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Vragel G, Gomez BD, Kostelecky RE, Noell KS, Tseng A, Cohen S, Dalwadi M, Medina EM, Nail EA, Goodspeed A, Clambey ET, van Dyk LF. Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68 Efficiently Infects Myeloid Cells Resulting In An Atypical, Restricted Form Of Infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.21.545948. [PMID: 37425871 PMCID: PMC10327065 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.21.545948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The gammaherpesviruses (γHVs) establish a lifelong infection in their hosts, with the cellular outcome of infection intimately regulated by target cell type. Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68), a small animal model of γHV infection, infects macrophages in vivo, resulting in a range of outcomes, from lytic replication to latent infection. Here, we have further investigated the nature of MHV68 macrophage infection using reductionist and primary in vivo infection studies. While MHV68 readily infected the J774 macrophage cell line, viral gene expression and replication were significantly impaired relative to a fully permissive fibroblast cell line. Lytic replication only occurred in a small subset of MHV68-infected J774 cells, despite the fact that these cells were fully competent to support lytic replication following pre-treatment with interleukin-4, a known potentiator of replication in macrophages. In parallel, we harvested virally-infected macrophages at 16 hours after MHV68 infection in vivo and analyzed gene expression by single cell RNA-sequencing. Among virally infected macrophages, only rare (0.25%) cells had lytic cycle gene expression, characterized by detection of multiple lytic cycle RNAs. In contrast, ~50% of virally-infected macrophages were characterized by expression of ORF75A, ORF75B and/or ORF75C, in the absence of other detectable viral RNAs. Selective transcription of the ORF75 locus also occurred in MHV68-infected J774 cells. In total, these studies indicate that MHV68 efficiently infects macrophages, with the majority of cells characterized by an atypical state of restricted viral transcription, and only rare cells undergoing lytic replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Vragel
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Brittany D. Gomez
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Rachael E. Kostelecky
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Kyra S. Noell
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Ashley Tseng
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Shirli Cohen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Manaal Dalwadi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Eva M. Medina
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Nail
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Andrew Goodspeed
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Eric T. Clambey
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Linda F. van Dyk
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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Zou X, Lin F, Yang Y, Chen J, Zhang H, Li L, Ouyang H, Pang D, Tang X. Cholesterol Biosynthesis Modulates CSFV Replication. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071450. [PMID: 35891429 PMCID: PMC9316236 DOI: 10.3390/v14071450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) caused by the classical swine fever virus (CSFV) has resulted in severe losses to the pig industry worldwide. It has been proposed that lipid synthesis is essential for viral replication, and lipids are involved in viral protein maturation and envelope production. However, the specific crosstalk between CSFV and host cell lipid metabolism is still unknown. In this study, we found that CSFV infection increased intracellular cholesterol levels in PK-15 cells. Further analysis demonstrated that CSFV infection upregulated PCSK9 expression to block the uptake of exogenous cholesterol by LDLR and enhanced the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, which disrupted the type I IFN response in PK-15 cells. Our findings provide new insight into the mechanisms underpinning the pathogenesis of CSFV and hint at methods for controlling the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zou
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (X.Z.); (F.L.); (Y.Y.); (J.C.); (H.Z.); (L.L.); (H.O.); (D.P.)
| | - Feng Lin
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (X.Z.); (F.L.); (Y.Y.); (J.C.); (H.Z.); (L.L.); (H.O.); (D.P.)
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (X.Z.); (F.L.); (Y.Y.); (J.C.); (H.Z.); (L.L.); (H.O.); (D.P.)
| | - Jiahuan Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (X.Z.); (F.L.); (Y.Y.); (J.C.); (H.Z.); (L.L.); (H.O.); (D.P.)
| | - Huanyu Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (X.Z.); (F.L.); (Y.Y.); (J.C.); (H.Z.); (L.L.); (H.O.); (D.P.)
| | - Linquan Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (X.Z.); (F.L.); (Y.Y.); (J.C.); (H.Z.); (L.L.); (H.O.); (D.P.)
| | - Hongsheng Ouyang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (X.Z.); (F.L.); (Y.Y.); (J.C.); (H.Z.); (L.L.); (H.O.); (D.P.)
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Daxin Pang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (X.Z.); (F.L.); (Y.Y.); (J.C.); (H.Z.); (L.L.); (H.O.); (D.P.)
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Xiaochun Tang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (X.Z.); (F.L.); (Y.Y.); (J.C.); (H.Z.); (L.L.); (H.O.); (D.P.)
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401120, China
- Correspondence:
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The Hypolipidemic Effect of Dalbergia odorifera T. C. Chen Leaf Extract on Hyperlipidemic Rats and Its Mechanism Investigation Based on Network Pharmacology. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:3155266. [PMID: 34987591 PMCID: PMC8723852 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3155266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to explore the hypolipidemic effect and mechanism of Dalbergia odorifera T. C. Chen leaf extract. Methods The hypolipidemic effect of D. odorifera leaf extract was investigated using a hyperlipidemic rat model. Then, its mechanism was predicted using network pharmacology methods and verified using western blotting. Results Compared with the levels in the model group, the serum levels of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) decreased significantly, whereas the serum level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) increased dramatically after treatment with the extract. The degrees of hepatocyte steatosis and inflammatory infiltration were markedly attenuated in vivo. Then, its hyperlipidemic mechanism was predicted using network pharmacology-based analysis. Thirty-five key targets, including sterol regulatory element-binding protein cleavage-activating protein (SCAP), sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2 (SREBP-2), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR), low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), and ten signaling pathways, were associated with hyperlipidemia. Finally, it was verified that the extract downregulated the protein levels of SCAP, SREBP-2, and HMGCR, and upregulated protein levels of LDLR. Conclusion These findings provided additional evidence of the hypolipidemic effect of D. odorifera leaf extract.
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