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El-Mayet FS, Jones C. A cell cycle regulator, E2F2, and glucocorticoid receptor cooperatively transactivate the bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 immediate early transcription unit 1 promoter. J Virol 2024; 98:e0042324. [PMID: 38771044 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00423-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) infection causes respiratory tract disorders and immune suppression and may induce bacterial pneumonia. BoHV-1 establishes lifelong latency in sensory neurons after acute infection. Reactivation from latency consistently occurs following stress or intravenous injection of the synthetic corticosteroid dexamethasone (DEX), which mimics stress. The immediate early transcription unit 1 (IEtu1) promoter drives expression of infected cell protein 0 (bICP0) and bICP4, two viral transcriptional regulators necessary for productive infection and reactivation from latency. The IEtu1 promoter contains two glucocorticoid receptor (GR) responsive elements (GREs) that are transactivated by activated GR. GC-rich motifs, including consensus binding sites for specificity protein 1 (Sp1), are in the IEtu1 promoter sequences. E2F family members bind a consensus sequence (TTTCCCGC) and certain specificity protein 1 (Sp1) sites. Consequently, we hypothesized that certain E2F family members activate IEtu1 promoter activity. DEX treatment of latently infected calves increased the number of E2F2+ TG neurons. GR and E2F2, but not E2F1, E2F3a, or E2F3b, cooperatively transactivate a 436-bp cis-regulatory module in the IEtu1 promoter that contains both GREs. A luciferase reporter construct containing a 222-bp fragment downstream of the GREs was transactivated by E2F2 unless two adjacent Sp1 binding sites were mutated. Chromatin immunoprecipitation studies revealed that E2F2 occupied IEtu1 promoter sequences when the BoHV-1 genome was transfected into mouse neuroblastoma (Neuro-2A) or monkey kidney (CV-1) cells. In summary, these findings revealed that GR and E2F2 cooperatively transactivate IEtu1 promoter activity, which is predicted to influence the early stages of BoHV-1 reactivation from latency. IMPORTANCE Bovine alpha-herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) acute infection in cattle leads to establishment of latency in sensory neurons in the trigeminal ganglia (TG). A synthetic corticosteroid dexamethasone consistently initiates BoHV-1 reactivation in latently infected calves. The BoHV-1 immediate early transcription unit 1 (IEtu1) promoter regulates expression of infected cell protein 0 (bICP0) and bICP4, two viral transcriptional regulators. Hence, the IEtu1 promoter must be activated for the reactivation to occur. The number of TG neurons expressing E2F2, a transcription factor and cell cycle regulator, increased during early stages of reactivation from latency. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and E2F2, but not E2F1, E2F3a, or E2F3b, cooperatively transactivated a 436-bp cis-regulatory module (CRM) in the IEtu1 promoter that contains two GR responsive elements. Chromatin immunoprecipitation studies revealed that E2F2 occupies IEtu1 promoter sequences in cultured cells. GR and E2F2 mediate cooperative transactivation of IEtu1 promoter activity, which is predicted to stimulate viral replication following stressful stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fouad S El-Mayet
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Kaliobyia, Egypt
| | - Clinton Jones
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
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Zhang C, Liu Y, Yang F, Liu Y, Wang N, Li Y, Liu Y, Qiu Z, Zhang L, You X, Gan L. MicroRNA-194-5p/Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor signaling mediates dexamethasone-induced activation of pseudorabies virus in rat pheochromocytoma cells. Vet Microbiol 2024; 290:109974. [PMID: 38262115 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a neurotropic virus, which infects a wide range of mammals. The activity of PRV is gradually suppressed in hosts that have tolerated the primary infection. Increased glucocorticoid levels resulting from stressful stimuli overcome repression of PRV activity. However, the host cell mechanism involved in the activation processes under stressful conditions remains unclear. In this study, infection of rat PC-12 pheochromocytoma cells with neuronal properties using PRV at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) = 1 for 24 h made the activity of PRV be the relatively repressed state, and then incubation with 0.5 μM of the corticosteroid dexamethasone (DEX) for 4 h overcomes the relative repression of PRV activity. RNA-seq deep sequencing and bioinformatics analyses revealed different microRNA and mRNA profiles of PC-12 cells with/without PRV and/or DEX treatment. qRT-PCR and western blot analyses confirmed the negative regulatory relationship of miRNA-194-5p and its target heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (Hbegf); a dual-luciferase reporter assay revealed that Hbegf is directly targeted by miRNA-194-5p. Further, miRNA-194-5p mock transfection contributed to PRV activation, Hbegf was downregulated in DEX-treated PRV infection cells, and Hbegf overexpression contributed to returning activated PRV to the repression state. Moreover, miRNA-194-5p overexpression resulted in reduced levels of HBEGF, c-JUN, and p-EGFR, whereas Hbegf overexpression suppressed the reduction caused by miRNA-194-5p overexpression. Overall, this study is the first to report that changes in the miR-194-5p-HBEGF/EGFR pathway in neurons are involved in DEX-induced activation of PRV, laying a foundation for the clinical prevention of stress-induced PRV activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Yuxuan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Fan Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Yifan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Naixiu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Yuhang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Yanqing Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Zhiyun Qiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Xiaoyan You
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Ling Gan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China.
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Liu W, Zhang K, Cheng J, Yu S, Cheng C, Jiang B, Zhou L, Li Y. Development and evaluation of a time-resolved fluorescence labelled immunochromatographic strip assay for rapid and quantitative detection of bovine herpesvirus 1. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1371849. [PMID: 38486701 PMCID: PMC10937450 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1371849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine herpes virus 1 (BoHV-1) causes a wide variety of diseases in wild and domestic cattle. The most widely used method for viral identification is real-time PCR, which can only be performed in laboratories using sophisticated instruments by expert personnel. Herein, we developed an ultrasensitive time-resolved fluorescence lateral flow immunochromatographic strip (ICS) assay for detecting BoHV-1 in bovine samples using a monoclonal antibody against BoHV-1 labelled with fluorescent microspheres, which can be applied in any setting. The intact process from sample collection to final result can be achieved in 15 min. The limit of detection of the assay for BoHV-1 was 102 TCID50/100 μL. The coincidence rate of the ICS method and real-time PCR recommended by the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) was 100% for negative, 92.30% for positive, and 95.42% for total, as evaluated by the detection of 131 clinical samples. This detection method was specifically targeted to BoHV-1, not exhibiting cross-reactivity with other bovine pathogens including BoHV-5. We developed an ICS assay equipped with a portable instrument that offers a sensitive and specific platform for the rapid and reliable detection of BoHV-1 in the field. The Point-of-Care test of BoHV-1 is suitable for the screening and surveillance of BoHV-1 in dairy herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiao Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shiqiang Yu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunjie Cheng
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linyi Zhou
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongqing Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
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El-mayet FS, Jones C. Specificity protein 1 (Sp1) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) stimulate bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) replication and cooperatively transactivate the immediate early transcription unit 1 promoter. J Virol 2024; 98:e0143623. [PMID: 38084958 PMCID: PMC10804982 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01436-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) infections cause respiratory tract disorders and suppress immune responses, which can culminate in bacterial pneumonia. Following acute infection, BoHV-1 establishes lifelong latency in sensory neurons present in trigeminal ganglia (TG) and unknown cells in pharyngeal tonsil. Latently infected calves consistently reactivate from latency after an intravenous injection of the synthetic corticosteroid dexamethasone (DEX), which mimics the effects of stress. The immediate early transcription unit 1 (IEtu1) promoter drives expression of infected cell protein 0 (bICP0) and bICP4, two key viral transcriptional regulators. The IEtu1 promoter contains two functional glucocorticoid receptor (GR) response elements (GREs), and this promoter is transactivated by GR, DEX, and certain Krüppel transcription factors that interact with GC-rich motifs, including consensus specificity protein 1 (Sp1) binding sites. Based on these observations, we hypothesized that Sp1 stimulates productive infection and transactivates key BoHV-1 promoters. DEX treatment of latently infected calves increased the number of Sp1+ TG neurons and cells in pharyngeal tonsil indicating that Sp1 expression is induced by stress. Silencing Sp1 protein expression with siRNA or mithramycin A, a drug that preferentially binds GC-rich DNA, significantly reduced BoHV-1 replication. Moreover, BoHV-1 infection of permissive cells increased Sp1 steady-state protein levels. In transient transfection studies, GR and Sp1 cooperatively transactivate IEtu1 promoter activity unless both GREs are mutated. Co-immunoprecipitation studies revealed that GR and Sp1 interact in mouse neuroblastoma cells (Neuro-2A) suggesting this interaction stimulates IEtu1 promoter activity. Collectively, these studies suggested that the cellular transcription factor Sp1 enhances productive infection and stress-induced BoHV-1 reactivation from latency.IMPORTANCEFollowing acute infection, bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) establishes lifelong latency in sensory neurons in trigeminal ganglia (TG) and pharyngeal tonsil. The synthetic corticosteroid dexamethasone consistently induces BoHV-1 reactivation from latency. The number of TG neurons and cells in pharyngeal tonsil expressing the cellular transcription factor specificity protein 1 (Sp1) protein increases during early stages of dexamethasone-induced reactivation from latency. Silencing Sp1 expression impairs BoHV-1 replication in permissive cells. Interestingly, mithramycin A, a neuroprotective antibiotic that preferentially binds GC-rich DNA, impairs Sp1 functions and reduces BoHV-1 replication suggesting that it is a potential antiviral drug. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and Sp1 cooperatively transactivate the BoHV-1 immediate early transcript unit 1 (IEtu1) promoter, which drives expression of infected cell protein 0 (bICP0) and bICP4. Mithramycin A also reduced Sp1- and GR-mediated transactivation of the IEtu1 promoter. These studies revealed that GR and Sp1 trigger viral gene expression and replication following stressful stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fouad S. El-mayet
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Virology, Benha University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha, Egypt
| | - Clinton Jones
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
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Jones C. Intimate Relationship Between Stress and Human Alpha‑Herpes Virus 1 (HSV‑1) Reactivation from Latency. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2023; 10:236-245. [PMID: 38173564 PMCID: PMC10764003 DOI: 10.1007/s40588-023-00202-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Numerous studies concluded stress (acute, episodic acute, or chronic) increases the incidence of human alpha-herpes virus 1 (HSV-1) reactivation from latency in neurons. This review will summarize how stress stimulates viral gene expression, replication, and reactivation from latency. Recent Findings Stress (capital S) stress-mediated activation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) accelerates reactivation from latency, whereas a corticosteroid-specific antagonist impairs viral replication and reactivation from latency. GR and specific stress-induced cellular transcription factors also stimulate viral promoters that drive expression of key viral transcriptional regulators: infected cell protein 0 (ICP0), ICP4, ICP27 and viral tegument protein (VP16). Hence, GR is predicted to initially stimulate viral gene expression. GR-mediated immune-inhibitory functions are also predicted to enhance viral replication and viral spread. Summary Identifying cellular factors and viral regulatory proteins that trigger reactivation from latency in neurons may provide new therapeutic strategies designed to reduce the incidence of reactivation from latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton Jones
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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Ostler JB, Jones C. The Bovine Herpesvirus 1 Latency-Reactivation Cycle, a Chronic Problem in the Cattle Industry. Viruses 2023; 15:552. [PMID: 36851767 PMCID: PMC9966457 DOI: 10.3390/v15020552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) is a persistent and recurring disease that affects cattle worldwide. It is a major contributor to bovine respiratory disease and reproductive failure in the US. A major complication of BoHV-1 arises from the lifelong latent infection established in the sensory ganglia of the peripheral nervous system following acute infection. Lifelong latency is marked by periodic reactivation from latency that leads to virus transmission and transient immunosuppression. Physiological and environmental stress, along with hormone fluctuations, can drive virus reactivation from latency, allowing the virus to spread rapidly. This review discusses the mechanisms of the latency/reactivation cycle, with particular emphasis on how different hormones directly regulate BoHV-1 gene expression and productive infection. Glucocorticoids, including the synthetic corticosteroid dexamethasone, are major effectors of the stress response. Stress directly regulates BoHV-1 gene expression through multiple pathways, including β-catenin dependent Wnt signaling, and the glucocorticoid receptor. Related type 1 nuclear hormone receptors, the androgen and progesterone receptors, also drive BoHV-1 gene expression and productive infection. These receptors form feed-forward transcription loops with the stress-induced Krüppel-like transcription factors KLF4 and KLF15. Understanding these molecular pathways is critical for developing novel therapeutics designed to block reactivation and reduce virus spread and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clinton Jones
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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Toomer G, Workman A, Harrison KS, Stayton E, Hoyt PR, Jones C. Stress Triggers Expression of Bovine Herpesvirus 1 Infected Cell Protein 4 (bICP4) RNA during Early Stages of Reactivation from Latency in Pharyngeal Tonsil. J Virol 2022; 96:e0101022. [PMID: 36416585 PMCID: PMC9749472 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01010-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), an important pathogen of cattle, establishes lifelong latency in sensory neurons within trigeminal ganglia (TG) after acute infection. The BoHV-1 latency-reactivation cycle, like other alphaherpesvirinae subfamily members, is essential for viral persistence and transmission. Notably, cells within pharyngeal tonsil (PT) also support a quiescent or latent BoHV-1 infection. The synthetic corticosteroid dexamethasone, which mimics the effects of stress, consistently induces BoHV-1 reactivation from latency allowing early stages of viral reactivation to be examined in the natural host. Based on previous studies, we hypothesized that stress-induced cellular factors trigger expression of key viral transcriptional regulatory genes. To explore this hypothesis, RNA-sequencing studies compared viral gene expression in PT during early stages of dexamethasone-induced reactivation from latency. Strikingly, RNA encoding infected cell protein 4 (bICP4), which is translated into an essential viral transcriptional regulatory protein, was detected 30 min after dexamethasone treatment. Ninety minutes after dexamethasone treatment bICP4 and, to a lesser extent, bICP0 RNA were detected in PT. All lytic cycle viral transcripts were detected within 3 h after dexamethasone treatment. Surprisingly, the latency related (LR) gene, the only viral gene abundantly expressed in latently infected TG neurons, was not detected in PT during latency. In TG neurons, bICP0 and the viral tegument protein VP16 are expressed before bICP4 during reactivation, suggesting distinct viral regulatory genes mediate reactivation from latency in PT versus TG neurons. Finally, these studies confirm PT is a biologically relevant site for BoHV-1 latency, reactivation from latency, and virus transmission. IMPORTANCE BoHV-1, a neurotropic herpesvirus, establishes, maintains, and reactivates from latency in neurons. BoHV-1 DNA is also detected in pharyngeal tonsil (PT) from latently infected calves. RNA-sequencing studies revealed the viral infected cell protein 4 (bICP4) RNA was expressed in PT of latently infected calves within 30 min after dexamethasone was used to initiate reactivation. As expected, bICP4 RNA was not detected during latency. All lytic cycle viral genes were expressed within 3 h after dexamethasone treatment. Conversely, bICP0 and the viral tegument protein VP16 are expressed prior to bICP4 in trigeminal ganglionic neurons during reactivation. The viral latency related gene, which is abundantly expressed in latently infected neurons, was not abundantly expressed in PT during latency. These studies provide new evidence PT is a biologically relevant site for BoHV-1 latency and reactivation. Finally, we predict other alphaherpesvirinae subfamily members utilize PT as a site for latency and reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Toomer
- Oklahoma State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Aspen Workman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, USA
| | - Kelly S. Harrison
- Oklahoma State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Erin Stayton
- Oklahoma State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Peter R. Hoyt
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Clinton Jones
- Oklahoma State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
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Shan D, Qu P, Zhong C, He L, Zhang Q, Zhong G, Hu W, Feng Y, Yang S, Yang XF, Yu J. Anemoside B4 Inhibits Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation, Migration, and Neointimal Hyperplasia. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:907490. [PMID: 35620517 PMCID: PMC9127303 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.907490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotypic transformation, proliferation, and migration play a pivotal role in developing neointimal hyperplasia after vascular injury, including percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and other cardiovascular interventions. Anemoside B4 (B4) is a unique saponin identified from the Pulsatilla chinensis (Bge.) Regel, which has known anti-inflammatory activities. However, its role in modulating VSMC functions and neointima formation has not been evaluated. Herein, we demonstrate that B4 administration had a potent therapeutic effect in reducing neointima formation in a preclinical mouse femoral artery endothelium denudation model. Bromodeoxyuridine incorporation study showed that B4 attenuated neointimal VSMC proliferation in vivo. Consistent with the in vivo findings, B4 attenuated PDGF-BB-induced mouse VSMC proliferation and migration in vitro. Moreover, quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot analysis demonstrated that B4 suppressed PDGF-BB-induced reduction of SM22α, SMA, and Calponin, suggesting that B4 inhibited the transformation of VSMCs from contractile to the synthetic phenotype. Mechanistically, our data showed B4 dose-dependently inhibited the activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase MAPK signaling pathways. Subsequently, we determined that B4 attenuated VSMC proliferation and migration in a p38 MAPK and AKT dependent manner using pharmacological inhibitors. Taken together, this study identified, for the first time, Anemoside B4 as a potential therapeutic agent in regulating VSMC plasticity and combating restenosis after the vascular intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Shan
- Center for Translational Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China,Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Tongliao, China
| | - Ping Qu
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Chao Zhong
- Center for Translational Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China,Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Luling He
- Center for Translational Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Qingshan Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Tongliao, China
| | - Guoyue Zhong
- Research Center of Natural Resources of Chinese Medicinal Materials and Ethnic Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yulin Feng
- The National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Shilin Yang
- The National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiao-feng Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States,*Correspondence: Jun Yu
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Harrison KS, Jones C. Regulation of herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-reactivation cycle and ocular disease by cellular signaling pathways. Exp Eye Res 2022; 218:109017. [PMID: 35240194 PMCID: PMC9191828 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Following acute infection, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) establishes life-long latency in sensory and other neurons. Recurrent ocular HSV-1 outbreaks are generally due to reactivation from latency. The HSV-1 latency-reactivation cycle is a complex virus-host relationship. The viral encoded latency-associated transcript (LAT) is abundantly expressed in latency and encodes several micro-RNAs and other small non-coding RNAs, which may regulate expression of key viral and cellular genes. Certain cellular signaling pathways, including Wnt/β-catenin and mTOR pathway, mediate certain aspect of the latency-reactivation cycle. Stress, via activation of the glucocorticoid receptor and other stress induced cellular transcription factors, are predicted to trigger reactivation from latency by stimulating viral gene expression and impairing immune responses and inflammation. These observations suggest stress and certain cellular signaling pathways play key roles in regulating the latency-reactivation cycle and recurrent ocular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly S Harrison
- Oklahoma State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Rm 250 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
| | - Clinton Jones
- Oklahoma State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Rm 250 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
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10
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Hu H, Srinivas KP, Wang S, Chao MV, Lionnet T, Mohr I, Wilson AC, Depledge DP, Huang TT. Single-cell transcriptomics identifies Gadd45b as a regulator of herpesvirus-reactivating neurons. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e53543. [PMID: 34842321 PMCID: PMC8811635 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202153543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is a powerful technique for dissecting the complexity of normal and diseased tissues, enabling characterization of cell diversity and heterogeneous phenotypic states in unprecedented detail. However, this technology has been underutilized for exploring the interactions between the host cell and viral pathogens in latently infected cells. Herein, we use scRNA-seq and single-molecule sensitivity fluorescent in situ hybridization (smFISH) technologies to investigate host single-cell transcriptome changes upon the reactivation of a human neurotropic virus, herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1). We identify the stress sensor growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible 45 beta (Gadd45b) as a critical antiviral host factor that regulates HSV-1 reactivation events in a subpopulation of latently infected primary neurons. We show that distinct subcellular localization of Gadd45b correlates with the viral late gene expression program, as well as the expression of the viral transcription factor, ICP4. We propose that a hallmark of a "successful" or "aborted" HSV-1 reactivation state in primary neurons is determined by a unique subcellular localization signature of the stress sensor Gadd45b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui‐Lan Hu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular PharmacologyNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | | | - Shuoshuo Wang
- Department of Cell BiologyInstitute for Systems GeneticsNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Moses V Chao
- Departments of Cell Biology, Physiology & Neuroscience, and PsychiatrySkirball Institute of Biomolecular MedicineNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Timothee Lionnet
- Department of Cell BiologyInstitute for Systems GeneticsNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Ian Mohr
- Department of MicrobiologyNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Angus C Wilson
- Department of MicrobiologyNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Daniel P Depledge
- Department of MedicineNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA,Present address:
Institute of VirologyHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | - Tony T Huang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular PharmacologyNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
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Ostler JB, Jones C. Stress Induced Transcription Factors Transactivate the Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Infected Cell Protein 27 (ICP27) Transcriptional Enhancer. Viruses 2021; 13:2296. [PMID: 34835102 PMCID: PMC8622287 DOI: 10.3390/v13112296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Following acute infection, herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) establishes lifelong latency in neurons, including sensory neurons within trigeminal ganglia. During latency, lytic cycle viral gene expression is silenced. However, stressful stimuli can trigger reactivation from latency. The viral tegument protein, VP-16, transactivates all immediate early (IE) promoters during productive infection. Conversely, cellular factors are expected to trigger viral gene expression during early stages of reactivation from latency and in non-neuronal cells that do not support high levels of productive infection. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR), synthetic corticosteroid dexamethasone, and certain stress-induced transcription factors cooperatively transactivate infected cell protein 0 (ICP0) and ICP4 promoters. Since ICP27 protein expression is required for productive infection, we hypothesized that the ICP27 promoter is transactivated by stress-induced transcription factors. New studies have demonstrated that ICP27 enhancer sequences were transactivated by GR and Krüppel-like factor 15 (KLF15). Mutation of a consensus Sp1 binding site within ICP27 enhancer sequences impaired transactivation by GR and KLF15. Chromatin immunoprecipitation studies have demonstrated that GR and KLF15 occupy ICP27 promoter sequences during productive infection. Cells transfected with an ICP27 enhancer fragment revealed the GR and KLF15 occupancy of ICP27 enhancer sequences required the intact Sp1 binding site. Notably, GR and KLF15 form a feed-forward transcription loop in response to stress, suggesting these cellular factors promote viral replication following stressful stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clinton Jones
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA;
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Regulation of neurotropic herpesvirus productive infection and latency-reactivation cycle by glucocorticoid receptor and stress-induced transcription factors. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2021; 117:101-132. [PMID: 34420577 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Neurotropic α-herpesvirinae subfamily members, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), are important viral pathogens in their respective hosts. Following acute infection on mucosal surfaces, these viruses establish life-long latency in neurons within trigeminal ganglia (TG) and central nervous system. Chronic or acute stress (physiological or psychological) increases the frequency of reactivation from latency, which leads to virus shedding, virus transmission, and recurrent disease. While stress impairs immune responses and inflammatory signaling cascades, we predict stressful stimuli directly stimulate viral gene expression and productive infection during early stages of reactivation from latency. For example, BoHV-1 and HSV-1 productive infection is impaired by glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonists but is stimulated by the synthetic corticosteroid dexamethasone. Promoters that drive expression of key viral transcriptional regulatory proteins are cooperatively stimulated by GR and specific Krüppel like transcription factors (KLF) induced during stress induced reactivation from latency. The BoHV-1 immediate early transcription unit 1 promoter and contains two GR response elements (GRE) that are essential for cooperative transactivation by GR and KLF15. Conversely, the HSV-1 infected cell protein 0 (ICP0) and ICP4 promoter as well as the BoHV-1 ICP0 early promoter lack consensus GREs: however, these promoters are cooperatively transactivated by GR and KLF4 or KLF15. Hence, growing evidence suggests GR and stress-induced transcription factors directly stimulate viral gene expression and productive infection during early stages of reactivation from latency. We predict the immune inhibitory effects of stress enhance virus spread at late stages during reactivation from latency.
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13
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Schang LM, Hu M, Cortes EF, Sun K. Chromatin-mediated epigenetic regulation of HSV-1 transcription as a potential target in antiviral therapy. Antiviral Res 2021; 192:105103. [PMID: 34082058 PMCID: PMC8277756 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ability to establish, and reactivate from, latent infections is central to the biology and pathogenesis of HSV-1. It also poses a strong challenge to antiviral therapy, as latent HSV-1 genomes do not replicate or express any protein to be targeted. Although the processes regulating the establishment and maintenance of, and reactivation from, latency are not fully elucidated, the current general consensus is that epigenetics play a major role. A unifying model postulates that whereas HSV-1 avoids or counteracts chromatin silencing in lytic infections, it becomes silenced during latency, silencing which is somewhat disrupted during reactivation. Many years of work by different groups using a variety of approaches have also shown that the lytic HSV-1 chromatin is distinct and has unique biophysical properties not shared with most cellular chromatin. Nonetheless, the lytic and latent viral chromatins are typically enriched in post translational modifications or histone variants characteristic of active or repressed transcription, respectively. Moreover, a variety of small molecule epigenetic modulators inhibit viral replication and reactivation from latency. Despite these successes in culture and animal models, it is not obvious how epigenetic modulation would be used in antiviral therapy if the same epigenetic mechanisms governed viral and cellular gene expression. Recent work has highlighted several important differences between the viral and cellular chromatins, which appear to be of consequence to their respective epigenetic regulations. In this review, we will discuss the distinctiveness of the viral chromatin, and explore whether it is regulated by mechanisms unique enough to be exploited in antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Schang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University. 235 Hungerford Hill Road, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA.
| | - MiYao Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University. 235 Hungerford Hill Road, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA; Departments of Biochemistry and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta. 470 MSB, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada.
| | - Esteban Flores Cortes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University. 235 Hungerford Hill Road, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA.
| | - Kairui Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University. 235 Hungerford Hill Road, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA.
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Inhibition of Stress-Induced Viral Promoters by a Bovine Herpesvirus 1 Non-Coding RNA and the Cellular Transcription Factor, β-Catenin. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020519. [PMID: 33430186 PMCID: PMC7825607 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to establish, maintain, and reactivate from latency in sensory neurons within trigeminal ganglia (TG) is crucial for bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) transmission. In contrast to lytic infection, the only viral gene abundantly expressed during latency is the latency-related (LR) gene. The synthetic corticosteroid dexamethasone consistently induces reactivation from latency, in part because the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) transactivates viral promoters that drive expression of key viral transcriptional regulator proteins (bICP0 and bICP4). Within hours after dexamethasone treatment of latently infected calves, LR gene products and β-catenin are not readily detected in TG neurons. Hence, we hypothesized that LR gene products and/or β-catenin restrict GR-mediated transcriptional activation. A plasmid expressing LR RNA sequences that span open reading frame 2 (ORF2-Stop) inhibited GR-mediated transactivation of the BoHV-1 immediate early transcription unit 1 (IEtu1) and mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter activity in mouse neuroblastoma cells (Neuro-2A). ORF2-Stop also reduced productive infection and GR steady-state protein levels in transfected Neuro-2A cells. Additional studies revealed that the constitutively active β-catenin mutant reduced the transactivation of the IEtu1 promoter by GR and dexamethasone. Collectively, these studies suggest ORF2 RNA sequences and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway actively promote maintenance of latency, in part, by impairing GR-mediated gene expression.
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