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Wu YC, Lai HX, Li JM, Fung KM, Tseng TS. Discovery of a potent inhibitor, D-132, targeting AsfvPolX, via protein-DNA complex-guided pharmacophore screening and in vitro molecular characterizations. Virus Res 2024; 344:199359. [PMID: 38521505 PMCID: PMC10995865 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
The heightened transmissibility and capacity of African swine fever virus (ASFV) induce fatal diseases in domestic pigs and wild boars, posing significant economic repercussions and global threats. Despite extensive research efforts, the development of potent vaccines or treatments for ASFV remains a persistent challenge. Recently, inhibiting the AsfvPolX, a key DNA repair enzyme, emerges as a feasible strategy to disrupt viral replication and control ASFV infections. In this study, a comprehensive approach involving pharmacophore-based inhibitor screening, coupled with biochemical and biophysical analyses, were implemented to identify, characterize, and validate potential inhibitors targeting AsfvPolX. The constructed pharmacophore model, Phar-PolX-S, demonstrated efficacy in identifying a potent inhibitor, D-132 (IC50 = 2.8 ± 0.2 µM), disrupting the formation of the AsfvPolX-DNA complex. Notably, D-132 exhibited strong binding to AsfvPolX (KD = 6.9 ± 2.2 µM) through a slow-on-fast-off binding mechanism. Employing molecular modeling, it was elucidated that D-132 predominantly binds in-between the palm and finger domains of AsfvPolX, with crucial residues (R42, N48, Q98, E100, F102, and F116) identified as hotspots for structure-based inhibitor optimization. Distinctively characterized by a 1,2,5,6-tetrathiocane with modifications at the 3 and 8 positions involving ethanesulfonates, D-132 holds considerable promise as a lead compound for the development of innovative agents to combat ASFV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chen Wu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40202, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Xiang Lai
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40202, Taiwan
| | - Ji-Min Li
- Institute of Precision Medicine, College of Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan; Center of Excellence for Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Kit-Man Fung
- Biomedical Translation Research Center (BioTReC), Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Sheng Tseng
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40202, Taiwan.
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Vu HLX, McVey DS. Recent progress on gene-deleted live-attenuated African swine fever virus vaccines. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:60. [PMID: 38480758 PMCID: PMC10937926 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00845-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
African Swine Fever (ASF) is a highly lethal viral disease in swine, with mortality rates approaching 100%. The disease has spread to many swine-producing countries, leading to significant economic losses and adversely impacting global food security. Extensive efforts have been directed toward developing effective ASF vaccines. Among the vaccinology approaches tested to date, live-attenuated virus (LAV) vaccines produced by rational deleting virulence genes from virulent African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) strains have demonstrated promising safety and efficacy in experimental and field conditions. Many gene-deleted LAV vaccine candidates have been generated in recent years. The virulence genes targeted for deletion from the genome of virulent ASFV strains can be categorized into four groups: Genes implicated in viral genome replication and transcription, genes from the multigene family located at both 5' and 3' termini, genes participating in mediating hemadsorption and putative cellular attachment factors, and novel genes with no known functions. Some promising LAV vaccine candidates are generated by deleting a single viral virulence gene, whereas others are generated by simultaneously deleting multiple genes. This article summarizes the recent progress in developing and characterizing gene-deleted LAV vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiep L X Vu
- Department of Animal Science, and Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - D Scott McVey
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
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3
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Cho KH, Hong SK, Kim DY, Sohn HJ, Yoo DS, Kang HE, Kim YH. Disease Course of Korean African Swine Fever Virus in Domestic Pigs Exposed Intraorally, Intranasally, Intramuscularly, and by Direct Contact with Infected Pigs. Viruses 2024; 16:433. [PMID: 38543798 PMCID: PMC10974542 DOI: 10.3390/v16030433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a fatal contagious disease affecting swine. The first Korean ASF virus (ASFV) isolate (Korea/Pig/Paju1/2019) was used to compare the disease course of ASFV in pigs inoculated via the four routes. In the challenge experiment, domestic pigs were infected via the intraoral (IO) and intranasal (IN) routes with a 106 50% hemadsorbing dose (HAD50) and an intramuscular (IM) injection of 103 HAD50. In the direct contact (DC) group, five naïve pigs were brought into direct contact with two IM-ASFV-infected pigs. IO-, IN-, and IM-inoculated pigs showed similar disease courses, whereas DC pigs had comparable ASF syndrome after a 7-day latent period. The disease course in the DC route, one of the most common routes of infection, was not significantly different from that in the IO and IN routes. IM and DC groups differed in terms of the severity of fever and hemorrhagic lesions in the lymph nodes and spleen, indicating that the IM route, suitable for early vaccine development trials, is not appropriate for studying the ASFV infection mechanism, including early stage of infection, and IO and IN challenges with a designated dose can be alternatives in trials for assessing ASFV pathogenicity and vaccine efficacy investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Hyun Cho
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (K.-H.C.); (S.-K.H.); (D.-Y.K.); (H.-J.S.); (H.-E.K.)
| | - Seong-Keun Hong
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (K.-H.C.); (S.-K.H.); (D.-Y.K.); (H.-J.S.); (H.-E.K.)
| | - Da-Young Kim
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (K.-H.C.); (S.-K.H.); (D.-Y.K.); (H.-J.S.); (H.-E.K.)
| | - Hyun-Joo Sohn
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (K.-H.C.); (S.-K.H.); (D.-Y.K.); (H.-J.S.); (H.-E.K.)
| | - Dae-Sung Yoo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61168, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hae-Eun Kang
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (K.-H.C.); (S.-K.H.); (D.-Y.K.); (H.-J.S.); (H.-E.K.)
| | - Yeon-Hee Kim
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (K.-H.C.); (S.-K.H.); (D.-Y.K.); (H.-J.S.); (H.-E.K.)
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Chandana MS, Nair SS, Chaturvedi VK, Abhishek, Pal S, Charan MSS, Balaji S, Saini S, Vasavi K, Deepa P. Recent progress and major gaps in the vaccine development for African swine fever. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:997-1010. [PMID: 38311710 PMCID: PMC10920543 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01264-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The swine industry across the globe is recently facing a devastating situation imparted by a highly contagious and deadly viral disease, African swine fever. The disease is caused by a DNA virus, the African swine fever virus (ASFV) of the genus Asfivirus. ASFV affects both wild boars and domestic pigs resulting in an acute form of hemorrhagic fever. Since the first report in 1921, the disease remains endemic in some of the African countries. However, the recent occurrence of ASF outbreaks in Asia led to a fresh and formidable challenge to the global swine production industry. Culling of the infected animals along with the implementation of strict sanitary measures remains the only options to control this devastating disease. Efforts to develop an effective and safe vaccine against ASF began as early as in the mid-1960s. Different approaches have been employed for the development of effective ASF vaccines including inactivated vaccines, subunit vaccines, DNA vaccines, virus-vectored vaccines, and live attenuated vaccines (LAVs). Inactivated vaccines are a non-feasible strategy against ASF due to their inability to generate a complete cellular immune response. However genetically engineered vaccines, such as subunit vaccines, DNA vaccines, and virus vector vaccines, represent tailored approaches with minimal adverse effects and enhanced safety profiles. As per the available data, gene deleted LAVs appear to be the most potential vaccine candidates. Currently, a gene deleted LAV (ASFV-G-∆I177L), developed in Vietnam, stands as the sole commercially available vaccine against ASF. The major barrier to the goal of developing an effective vaccine is the critical gaps in the knowledge of ASFV biology and the immune response induced by ASFV infection. The precise contribution of various hosts, vectors, and environmental factors in the virus transmission must also be investigated in depth to unravel the disease epidemiology. In this review, we mainly focus on the recent progress in vaccine development against ASF and the major gaps associated with it.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Chandana
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, India.
| | - Sonu S Nair
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, India.
| | - V K Chaturvedi
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, India
| | - Abhishek
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, India
| | - Santanu Pal
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, India
| | | | - Shilpa Balaji
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Muktheswhar 263138, Utharakand, India
| | - Shubham Saini
- Division of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, India
| | - Koppu Vasavi
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, India
| | - Poloju Deepa
- Division of CADRAD, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Gao H, Di D, Wu Q, Li J, Liu X, Xu Z, Xu S, Wu C, Gong L, Sun Y, Zhang G, Chen H, Wang H. Pathogenicity and horizontal transmission evaluation of a novel isolated African swine fever virus strain with a three-large-fragment-gene deletion. Vet Microbiol 2024; 290:110002. [PMID: 38295489 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
African swine fever has caused substantial economic losses to China`s pig industry in recent years. Currently, the highly pathogenic African swine fever virus strain of genotype II is predominantly circulating in China, accompanied by a series of emerging isolates displaying unique genetic variations. The pathogenicity of these emerging strains is still unclear. Recently, a novel ASFV strain with a distinguishable three-large-fragment gene deletion was obtained from the field specimens, and its in vivo pathogenicity and transmission were evaluated in this study. The animal experiment involved inoculating a high dose of YNFN202103 and comparing its effects with those of the highly pathogenic strain GZ201801_2. Results showed that pigs infected by YNFN202103 exhibited significantly prolonged onset and survival time, lower viremia levels, and less severe histopathological lesions compared to GZ201801_2. These findings contributed valuable insights into the pathogenicity and transmission of ASFV and its prevention and eradication strategies in practical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongdong Di
- The Spirit Jinyu Biological Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hohhot, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianwen Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Li
- The Spirit Jinyu Biological Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hohhot, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiying Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Sijia Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengyu Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lang Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yankuo Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjun Chen
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Heng Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Johnston CM, Olesen AS, Lohse L, le Maire Madsen A, Bøtner A, Belsham GJ, Rasmussen TB. A Deep Sequencing Strategy for Investigation of Virus Variants within African Swine Fever Virus-Infected Pigs. Pathogens 2024; 13:154. [PMID: 38392892 PMCID: PMC10893071 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the causative agent of African swine fever, an economically important disease of pigs, often with a high case fatality rate. ASFV has demonstrated low genetic diversity among isolates collected within Eurasia. To explore the influence of viral variants on clinical outcomes and infection dynamics in pigs experimentally infected with ASFV, we have designed a deep sequencing strategy. The variant analysis revealed unique SNPs at <10% frequency in several infected pigs as well as some SNPs that were found in more than one pig. In addition, a deletion of 10,487 bp (resulting in the complete loss of 21 genes) was present at a nearly 100% frequency in the ASFV DNA from one pig at position 6362-16849. This deletion was also found to be present at low levels in the virus inoculum and in two other infected pigs. The current methodology can be used for the currently circulating Eurasian ASFVs and also adapted to other ASFV strains and genotypes. Comprehensive deep sequencing is critical for following ASFV molecular evolution, especially for the identification of modifications that affect virus virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Melissa Johnston
- Section for Veterinary Virology, Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institute, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (C.M.J.); (A.S.O.); (L.L.); (A.l.M.M.)
| | - Ann Sofie Olesen
- Section for Veterinary Virology, Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institute, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (C.M.J.); (A.S.O.); (L.L.); (A.l.M.M.)
| | - Louise Lohse
- Section for Veterinary Virology, Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institute, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (C.M.J.); (A.S.O.); (L.L.); (A.l.M.M.)
| | - Agnete le Maire Madsen
- Section for Veterinary Virology, Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institute, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (C.M.J.); (A.S.O.); (L.L.); (A.l.M.M.)
- Section for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, DK-1353 København, Denmark
| | - Anette Bøtner
- Section for Veterinary Clinical Microbiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (A.B.); (G.J.B.)
| | - Graham J. Belsham
- Section for Veterinary Clinical Microbiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (A.B.); (G.J.B.)
| | - Thomas Bruun Rasmussen
- Section for Veterinary Virology, Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institute, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (C.M.J.); (A.S.O.); (L.L.); (A.l.M.M.)
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Yuan R, Wei J, Geng R, Li B, Xiong W, Fang X, Lü P, Wang K. Ultra-sensitive photoelectrochemical biosensor for determination of African swine fever virus based on surface plasmon resonance. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1276:341637. [PMID: 37573117 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Sensitive and specific detection of African swine fever virus (ASFV) is crucial for agricultural production and economic development due to the mortality and infectivity. In this study, a bismuth induced enhanced photoelectrochemical (PEC) biosensor based on in-situ loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) was constructed using deposited bismuth nanoparticles loaded bismuth oxycarbonate (Bi/(BiO)2CO3) as photoactive material, using primers designed according to LAMP as recognition elements, and using in-situ LAMP to achieve nucleic acid amplification of target genes. As the Bi induced surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect, enhanced light captures and effective electron hole separation, it could effectively enhance the photoelectric activity, so the prepared Bi/(BiO)2CO3 nanohybrid had higher photocurrent intensity and good stability. The constructed PEC biosensor has realized the detection of ASFV in real samples with good sensitivity, specificity and repeatability. In the range from 1.0 × 10-13 to 1.0 × 10-7 g/L, the photoelectric current decreased with the increase of the concentration of ASFV, and the detection limit was 3.0 × 10-14 g/L (about 0.048 copies/μL). Combining the advantages of LAMP with the excellent performance of PEC, it provides a simple, economical and efficient method for nucleic acid diagnosis, and also provides a new idea for biosensor detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruishuang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology (Jiangsu University), Ministry of Education, School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Jie Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Rui Geng
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212003, PR China
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Technical Center for Animal, Plant and Food Inspection and Quarantine of Shanghai Customs, 1208 Minsheng Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, 200135, PR China
| | - Xueen Fang
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Peng Lü
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212003, PR China.
| | - Kun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology (Jiangsu University), Ministry of Education, School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China.
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8
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Zuo X, Peng G, Xia Y, Xu L, Zhao Q, Zhu Y, Wang C, Liu Y, Zhao J, Wang H, Zou X. A quadruple fluorescence quantitative PCR method for the identification of wild strains of african swine fever and gene-deficient strains. Virol J 2023; 20:150. [PMID: 37452402 PMCID: PMC10347796 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02111-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Originating in Africa, African swine fever (ASF) was introduced to China in 2018. This acute and highly virulent infectious disease affects domestic pigs. The World Organization for Animal Health has listed it as a statutory reportable disease, and China has listed it as a category A infectious disease. METHODS Primers and probes were designed for four ASFV genes (B646L, EP402R, MGF505-3R, and A137R). The primers/probes were highly conserved compared with the gene sequences of 21 ASFV strains. RESULTS After optimization, the calibration curve showed good linearity (R2 > 0.99), the minimum concentration of positive plasmids that could be detected was 50 copies/µL, and the minimum viral load detection limit was 102 HAD50/mL. Furthermore, quadruple quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) with nucleic acids from three porcine-derived DNA viruses and cDNAs from eight RNA viruses did not show amplification curves, indicating that the method was specific. In addition, 1 × 106, 1 × 105, and 1 × 104 copies/µL of mixed plasmids were used for the quadruple qPCR; the coefficient of variation for triplicate determination between groups was < 2%, indicating the method was reproducible. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained by testing clinical samples containing detectable EP402R, MGF505-3R, and A137R strains with different combinations of gene deletions were as expected. Therefore, the established quadruple qPCR method was validated for the molecular diagnosis of ASF using gene-deleted ASFV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhi Zuo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China
- China/WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Guorui Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Yingju Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Lu Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Qizu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China
- China/WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yebing Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Junjie Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Haidong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China.
| | - Xingqi Zou
- China/WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China.
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Tamás V, Righi C, Mészáros I, D'Errico F, Olasz F, Casciari C, Zádori Z, Magyar T, Petrini S, Feliziani F. Involvement of the MGF 110-11L Gene in the African Swine Fever Replication and Virulence. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11040846. [PMID: 37112759 PMCID: PMC10145817 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly lethal hemorrhagic viral disease that causes extensive economic and animal welfare losses in the Eurasian pig (Sus scrofa) population. To date, no effective and safe vaccines have been marketed against ASF. A starting point for vaccine development is using naturally occurring attenuated strains as a vaccine base. Here, we aimed to remove the multigene family (MGF) 110 gene of unknown function from the Lv17/WB/Rie1 genome to improve the usability of the virus as a live-attenuated vaccine, reducing unwanted side effects. The MGF 110-11L gene was deleted using the CRISPR/Cas9 method, and the safety and efficacy of the virus were tested in pigs after isolation. The vaccine candidates administered at high doses showed reduced pathogenicity compared to the parental strain and induced immunity in vaccinated animals, although several mild clinical signs were observed. Although Lv17/WB/Rie1/d110-11L cannot be used as a vaccine in its current form, it was encouraging that the undesirable side effects of Lv17/WB/Rie1 at high doses can be reduced by additional mutations without a significant reduction in its protective capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Tamás
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Hungária krt. 21, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Cecilia Righi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche "Togo Rosati", Via Gaetano Salvemini, 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - István Mészáros
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Hungária krt. 21, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Federica D'Errico
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche "Togo Rosati", Via Gaetano Salvemini, 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Ferenc Olasz
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Hungária krt. 21, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Cristina Casciari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche "Togo Rosati", Via Gaetano Salvemini, 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Zoltán Zádori
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Hungária krt. 21, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tibor Magyar
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Hungária krt. 21, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Stefano Petrini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche "Togo Rosati", Via Gaetano Salvemini, 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Feliziani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche "Togo Rosati", Via Gaetano Salvemini, 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
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10
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Zhou X, Fan J, Guo X, Chen T, Yang J, Zhang Y, Mi L, Zhang F, Miao F, Li M, Hu R. Comparison of Genotype II African Swine Fever Virus Strain SY18 Challenge Models. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040858. [PMID: 37112838 PMCID: PMC10142125 DOI: 10.3390/v15040858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a viral haemorrhagic disease found in domestic and wild boars caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV). A highly virulent strain was used to evaluate the efficacy of newly developed vaccine candidates. The ASFV strain SY18 was isolated from the first ASF case in China and is virulent in pigs of all ages. To evaluate the pathogenesis of ASFV SY18 following intraoral (IO) and intranasal (IN) infections, a challenge trial was conducted in landrace pigs, with intramuscular (IM) injection as a control. The results showed that the incubation period of IN administration with 40–1000 50 % tissue culture infective dose (TCID50) was 5–8 days, which was not significantly different from that of IM inoculation with 200 TCID50. A significantly longer incubation period, 11–15 days, was observed in IO administration with 40–5000 TCID50. Clinical features were similar among all infected animals. Symptoms, including high fever (≥40.5 °C), anorexia, depression, and recumbency, were observed. No significant differences were detected in the duration of viral shedding during fever. There was no significant difference in disease outcome, and all animals succumbed to death. This trial showed that IN and IO infections could be used for the efficacy evaluation of an ASF vaccine. The IO infection model, similar to that of natural infection, is highly recommended, especially for the primary screening of candidate vaccine strains or vaccines with relatively weak immune efficacy, such as live vector vaccines and subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintao Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun 130122, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Jiaqi Fan
- College of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun 130122, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Xiaopan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun 130122, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Teng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun 130122, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Jinjin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun 130122, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun 130122, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Lijuan Mi
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun 130122, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun 130122, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Faming Miao
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun 130122, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Min Li
- College of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (R.H.)
| | - Rongliang Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun 130122, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (R.H.)
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11
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Design of a Replicative-Competent MGF110 (1L-5-6L) Deleted African Swine Fever Virus (Genotype II). ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2023. [DOI: 10.2478/acve-2023-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Viral individual genes functions and their role in the interaction with the host cells remain the main area in the study of African swine fever virus (ASFV) biology. The extreme heterogeneity of the ASFV makes it difficult to develop vaccines against this pathogen. In this work, we generated the ASFV deletion mutant virus Volgograd/D(1L-5-6L) with the six genes deletion in multigenic family 110 (MGF110) (1L-5-6L) and studied its characteristics in vitro. The homologous recombination method was used for the deletion in ASFV parental strain Volgograd/14с. A series of six passages was carried out in the COS-1 cell culture using the limiting dilution method. The recombinant strain Volgograd/D(1L-5-6L) MGF110 was selected by the plaque formation method. Performed study of viral replication showed no changes in viral growth kinetics in comparison with the parental strain. The ASFV Volgograd/D(1L-5-6L) MGF110 is a great tool available to test the importance of MGF110 for virus virulence and vaccine development.
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12
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Li L, Qiao S, Liu J, Zhou Y, Tong W, Dong S, Liu C, Jiang Y, Guo Z, Zheng H, Zhao R, Tong G, Li G, Gao F. A highly efficient indirect ELISA and monoclonal antibody established against African swine fever virus pK205R. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1103166. [PMID: 36700212 PMCID: PMC9868132 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1103166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a contagious infectious disease with high lethality which continuously threatens the global pig industry causing huge economic losses. Currently, there are no commercially available vaccines or antiviral drugs that can effectively control ASF. The pathogen of ASF, ASF virus (ASFV) is a double-stranded DNA virus with a genome ranging from 170 to 193 kb and 151 to 167 open reading frames in various strains, which encodes 150-200 proteins. An effective method of monitoring ASFV antibodies, and specific antibodies against ASFV to promote the development of prevention techniques are urgently needed. In the present study, pK205R of ASFV was successfully expressed in mammalian cells using a suspension culture system. An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on the purified pK205R was established and optimized. The monoclonal antibody (mAb) against pK205R recognized a conservative linear epitope (2VEPREQFFQDLLSAV16) and exhibited specific reactivity, which was conducive to the identification of the recombinant porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) expressing pK205R. The ELISA method efficiently detected clinical ASFV infection and revealed good application prospects in monitoring the antibody level in vivo for recombinant PRRSV live vector virus expressing the ASFV antigen protein. The determination of the conserved linear epitope of pK205R would contribute to further research on the structural biology and function of pK205R. The indirect ELISA method and mAb against ASFV pK205R revealed efficient detection and promising application prospects, making them ideal for epidemiological surveillance and vaccine research on ASF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Sina Qiao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China,College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jiachen Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanjun Zhou
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wu Tong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shishan Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Changlong Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifeng Jiang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziqiang Guo
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Haihong Zheng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ran Zhao
- Xiamen Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Xiamen, China
| | - Guangzhi Tong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoxin Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Guoxin Li, ; Fei Gao,
| | - Fei Gao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Guoxin Li, ; Fei Gao,
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13
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Zhang H, Zhao S, Zhang H, Qin Z, Shan H, Cai X. Vaccines for African swine fever: an update. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1139494. [PMID: 37180260 PMCID: PMC10173882 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1139494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a fatal infectious disease of swine caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV). Currently, the disease is listed as a legally notifiable disease that must be reported to the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH). The economic losses to the global pig industry have been insurmountable since the outbreak of ASF. Control and eradication of ASF are very critical during the current pandemic. Vaccination is the optimal strategy to prevent and control the ASF epidemic, but since inactivated ASFV vaccines have poor immune protection and there aren't enough cell lines for efficient in vitro ASFV replication, an ASF vaccine with high immunoprotective potential still remains to be explored. Knowledge of the course of disease evolution, the way of virus transmission, and the breakthrough point of vaccine design will facilitate the development of an ASF vaccine. In this review, the paper aims to highlight the recent advances and breakthroughs in the epidemic and transmission of ASF, virus mutation, and the development of vaccines in recent years, focusing on future directions and trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Zhang
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Saisai Zhao
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Haojie Zhang
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhihua Qin
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hu Shan
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Hu Shan,
| | - Xiulei Cai
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Xiulei Cai,
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14
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Li L, Qiao S, Li G, Tong W, Dong S, Liu J, Guo Z, Zheng H, Zhao R, Tong G, Zhou Y, Gao F. The Indirect ELISA and Monoclonal Antibody against African Swine Fever Virus p17 Revealed Efficient Detection and Application Prospects. Viruses 2022; 15:50. [PMID: 36680090 PMCID: PMC9865993 DOI: 10.3390/v15010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2018, the outbreak and prevalence of the African swine fever virus (ASFV) in China have caused huge economic losses. Less virulent ASFVs emerged in 2020, which led to difficulties and challenges for early diagnosis and control of African swine fever (ASF) in China. An effective method of monitoring ASFV antibodies and specific antibodies against ASFV to promote the development of prevention techniques are urgently needed. In the present study, ASFV p17 was successfully expressed in CHO cells using a suspension culture system. An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on purified p17 was established and optimized. The monoclonal antibody (mAb) against p17 recognized a conservative linear epitope (3TETSPLLSH11) and exhibited specific reactivity, which was conducive to the identification of recombinant porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) expressing p17. The ELISA method efficiently detected clinical ASFV infection and effectively monitored the antibody levels in vivo after recombinant PRRSV live vector virus expressing p17 vaccination. Overall, the determination of the conserved linear epitope of p17 would contribute to the in-depth exploration of the biological function of the ASFV antigen protein. The indirect ELISA method and mAb against ASFV p17 revealed efficient detection and promising application prospects, making them ideal for epidemiological surveillance and vaccine research on ASF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Sina Qiao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Guoxin Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Wu Tong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Shishan Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Jiachen Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ziqiang Guo
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Haihong Zheng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ran Zhao
- Xiamen Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Xiamen 361009, China
| | - Guangzhi Tong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yanjun Zhou
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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