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Malik S, Biswas J, Sarkar P, Nag S, Gain C, Ghosh Roy S, Bhattacharya B, Ghosh D, Saha A. Differential carbonic anhydrase activities control EBV-induced B-cell transformation and lytic cycle reactivation. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011998. [PMID: 38530845 PMCID: PMC10997083 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) contributes to ~1% of all human cancers including several B-cell neoplasms. A characteristic feature of EBV life cycle is its ability to transform metabolically quiescent B-lymphocytes into hyperproliferating B-cell blasts with the establishment of viral latency, while intermittent lytic cycle induction is necessary for the production of progeny virus. Our RNA-Seq analyses of both latently infected naïve B-lymphocytes and transformed B-lymphocytes upon lytic cycle replication indicate a contrasting expression pattern of a membrane-associated carbonic anhydrase isoform CA9, an essential component for maintaining cell acid-base homeostasis. We show that while CA9 expression is transcriptionally activated during latent infection model, lytic cycle replication restrains its expression. Pharmacological inhibition of CA-activity using specific inhibitors retards EBV induced B-cell transformation, inhibits B-cells outgrowth and colony formation ability of transformed B-lymphocytes through lowering the intracellular pH, induction of cell apoptosis and facilitating degradation of CA9 transcripts. Reanalyses of ChIP-Seq data along with utilization of EBNA2 knockout virus, ectopic expression of EBNA2 and sh-RNA mediated knockdown of CA9 expression we further demonstrate that EBNA2 mediated CA9 transcriptional activation is essential for EBV latently infected B-cell survival. In contrast, during lytic cycle reactivation CA9 expression is transcriptionally suppressed by the key EBV lytic cycle transactivator, BZLF1 through its transactivation domain. Overall, our study highlights the dynamic alterations of CA9 expression and its activity in regulating pH homeostasis act as one of the major drivers for EBV induced B-cell transformation and subsequent B-cell lymphomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaresh Malik
- Institute of Health Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Joyanta Biswas
- Institute of Health Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Purandar Sarkar
- Institute of Health Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Subhadeep Nag
- Institute of Health Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Chandrima Gain
- Institute of Health Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Shatadru Ghosh Roy
- Institute of Health Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Bireswar Bhattacharya
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Dipanjan Ghosh
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Abhik Saha
- Institute of Health Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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2
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Sausen DG, Poirier MC, Spiers LM, Smith EN. Mechanisms of T cell evasion by Epstein-Barr virus and implications for tumor survival. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1289313. [PMID: 38179040 PMCID: PMC10764432 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1289313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a prevalent oncogenic virus estimated to infect greater than 90% of the world's population. Following initial infection, it establishes latency in host B cells. EBV has developed a multitude of techniques to avoid detection by the host immune system and establish lifelong infection. T cells, as important contributors to cell-mediated immunity, make an attractive target for these immunoevasive strategies. Indeed, EBV has evolved numerous mechanisms to modulate T cell responses. For example, it can augment expression of programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1), which inhibits T cell function, and downregulates the interferon response, which has a strong impact on T cell regulation. It also modulates interleukin secretion and can influence major histocompatibility complex (MHC) expression and presentation. In addition to facilitating persistent EBV infection, these immunoregulatory mechanisms have significant implications for evasion of the immune response by tumor cells. This review dissects the mechanisms through which EBV avoids detection by host T cells and discusses how these mechanisms play into tumor survival. It concludes with an overview of cancer treatments targeting T cells in the setting of EBV-associated malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. G. Sausen
- School of Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
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3
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The roles of DNA methylation on the promotor of the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) gene and the genome in patients with EBV-associated diseases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:4413-4426. [PMID: 35763069 PMCID: PMC9259528 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12029-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is an oncogenic virus that is closely associated with several malignant and lymphoproliferative diseases. Studies have shown that the typical characteristic of EBV-associated diseases is aberrant methylation of viral DNA and the host genome. EBV gene methylation helps EBV escape from immune monitoring and persist in host cells. EBV controls viral gene promoter methylation by hijacking host epigenetic machinery to regulate the expression of viral genes. EBV proteins also interact with host epigenetic regulatory factors to mediate the methylation of the host’s important tumour suppressor gene promoters, thereby participating in the occurrence of tumorigenesis. Since epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, are reversible in nature, drugs that target DNA methylation can be developed for epigenetic therapy against EBV-associated tumours. Various methylation modes in the host and EBV genomes may also be of diagnostic and prognostic value. This review summarizes the regulatory roles of DNA methylation on the promotor of EBV gene and host genome in EBV-associated diseases, proposes the application prospect of DNA methylation in early clinical diagnosis and treatment, and provides insight into methylation-based strategies against EBV-associated diseases. Key points • Methylation of both the host and EBV genomes plays an important role in EBV-associateddiseases. • The functions of methylation of the host and EBV genomes in the occurrence and development of EBV-associated diseases are diverse. • Methylation may be a therapeutic target or biomarker in EBV-associated diseases.
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4
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Nečasová I, Stojaspal M, Motyčáková E, Brom T, Janovič T, Hofr C. Transcriptional regulators of human oncoviruses: structural and functional implications for anticancer therapy. NAR Cancer 2022; 4:zcac005. [PMID: 35252867 PMCID: PMC8892037 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcac005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription is often the first biosynthetic event of viral infection. Viruses produce preferentially viral transcriptional regulators (vTRs) essential for expressing viral genes and regulating essential host cell proteins to enable viral genome replication. As vTRs are unique viral proteins that promote the transcription of viral nucleic acid, vTRs interact with host proteins to suppress detection and immune reactions to viral infection. Thus, vTRs are promising therapeutic targets that are sequentially and structurally distinct from host cell proteins. Here, we review vTRs of three human oncoviruses: HBx of hepatitis B virus, HBZ of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1, and Rta of Epstein–Barr virus. We present three cunningly exciting and dangerous transcription strategies that make viral infections so efficient. We use available structural and functional knowledge to critically examine the potential of vTRs as new antiviral-anticancer therapy targets. For each oncovirus, we describe (i) the strategy of viral genome transcription; (ii) vTRs’ structure and binding partners essential for transcription regulation; and (iii) advantages and challenges of vTR targeting in antiviral therapies. We discuss the implications of vTR regulation for oncogenesis and perspectives on developing novel antiviral and anticancer strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivona Nečasová
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Scientific Incubator, Královopolská 135, Brno 612 65, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Stojaspal
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Scientific Incubator, Královopolská 135, Brno 612 65, Czech Republic
| | - Edita Motyčáková
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Scientific Incubator, Královopolská 135, Brno 612 65, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Brom
- LifeB, Functional Genomics and Proteomics, National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Janovič
- LifeB, Functional Genomics and Proteomics, National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Ctirad Hofr
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Scientific Incubator, Královopolská 135, Brno 612 65, Czech Republic
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5
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Bernaudat F, Gustems M, Günther J, Oliva MF, Buschle A, Göbel C, Pagniez P, Lupo J, Signor L, Müller CW, Morand P, Sattler M, Hammerschmidt W, Petosa C. Structural basis of DNA methylation-dependent site selectivity of the Epstein-Barr virus lytic switch protein ZEBRA/Zta/BZLF1. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 50:490-511. [PMID: 34893887 PMCID: PMC8754650 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab1183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In infected cells, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) alternates between latency and lytic replication. The viral bZIP transcription factor ZEBRA (Zta, BZLF1) regulates this cycle by binding to two classes of ZEBRA response elements (ZREs): CpG-free motifs resembling the consensus AP-1 site recognized by cellular bZIP proteins and CpG-containing motifs that are selectively bound by ZEBRA upon cytosine methylation. We report structural and mutational analysis of ZEBRA bound to a CpG-methylated ZRE (meZRE) from a viral lytic promoter. ZEBRA recognizes the CpG methylation marks through a ZEBRA-specific serine and a methylcytosine-arginine-guanine triad resembling that found in canonical methyl-CpG binding proteins. ZEBRA preferentially binds the meZRE over the AP-1 site but mutating the ZEBRA-specific serine to alanine inverts this selectivity and abrogates viral replication. Our findings elucidate a DNA methylation-dependent switch in ZEBRA's transactivation function that enables ZEBRA to bind AP-1 sites and promote viral latency early during infection and subsequently, under appropriate conditions, to trigger EBV lytic replication by binding meZREs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Bernaudat
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 38000 Grenoble, France.,European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Montse Gustems
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, D-81377 Germany
| | - Johannes Günther
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Bavarian NMR Center and Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Gaching, Germany
| | - Mizar F Oliva
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 38000 Grenoble, France.,Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Cedex 9 Grenoble, France
| | - Alexander Buschle
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, D-81377 Germany
| | - Christine Göbel
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, D-81377 Germany
| | - Priscilla Pagniez
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Julien Lupo
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 38000 Grenoble, France.,Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Luca Signor
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Christoph W Müller
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrice Morand
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 38000 Grenoble, France.,Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Michael Sattler
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Bavarian NMR Center and Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Gaching, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hammerschmidt
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, D-81377 Germany
| | - Carlo Petosa
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 38000 Grenoble, France
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6
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Van Sciver N, Ohashi M, Pauly NP, Bristol JA, Nelson SE, Johannsen EC, Kenney SC. Hippo signaling effectors YAP and TAZ induce Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) lytic reactivation through TEADs in epithelial cells. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009783. [PMID: 34339458 PMCID: PMC8360610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) human herpesvirus is associated with B-cell and epithelial-cell malignancies, and both the latent and lytic forms of viral infection contribute to the development of EBV-associated tumors. Here we show that the Hippo signaling effectors, YAP and TAZ, promote lytic EBV reactivation in epithelial cells. The transcriptional co-activators YAP/TAZ (which are inhibited by Hippo signaling) interact with DNA-binding proteins, particularly TEADs, to induce transcription. We demonstrate that depletion of either YAP or TAZ inhibits the ability of phorbol ester (TPA) treatment, cellular differentiation or the EBV BRLF1 immediate-early (IE) protein to induce lytic EBV reactivation in oral keratinocytes, and show that over-expression of constitutively active forms of YAP and TAZ reactivate lytic EBV infection in conjunction with TEAD family members. Mechanistically, we find that YAP and TAZ interact with, and activate, the EBV BZLF1 immediate-early promoter. Furthermore, we demonstrate that YAP, TAZ, and TEAD family members are expressed at much higher levels in epithelial cell lines in comparison to B-cell lines, and find that EBV infection of oral keratinocytes increases the level of activated (dephosphorylated) YAP and TAZ. Finally, we have discovered that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a known YAP/TAZ activator that plays an important role in inflammation, induces EBV lytic reactivation in epithelial cells through a YAP/TAZ dependent mechanism. Together these results establish that YAP/TAZ are powerful inducers of the lytic form of EBV infection and suggest that the ability of EBV to enter latency in B cells at least partially reflects the extremely low levels of YAP/TAZ and TEADs in this cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Van Sciver
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Makoto Ohashi
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Nicholas P. Pauly
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jillian A. Bristol
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Scott E. Nelson
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Eric C. Johannsen
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Shannon C. Kenney
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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7
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Lai X, Blanc-Mathieu R, GrandVuillemin L, Huang Y, Stigliani A, Lucas J, Thévenon E, Loue-Manifel J, Turchi L, Daher H, Brun-Hernandez E, Vachon G, Latrasse D, Benhamed M, Dumas R, Zubieta C, Parcy F. The LEAFY floral regulator displays pioneer transcription factor properties. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:829-837. [PMID: 33684542 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Pioneer transcription factors (TFs) are a special category of TFs with the capacity to bind to closed chromatin regions in which DNA is wrapped around histones and may be highly methylated. Subsequently, pioneer TFs are able to modify the chromatin state to initiate gene expression. In plants, LEAFY (LFY) is a master floral regulator and has been suggested to act as a pioneer TF in Arabidopsis. Here, we demonstrate that LFY is able to bind both methylated and non-methylated DNA using a combination of in vitro genome-wide binding experiments and structural modeling. Comparisons between regions bound by LFY in vivo and chromatin accessibility data suggest that a subset of LFY bound regions is occupied by nucleosomes. We confirm that LFY is able to bind nucleosomal DNA in vitro using reconstituted nucleosomes. Finally, we show that constitutive LFY expression in seedling tissues is sufficient to induce chromatin accessibility in the LFY direct target genes APETALA1 and AGAMOUS. Taken together, our study suggests that LFY possesses key pioneer TF features that contribute to launching the floral gene expression program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelei Lai
- Laboratoire Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG-DBSCI-LPCV, 17 avenue des martyrs, 38054, Grenoble, France
| | - Romain Blanc-Mathieu
- Laboratoire Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG-DBSCI-LPCV, 17 avenue des martyrs, 38054, Grenoble, France
| | - Loïc GrandVuillemin
- Laboratoire Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG-DBSCI-LPCV, 17 avenue des martyrs, 38054, Grenoble, France
| | - Ying Huang
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université d'Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Arnaud Stigliani
- Laboratoire Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG-DBSCI-LPCV, 17 avenue des martyrs, 38054, Grenoble, France; The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology and Biotech and Research Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Jérémy Lucas
- Laboratoire Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG-DBSCI-LPCV, 17 avenue des martyrs, 38054, Grenoble, France
| | - Emmanuel Thévenon
- Laboratoire Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG-DBSCI-LPCV, 17 avenue des martyrs, 38054, Grenoble, France
| | - Jeanne Loue-Manifel
- Laboratoire Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG-DBSCI-LPCV, 17 avenue des martyrs, 38054, Grenoble, France; Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Laura Turchi
- Laboratoire Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG-DBSCI-LPCV, 17 avenue des martyrs, 38054, Grenoble, France
| | - Hussein Daher
- Laboratoire Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG-DBSCI-LPCV, 17 avenue des martyrs, 38054, Grenoble, France; Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Eugenia Brun-Hernandez
- Laboratoire Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG-DBSCI-LPCV, 17 avenue des martyrs, 38054, Grenoble, France
| | - Gilles Vachon
- Laboratoire Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG-DBSCI-LPCV, 17 avenue des martyrs, 38054, Grenoble, France
| | - David Latrasse
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université d'Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Moussa Benhamed
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université d'Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91405, Orsay, France; Université de Paris, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 75006 Paris, France
| | - Renaud Dumas
- Laboratoire Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG-DBSCI-LPCV, 17 avenue des martyrs, 38054, Grenoble, France
| | - Chloe Zubieta
- Laboratoire Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG-DBSCI-LPCV, 17 avenue des martyrs, 38054, Grenoble, France
| | - François Parcy
- Laboratoire Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG-DBSCI-LPCV, 17 avenue des martyrs, 38054, Grenoble, France.
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8
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Germini D, Sall FB, Shmakova A, Wiels J, Dokudovskaya S, Drouet E, Vassetzky Y. Oncogenic Properties of the EBV ZEBRA Protein. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1479. [PMID: 32517128 PMCID: PMC7352903 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) is one of the most common human herpesviruses. After primary infection, it can persist in the host throughout their lifetime in a latent form, from which it can reactivate following specific stimuli. EBV reactivation is triggered by transcriptional transactivator proteins ZEBRA (also known as Z, EB-1, Zta or BZLF1) and RTA (also known as BRLF1). Here we discuss the structural and functional features of ZEBRA, its role in oncogenesis and its possible implication as a prognostic or diagnostic marker. Modulation of host gene expression by ZEBRA can deregulate the immune surveillance, allow the immune escape, and favor tumor progression. It also interacts with host proteins, thereby modifying their functions. ZEBRA is released into the bloodstream by infected cells and can potentially penetrate any cell through its cell-penetrating domain; therefore, it can also change the fate of non-infected cells. The features of ZEBRA described in this review outline its importance in EBV-related malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Germini
- CNRS UMR9018, Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France; (D.G.); (F.B.S.); (A.S.); (J.W.); (S.D.)
| | - Fatimata Bintou Sall
- CNRS UMR9018, Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France; (D.G.); (F.B.S.); (A.S.); (J.W.); (S.D.)
- Laboratory of Hematology, Aristide Le Dantec Hospital, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar 12900, Senegal
| | - Anna Shmakova
- CNRS UMR9018, Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France; (D.G.); (F.B.S.); (A.S.); (J.W.); (S.D.)
| | - Joëlle Wiels
- CNRS UMR9018, Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France; (D.G.); (F.B.S.); (A.S.); (J.W.); (S.D.)
| | - Svetlana Dokudovskaya
- CNRS UMR9018, Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France; (D.G.); (F.B.S.); (A.S.); (J.W.); (S.D.)
| | - Emmanuel Drouet
- CIBB-IBS UMR 5075 Université Grenoble Alpes, 38044 Grenoble, France;
| | - Yegor Vassetzky
- CNRS UMR9018, Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France; (D.G.); (F.B.S.); (A.S.); (J.W.); (S.D.)
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, 117334 Moscow, Russia
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9
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Kayamba V, Butt J, Waterboer T, Besa E, Choudhry N, Hamasuku A, Julius P, Heimburger DC, Atadzhanov M, Kelly P. Molecular profiling of gastric cancer in a population with high HIV prevalence reveals a shift to MLH1 loss but not the EBV subtype. Cancer Med 2020; 9:3445-3454. [PMID: 32207245 PMCID: PMC7221426 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic heavily affects sub-Saharan Africa. It is associated with persistently active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. To determine if this translates into increased frequency of EBV-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC), we evaluated molecular profiles of gastric cancer (GC) in Zambia. Patients with GC or premalignant gastric lesions were enrolled in Lusaka, Zambia. We used patients without any of these lesions as a control group. Chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) on tumor tissue was used to identify EBVaGC. To identify the microsatellite unstable subtype, immunofluorescence staining for MutL homolog 1 (MLH1) was used. Exposure to EBV and HIV was assessed serologically. We enrolled 369 patients (median age 52 years [IQR 41-65]; 198 (54%) female). Of these, 72 (20%) had GC and 35 (9%) had gastric premalignant lesions (PL). CISH identified EBVaGC in 5/44 (11%) of those with adequate tissue, while MLH1 loss was identified in 29/45 (64%). Both GC and PL were associated with the highest titers of antibodies to Early antigen-diffuse (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.0-6.1, P = .048 and OR 3.9, 95% CI 1.1-12.9, P = .03, respectively) at high concentrations. Human immunodeficiency virus infection was associated with a range of antibodies to EBV, but not with any cancer subtype. Despite the association of HIV with persistent EBV, the proportion of EBVaGC in Zambia is similar to populations with a low prevalence of HIV infection. The proportion of microsatellite unstable tumors may be higher than other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violet Kayamba
- Tropical Gastroenterology & Nutrition GroupDepartment of Internal MedicineLusakaZambia
- University of Zambia School of MedicineLusakaZambia
| | - Julia Butt
- Cancer Control and Population Sciences ProgramDuke Cancer InstituteDuke UniversityDurhamNCUSA
- Department of Population Health SciencesDuke UniversityDurhamNCUSA
- Infection and Cancer Epidemiology GroupGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Tim Waterboer
- Infection and Cancer Epidemiology GroupGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Ellen Besa
- Tropical Gastroenterology & Nutrition GroupDepartment of Internal MedicineLusakaZambia
| | - Naheed Choudhry
- Blizard InstituteBarts & The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Peter Julius
- University of Zambia School of MedicineLusakaZambia
| | - Douglas C. Heimburger
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health and Department of MedicineVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTNUSA
| | | | - Paul Kelly
- Tropical Gastroenterology & Nutrition GroupDepartment of Internal MedicineLusakaZambia
- University of Zambia School of MedicineLusakaZambia
- Blizard InstituteBarts & The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
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