acetylated trypsin for 4-6 d followed by a second overlay staining medium containing agarose and neutral red. The assay allowed both laboratory and clinical hPIV1 strains to form large plaques. The plaque reduction assay was also performed with rabbit anti-hPIV1 antibody as a general evaluation model of viral inhibitors to decrease both the plaque number and size. The results indicate that the plaque formation assay is useful for hPIV1 isolation, titration, evaluation of antiviral reagents and epidemiologic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keijo Fukushima
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Global COE Program for Innovation in Human Health Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52–1 Yada, Shizuoka 422–8526, Japan
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12
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Alymova IV, Portner A, Mishin VP, McCullers JA, Freiden P, Taylor GL. Receptor-binding specificity of the human parainfluenza virus type 1 hemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoprotein. Glycobiology 2011; 22:174-80. [PMID: 21846691 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwr112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) glycoprotein is utilized by human parainfluenza viruses for binding to the host cell. By the use of glycan array assays, we demonstrate that, in addition to the first catalytic-binding site, the HN of human parainfluenza virus type 1 has a second site for binding covered by N-linked glycan. Our data suggest that attachment of the first site to sialic acid (SA)-linked receptors triggers exposure of the second site. We found that both sites bind to α2-3-linked SAs with a preference for a sialyl-Lewis(x) motif. Binding to α2-3-linked SAs with a sulfated sialyl-Lewis motif as well as to α2-8-linked SAs was unique for the second binding site. Neither site recognizes α2-6-linked oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Alymova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA.
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13
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Long J, Bushnell RV, Tobin JK, Pan K, Deem MW, Nara PL, Tobin GJ. Evolution of H3N2 influenza virus in a guinea pig model. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20130. [PMID: 21799726 PMCID: PMC3142111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of influenza virus evolution under controlled experimental conditions can provide a better understanding of the consequences of evolutionary processes with and without immunological pressure. Characterization of evolved strains assists in the development of predictive algorithms for both the selection of subtypes represented in the seasonal influenza vaccine and the design of novel immune refocused vaccines. To obtain data on the evolution of influenza in a controlled setting, naïve and immunized Guinea pigs were infected with influenza A/Wyoming/2003 (H3N2). Virus progeny from nasal wash samples were assessed for variation in the dominant and other epitopes by sequencing the hemagglutinin (HA) gene to quantify evolutionary changes. Viral RNA from the nasal washes from infection of naïve and immune animals contained 6% and 24.5% HA variant sequences, respectively. Analysis of mutations relative to antigenic epitopes indicated that adaptive immunity played a key role in virus evolution. HA mutations in immunized animals were associated with loss of glycosylation and changes in charge and hydrophobicity in and near residues within known epitopes. Four regions of HA-1 (75-85, 125-135, 165-170, 225-230) contained residues of highest variability. These sites are adjacent to or within known epitopes and appear to play an important role in antigenic variation. Recognition of the role of these sites during evolution will lead to a better understanding of the nature of evolution which help in the prediction of future strains for selection of seasonal vaccines and the design of novel vaccines intended to stimulated broadened cross-reactive protection to conserved sites outside of dominant epitopes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Dogs
- Epitopes/immunology
- Evolution, Molecular
- Glycosylation
- Guinea Pigs/virology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/metabolism
- Humans
- Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions
- Immunization
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Models, Animal
- Models, Molecular
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Protein Conformation
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxue Long
- Biological Mimetics, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ruth V. Bushnell
- Biological Mimetics, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John K. Tobin
- Biological Mimetics, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Keyao Pan
- Department of Bioengineering and Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael W. Deem
- Department of Bioengineering and Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Peter L. Nara
- Biological Mimetics, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Gregory J. Tobin
- Biological Mimetics, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Alymova IV, Watanabe M, Boyd KL, Chand P, Babu YS, Portner A. Efficacy of the novel parainfluenza virus haemagglutinin-neuraminidase inhibitor BCX 2798 in mice - further evaluation. Antivir Ther 2010; 14:891-8. [PMID: 19918093 DOI: 10.3851/imp1420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human parainfluenza virus type 1 (hPIV-1) causes serious respiratory tract infections, especially in children. This study investigated the efficacy of the novel haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) inhibitor BCX 2798 in the prophylaxis of lethal and the treatment of non-lethal parainfluenza virus infection in mice. METHODS In the prophylaxis model, 129x1/SvJ mice were inoculated with a 90% lethal dose of a recombinant Sendai virus, in which the HN gene was replaced with that of hPIV-1 (rSeV[hPIV-1HN]). The mice were intranasally treated either once or for 5 days with 1 or 10 mg/kg/day of BCX 2798, starting 4 h before infection. In the therapeutic model, mice were infected with 100 plaque-forming units of rSeV(hPIV-1HN) per mouse and treated intranasally with 0.1, 1 or 10 mg/kg/day of BCX 2798 for 5 days, starting 24 or 48 h after infection, or for 4 days starting 72 h after infection. RESULTS Similar to multiple dosing, a single intranasal prophylaxis with 1 or 10 mg/kg of BCX 2798 protected approximately 40% or 90%, respectively, of mice from death by rSeV(hPIV-1HN) infection. BCX 2798 also significantly reduced virus lung titres (in a dose- and time-dependent manner) and reduced histopathological changes in the airways of non-lethally infected mice at multiple intranasal dosages in the therapeutic model, with the lowest effective dosage being 0.1 mg/kg/day administered 24 h after infection. CONCLUSIONS BCX 2798 was effective in the prophylaxis of lethal and in the therapy of non-lethal parainfluenza virus infection in mice, suggesting further consideration of BCX 2798 for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Alymova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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15
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N-linked glycan at residue 523 of human parainfluenza virus type 3 hemagglutinin-neuraminidase masks a second receptor-binding site. J Virol 2010; 84:3094-100. [PMID: 20053750 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02331-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) glycoprotein plays a critical role in parainfluenza virus replication. We recently found that in addition to the catalytic binding site, HN of human parainfluenza virus type 1 (hPIV-1) may have a second receptor-binding site covered by an N-linked glycan at residue 173, which is near the region of the second receptor-binding site identified in Newcastle disease virus (NDV) HN (I. A. Alymova, G. Taylor, V. P. Mishin, M. Watanabe, K. G. Murti, K. Boyd, P. Chand, Y. S. Babu, and A. Portner, J. Virol. 82:8400-8410, 2008). Sequence analysis and superposition of the NDV and hPIV-3 HN dimer structures revealed that, similar to what was seen in hPIV-1, the N-linked glycan at residue 523 on hPIV-3 HN may cover a second receptor-binding site. Removal of this N-linked glycosylation site by an Asn-to-Asp substitution at residue 523 (N523D) changed the spectrum of the mutant virus's receptor specificity, delayed its elution from both turkey and chicken red blood cells, reduced mutant sensitivity (by about half) to the selective HN inhibitor BCX 2855 in hemagglutination inhibition tests, and slowed its growth in LLC-MK(2) cells. The neuraminidase activity of the mutant and its sensitivity to BCX 2855 in neuraminidase inhibition assays did not change, indicating that the mutation did not affect the virus's catalytic-binding site and that all observed effects were caused by the exposure of the purported second receptor-binding site. Our data are consistent with the idea that, similar to the case for hPIV-1, the N-linked glycan shields a second receptor-binding site on hPIV-3 HN.
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Iorio RM, Melanson VR, Mahon PJ. Glycoprotein interactions in paramyxovirus fusion. Future Virol 2009; 4:335-351. [PMID: 20161127 DOI: 10.2217/fvl.09.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Paramyxoviridae are enveloped, negative-stranded RNA viruses, some of which recognize sialic acid-containing receptors, while others recognize specific proteinaceous receptors. The major cytopathic effect of paramyxovirus infection is membrane fusion-induced syncytium formation. Paramyxoviruses are unusual in that the receptor-binding and fusion-promoting activities reside on two different spike structures, the attachment and fusion glycoproteins, respectively. For most paramyxoviruses, this distribution of functions requires a mechanism by which the two processes can be linked for the promotion of fusion. This is accomplished by a virus-specific interaction between the two proteins. An increasing body of evidence supports the notion that members of this family of viruses utilize this glycoprotein interaction in different ways in order to mediate the regulation of the fusion protein activation, depending on the type of receptor utilized by the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald M Iorio
- Program in Immunology & Virology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA and Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA, Tel.: +1 508 856 5257, ,
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Effect of hemagglutinin-neuraminidase inhibitors BCX 2798 and BCX 2855 on growth and pathogenicity of Sendai/human parainfluenza type 3 chimera virus in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:3942-51. [PMID: 19564364 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00220-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hPIV-3) is a major respiratory tract pathogen that affects young children, but no vaccines or antiviral drugs against it have yet been developed. We developed a mouse model to evaluate the efficacies of the novel parainfluenza virus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) inhibitors BCX 2798 and BCX 2855 against a recombinant Sendai virus (rSeV) in which the fusion (F) and HN surface glycoproteins (FHN) were replaced by those of hPIV-3 [rSeV(hPIV-3FHN)]. In the prophylaxis model, 129X1/SvJ mice were infected with a 90% or 20% lethal dose of the virus and were treated intranasally for 5 days with 10 mg/kg of body weight/day of either compound starting 4 h before infection. Prophylactic treatment of the mice with either compound did not prevent their death in a 90% lethality model of rSeV(hPIV-3FHN) infection. However, it significantly reduced the lung virus titers, the amount of weight lost, and the rate of mortality in mice infected with a 20% lethal virus dose. In the therapy model, mice were infected with a nonlethal dose of the virus (100 PFU/mouse) and were treated intranasally with 1 or 10 mg/kg/day of either compound for 5 days starting at 24 or 48 h postinfection. Treatment of the mice with either compound significantly reduced the virus titer in the lungs, subsequently causing a reduction in the number of immune cells and the levels of cytokines in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and histopathologic changes in the airways. Our results indicate that BCX 2798 and BCX 2855 are effective inhibitors of hPIV-3 HN in our mouse model and may be promising candidates for the prophylaxis and treatment of hPIV-3 infection in humans.
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