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Zhou N, Chen L, Wang C, Lv M, Shan F, Li W, Wu Y, Du X, Fan J, Liu M, Shi M, Cao J, Zhai J, Chen W. Isolation, genome analysis and comparison of a novel parainfluenza virus 5 from a Siberian tiger ( Panthera tigris). Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1356378. [PMID: 38686028 PMCID: PMC11057237 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1356378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Paramyxoviruses are important pathogens affecting various animals, including mammals and humans. Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5)-a member of the family Paramyxoviridae-is a major threat to the health of mammals and humans. However, studies on terrestrial wild animals infected with PIV5 are scanty. In this study, we utilized reverse transcription PCR to detect PIV5 infection in the visceral organ tissues of a Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris ssp. altaica) with vomiting, diarrhea, and dyspnea before its death. A novel PIV5 (named SR strain) with a slowly progressive cytopathic effect was isolated in Vero cells and validated using a transmission electron microscope. Full-length sequencing and analysis revealed that the whole genome of the PIV5 SR strain contained 15,246 nucleotides (nt) and seven non-overlapping genes (3'-N-V/P-M-F-SH-HN-L-5') encoding eight proteins. Phylogenetic analysis of three PIV5 strains identified in the same zoo confirmed that PIV5 strains SR and ZJQ-221 shared the closest genetic relationship as they were clustered in the same branch, while the recently found Siberian tiger strain SZ2 kept a certain distance and formed a relatively unique branch. Furthermore, mutations of nt and amino acids (aa) between strains ZJQ-221, SR, and SZ2 were identified. In summary, we report the identification and genomic characterization of a novel PIV5 strain SR isolated in a Siberian tiger, which may help future research on interspecific transmission mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niu Zhou
- Guangzhou Zoo, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Agriculture and Rural Bureau of Yuanzhou District, Yichun, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Guangzhou Zoo, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengna Lv
- Guangzhou Zoo, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fen Shan
- Guangzhou Zoo, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanping Li
- Guangzhou Zoo, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yajiang Wu
- Guangzhou Zoo, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueqing Du
- Guangzhou Zoo, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Minting Liu
- Guangzhou Zoo, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Menghan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jingjing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Junqiong Zhai
- Guangzhou Zoo, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wu Chen
- Guangzhou Zoo, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, China
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Li L, Li P, Chen A, Li H, Liu Z, Yu L, Hou X. Quantitative proteomic analysis shows involvement of the p38 MAPK pathway in bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 replication. Virol J 2022; 19:116. [PMID: 35831876 PMCID: PMC9281021 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01834-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV3) infection often causes respiratory tissue damage and immunosuppression and further results in bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC), one of the major diseases in dairy cattle, caused huge economical losses every year. However, the pathogenetic and immunoregulatory mechanisms involved in the process of BPIV3 infection remain unknown. However, the pathogenetic and immunoregulatory mechanisms involved in the process of BPIV3 infection remain unknown. Proteomics is a powerful tool for high-throughput identification of proteins, which has been widely used to understand how viruses interact with host cells. METHODS In the present study, we report a proteomic analysis to investigate the whole cellular protein alterations of MDBK cells infected with BPIV3. To investigate the infection process of BPIV3 and the immune response mechanism of MDBK cells, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation analysis (iTRAQ) and Q-Exactive mass spectrometry-based proteomics were performed. The differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) involved in the BPIV3 invasion process in MDBK cells were identified, annotated, and quantitated. RESULTS A total of 116 proteins, which included 74 upregulated proteins and 42 downregulated proteins, were identified as DEPs between the BPIV3-infected and the mock-infected groups. These DEPs included corresponding proteins related to inflammatory response, immune response, and lipid metabolism. These results might provide some insights for understanding the pathogenesis of BPIV3. Fluorescent quantitative PCR and western blotting analysis showed results consistent with those of iTRAQ identification. Interestingly, the upregulated protein MKK3 was associated with the p38 MAPK signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS The results of proteomics analysis indicated BPIV3 infection could activate the p38 MAPK pathway to promote virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Li
- Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China.,Daqing Center of Inspection and Testing for Rural Affairs Agricultural Products and Processed Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Department of Nephrology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Ao Chen
- Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Hanbing Li
- Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Liyun Yu
- Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China.
| | - Xilin Hou
- Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China.
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Self-assembled BPIV3 nanoparticles can induce comprehensive immune responses and protection against BPIV3 challenge by inducing dendritic cell maturation in mice. Vet Microbiol 2022; 268:109415. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Munis AM, Hyde SC, Gill DR. A human surfactant B deficiency air-liquid interface cell culture model suitable for gene therapy applications. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2021; 20:237-246. [PMID: 33426150 PMCID: PMC7782204 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Surfactant protein B (SPB) deficiency is a severe monogenic interstitial lung disorder that leads to loss of life in infants as a result of alveolar collapse and respiratory distress syndrome. The development and assessment of curative therapies for the deficiency are limited by the general lack of well-characterized and physiologically relevant in vitro models of human lung parenchyma. Here, we describe a new human surfactant air-liquid interface (SALI) culture model based on H441 cells, which successfully recapitulates the key characteristics of human alveolar cells in primary culture as evidenced by RNA and protein expression of alveolar cell markers. SALI cultures were able to develop stratified cellular layers with functional barrier properties that are stable for at least 28 days after air-lift. A SFTPB knockout model of SPB deficiency was generated via gene editing of SALI cultures. The SFTPB-edited SALI cultures lost expression of SPB completely and showed weaker functional barrier properties. We were able to correct this phenotype via delivery of a lentiviral vector pseudotyped with Sendai virus glycoproteins F/HN expressing SPB. We believe that SALI cultures can serve as an important in vitro research tool to study human alveolar epithelium, especially for the development of advanced therapy medicinal products targeting monogenic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altar M. Munis
- Gene Medicine Group, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen C. Hyde
- Gene Medicine Group, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Deborah R. Gill
- Gene Medicine Group, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Marcink TC, Wang T, des Georges A, Porotto M, Moscona A. Human parainfluenza virus fusion complex glycoproteins imaged in action on authentic viral surfaces. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008883. [PMID: 32956394 PMCID: PMC7529294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection by human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) causes widespread lower respiratory diseases, including croup, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia, and there are no vaccines or effective treatments for these viruses. HPIV3 is a member of the Respirovirus species of the Paramyxoviridae family. These viruses are pleomorphic, enveloped viruses with genomes composed of single-stranded negative-sense RNA. During viral entry, the first step of infection, the viral fusion complex, comprised of the receptor-binding glycoprotein hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and the fusion glycoprotein (F), mediates fusion upon receptor binding. The HPIV3 transmembrane protein HN, like the receptor-binding proteins of other related viruses that enter host cells using membrane fusion, binds to a receptor molecule on the host cell plasma membrane, which triggers the F glycoprotein to undergo major conformational rearrangements, promoting viral entry. Subsequent fusion of the viral and host membranes allows delivery of the viral genetic material into the host cell. The intermediate states in viral entry are transient and thermodynamically unstable, making it impossible to understand these transitions using standard methods, yet understanding these transition states is important for expanding our knowledge of the viral entry process. In this study, we use cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) to dissect the stepwise process by which the receptor-binding protein triggers F-mediated fusion, when forming a complex with receptor-bearing membranes. Using an on-grid antibody capture method that facilitates examination of fresh, biologically active strains of virus directly from supernatant fluids and a series of biological tools that permit the capture of intermediate states in the fusion process, we visualize the series of events that occur when a pristine, authentic viral particle interacts with target receptors and proceeds from the viral entry steps of receptor engagement to membrane fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara C. Marcink
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America
- Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Tong Wang
- Structural Biology Initiative, CUNY Advanced Science Research Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Amedee des Georges
- Structural Biology Initiative, CUNY Advanced Science Research Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, City College of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Matteo Porotto
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America
- Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Anne Moscona
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America
- Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Physiology & Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America
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Košutić-Gulija T, Slovic A, Ljubin-Sternak S, Mlinarić-Galinović G, Forčić D. A study of genetic variability of human parainfluenza virus type 1 in Croatia, 2011-2014. J Med Microbiol 2016; 65:793-803. [PMID: 27302417 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular epidemiology of human parainfluenza viruses type 1 (HPIV1) was investigated. Samples were collected from patients hospitalized in Croatia during the three consecutive epidemic seasons (2011-2014). Results indicated co-circulation of two major genetic clusters of HPIV1. Samples from the current study refer to clades II and III in a phylogenetic tree of haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) gene. Additional phylogenetic trees of fusion (F) and phosphoprotein (P) genes confirmed the topology. Analysis of nucleotide diversity of entire P, F and HN genes demonstrated similar values: 0.0255, 0.0236 and 0.0237, respectively. However, amino acid diversity showed F protein to be the most conserved, while P protein was the most tolerant to mutations. Potential N- and O-glycosylation sites suggested that HPIV1 HN protein is abundantly glycosylated, and a specific N-glycosylation pattern could distinguish between clades II and III. Analysis of potential O-glycosylation sites in F protein indicated that samples from this study have two potential O-glycosylation sites, while publicly available sequences have five potential sites. This study provides data on the molecular characterization and epidemic pattern of HPIV1 in Croatia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Košutić-Gulija
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anamarija Slovic
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sunčanica Ljubin-Sternak
- Andrija Stampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordana Mlinarić-Galinović
- Department of Virology, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dubravko Forčić
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Catalytic mechanism and novel receptor binding sites of human parainfluenza virus type 3 hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hPIV3 HN). Antiviral Res 2015; 123:216-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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8
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Electron tomography imaging of surface glycoproteins on human parainfluenza virus 3: association of receptor binding and fusion proteins before receptor engagement. mBio 2015; 6:e02393-14. [PMID: 25691596 PMCID: PMC4337575 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02393-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to deliver their genetic material to host cells during infection, enveloped viruses use specialized proteins on their surfaces that bind cellular receptors and induce fusion of the viral and host membranes. In paramyxoviruses, a diverse family of single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses, including several important respiratory pathogens, such as parainfluenza viruses, the attachment and fusion machinery is composed of two separate proteins: a receptor binding protein (hemagglutinin-neuraminidase [HN]) and a fusion (F) protein that interact to effect membrane fusion. Here we used negative-stain and cryo-electron tomography to image the 3-dimensional ultrastructure of human parainfluenza virus 3 (HPIV3) virions in the absence of receptor engagement. We observed that HN exists in at least two organizations. The first were arrays of tetrameric HN that lacked closely associated F proteins: in these purely HN arrays, HN adopted a “heads-down” configuration. In addition, we observed regions of complex surface density that contained HN in an apparently extended “heads-up” form, colocalized with prefusion F trimers. This colocalization with prefusion F prior to receptor engagement supports a model for fusion in which HN in its heads-up state and F may interact prior to receptor engagement without activating F, and that interaction with HN in this configuration is not sufficient to activate F. Only upon receptor engagement by HN’s globular head does HN transmit its activating signal to F. Human parainfluenza virus 3 (HPIV3) is an enveloped, ssRNA virus that can cause serious respiratory illness, especially in children. HPIV3, like most other paramyxoviruses, uses two specialized proteins to mediate cell entry: the fusion protein (F) and the receptor binding protein, hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN). F becomes activated to mediate fusion during entry when it is triggered by a signal from HN. Here we used electron tomography to reconstruct the 3-dimensional ultrastructure of HPIV3. From these structures, we could discern the distribution and, in some cases, conformation of HN and F proteins, which provided an understanding of their interrelationship on virions. HN is found in arrays alone in one conformation and interspersed with prefusion F trimers in another. The data support a model of paramyxovirus membrane fusion in which HN associates with F before receptor engagement, and receptor engagement by the globular head of HN switches the HN-F interaction into one of fusion activation.
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Palgen JL, Jurgens EM, Moscona A, Porotto M, Palermo LM. Unity in diversity: shared mechanism of entry among paramyxoviruses. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 129:1-32. [PMID: 25595799 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Paramyxoviridae family includes many viruses that are pathogenic in humans, including parainfluenza viruses, measles virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and the emerging zoonotic Henipaviruses. No effective treatments are currently available for these viruses, and there is a need for efficient antiviral therapies. Paramyxoviruses enter the target cell by binding to a cell surface receptor and then fusing the viral envelope with the target cell membrane, allowing the release of the viral genome into the cytoplasm. Blockage of these crucial steps prevents infection and disease. Binding and fusion are driven by two virus-encoded glycoproteins, the receptor-binding protein and the fusion protein, that together form the viral "fusion machinery." The development of efficient antiviral drugs requires a deeper understanding of the mechanism of action of the Paramyxoviridae fusion machinery, which is still controversial. Here, we review recent structural and functional data on these proteins and the current understanding of the mechanism of the paramyxovirus cell entry process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Palgen
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, USA; Department of Biology, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Lyon, France
| | - Eric M Jurgens
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, USA
| | - Anne Moscona
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, USA
| | - Matteo Porotto
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, USA.
| | - Laura M Palermo
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, USA
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Quantitative comparison of human parainfluenza virus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase receptor binding and receptor cleavage. J Virol 2013; 87:8962-70. [PMID: 23740997 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00739-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The human parainfluenza virus (hPIV) hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein binds (H) oligosaccharide receptors that contain N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and cleaves (N) Neu5Ac from these oligosaccharides. In order to determine if one of HN's two functions is predominant, we measured the affinity of H for its ligands by a solid-phase binding assay with two glycoprotein substrates and by surface plasmon resonance with three monovalent glycans. We compared the dissociation constant (Kd) values from these experiments with previously determined Michaelis-Menten constants (Kms) for the enzyme activity. We found that glycoprotein substrates and monovalent glycans containing Neu5Acα2-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc bind HN with Kd values in the 10 to 100 μM range. Km values for HN were previously determined to be on the order of 1 mM (M. M. Tappert, D. F. Smith, and G. M. Air, J. Virol. 85:12146-12159, 2011). A Km value greater than the Kd value indicates that cleavage occurs faster than the dissociation of binding and will dominate under N-permissive conditions. We propose, therefore, that HN is a neuraminidase that can hold its substrate long enough to act as a binding protein. The N activity can therefore regulate binding by reducing virus-receptor interactions when the concentration of receptor is high.
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12
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The second receptor binding site of the globular head of the Newcastle disease virus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase activates the stalk of multiple paramyxovirus receptor binding proteins to trigger fusion. J Virol 2012; 86:5730-41. [PMID: 22438532 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06793-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein of paramyxoviruses carries out three distinct activities contributing to the ability of HN to promote viral fusion and entry: receptor binding, receptor cleavage (neuraminidase), and activation of the fusion protein. The relationship between receptor binding and fusion triggering functions of HN are not fully understood. For Newcastle disease virus (NDV), one bifunctional site (site I) on HN's globular head can mediate both receptor binding and neuraminidase activities, and a second site (site II) in the globular head is also capable of mediating receptor binding. The receptor analog, zanamivir, blocks receptor binding and cleavage activities of NDV HN's site I while activating receptor binding by site II. Comparison of chimeric proteins in which the globular head of NDV HN is connected to the stalk region of either human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3) or Nipah virus receptor binding proteins indicates that receptor binding to NDV HN site II not only can activate its own fusion (F) protein but can also activate the heterotypic fusion proteins. We suggest a general model for paramyxovirus fusion activation in which receptor engagement at site II plays an active role in F activation.
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Mizuta K, Saitoh M, Kobayashi M, Tsukagoshi H, Aoki Y, Ikeda T, Abiko C, Katsushima N, Itagaki T, Noda M, Kozawa K, Ahiko T, Kimura H. Detailed genetic analysis of hemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoprotein gene in human parainfluenza virus type 1 isolates from patients with acute respiratory infection between 2002 and 2009 in Yamagata prefecture, Japan. Virol J 2011; 8:533. [PMID: 22152158 PMCID: PMC3295729 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human parainfluenza virus type 1 (HPIV1) causes various acute respiratory infections (ARI). Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) glycoprotein of HPIV1 is a major antigen. However, the molecular epidemiology and genetic characteristics of such ARI are not exactly known. Recent studies suggested that a phylogenetic analysis tool, namely the maximum likelihood (ML) method, may be applied to estimate the evolutionary time scale of various viruses. Thus, we conducted detailed genetic analyses including homology analysis, phylogenetic analysis (using both the neighbor joining (NJ) and ML methods), and analysis of the pairwise distances of HN gene in HPIV1 isolated from patients with ARI in Yamagata prefecture, Japan. Results A few substitutions of nucleotides in the second binding site of HN gene were observed among the present isolates. The strains were classified into two major clusters in the phylogenetic tree by the NJ method. Another phylogenetic tree constructed by the ML method showed that the strains diversified in the late 1980s. No positively selected sites were found in the present strains. Moreover, the pairwise distance among the present isolates was relatively short. Conclusions The evolution of HN gene in the present HPIV1 isolates was relatively slow. The ML method may be a useful phylogenetic method to estimate the evolutionary time scale of HPIV and other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsumi Mizuta
- Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-6-6 Toka-machi, Yamagata-shi, Yamagata 990-0031, Japan
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Fixation of oligosaccharides to a surface may increase the susceptibility to human parainfluenza virus 1, 2, or 3 hemagglutinin-neuraminidase. J Virol 2011; 85:12146-59. [PMID: 21917945 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05537-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein of human parainfluenza viruses (hPIVs) both binds (H) and cleaves (N) oligosaccharides that contain N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac). H is thought to correspond to receptor binding and N to receptor-destroying activity. At present, N's role in infection remains unclear: does it destroy only receptors, or are there other targets? We previously demonstrated that hPIV1 and 3 HNs bind to oligosaccharides containing the motif Neu5Acα2-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc (M. Amonsen, D. F. Smith, R. D. Cummings, and G. M. Air, J. Virol. 81:8341-8345, 2007). In the present study, we tested the binding specificity of hPIV2 on the Consortium for Functional Glycomics' glycan array and found that hPIV2 binds to oligosaccharides containing the same motif. We determined the specificities of N on red blood cells, soluble small-molecule and glycoprotein substrates, and the glycan array and compared them to the specificities of H. hPIV2 and -3, but not hPIV1, cleaved their ligands on red blood cells. hPIV1, -2, and -3 cleaved their NeuAcα2-3 ligands on the glycan array; hPIV2 and -3 also cleaved NeuAcα2-6 ligands bound by influenza A virus. While all three HNs exhibited similar affinities for all cleavable soluble substrates, their activities were 5- to 10-fold higher on small molecules than on glycoproteins. In addition, some soluble glycoproteins were not cleaved, despite containing oligosaccharides that were cleaved on the glycan array. We conclude that the susceptibility of an oligosaccharide substrate to N increases when the substrate is fixed to a surface. These findings suggest that HN may undergo a conformational change that activates N upon receptor binding at a cell surface.
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Uhlendorff J, Matrosovich T, Klenk HD, Matrosovich M. Functional significance of the hemadsorption activity of influenza virus neuraminidase and its alteration in pandemic viruses. Arch Virol 2009; 154:945-57. [PMID: 19458903 PMCID: PMC2691527 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-009-0393-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 04/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Human influenza viruses derive their genes from avian viruses. The neuraminidase (NA) of the avian viruses has, in addition to the catalytic site, a separate sialic acid binding site (hemadsorption site) that is not present in human viruses. The biological significance of the NA hemadsorption activity in avian influenza viruses remained elusive. A sequence database analysis revealed that the NAs of the majority of human H2N2 viruses isolated during the influenza pandemic of 1957 differ from their putative avian precursor by amino acid substitutions in the hemadsorption site. We found that the NA of a representative pandemic virus A/Singapore/1/57 (H2N2) lacks hemadsorption activity and that a single reversion to the avian-virus-like sequence (N367S) restores hemadsorption. Using this hemadsorption-positive NA, we generated three NA variants with substitutions S370L, N400S and W403R that have been found in the hemadsorption site of human H2N2 viruses. Each substitution abolished hemadsorption activity. Although, there was no correlation between hemadsorption activity of the NA variants and their enzymatic activity with respect to monovalent substrates, all four hemadsorption-negative NAs desialylated macromolecular substrates significantly slower than did the hemadsorption-positive counterpart. The NA of the 1918 pandemic virus A/Brevig Mission/1/18 (H1N1) also differed from avian N1 NAs by reduced hemadsorption activity and less efficient hydrolysis of macromolecular substrates. Our data indicate that the hemadsorption site serves to enhance the catalytic efficiency of NA and they suggest that, in addition to changes in the receptor-binding specificity of the hemagglutinin, alterations of the NA are needed for the emergence of pandemic influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Uhlendorff
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University, Hans-Meerwein-Str.2, 35043, Marburg, Germany
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Touzelet O, Loukili N, Pelet T, Fairley D, Curran J, Power UF. De novo generation of a non-segmented negative strand RNA virus with a bicistronic gene. Virus Res 2009; 140:40-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2008.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Revised: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Antigenicity and hemaglutination activity of a recombinant Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase of paramyxovirus Tianjin strain. Virol Sin 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s12250-008-2965-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Loss of the N-linked glycan at residue 173 of human parainfluenza virus type 1 hemagglutinin-neuraminidase exposes a second receptor-binding site. J Virol 2008; 82:8400-10. [PMID: 18579600 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00474-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BCX 2798 (4-azido-5-isobutyrylamino-2,3-didehydro-2,3,4,5-tetradeoxy-d-glycero-d-galacto-2-nonulopyranosic acid) effectively inhibited the activities of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) of human parainfluenza viruses (hPIV) in vitro and protected mice from lethal infection with a recombinant Sendai virus whose HN was replaced with that of hPIV-1 (rSeV[hPIV-1HN]) (I. V. Alymova, G. Taylor, T. Takimoto, T. H. Lin., P. Chand, Y. S. Babu, C. Li, X. Xiong, and A. Portner, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48:1495-1502, 2004). The ability of BCX 2798 to select drug-resistant variants in vivo was examined. A variant with an Asn-to-Ser mutation at residue 173 (N173S) in HN was recovered from mice after a second passage of rSeV(hPIV-1HN) in the presence of BCX 2798 (10 mg/kg of body weight daily). The N173S mutant remained sensitive to BCX 2798 in neuraminidase inhibition assays but was more than 10,000-fold less sensitive to the compound in hemagglutination inhibition tests than rSeV(hPIV-1HN). Its susceptibility to BCX 2798 in plaque reduction assays was reduced fivefold and did not differ from that of rSeV(hPIV-1HN) in mice. The N173S mutant failed to be efficiently eluted from erythrocytes and released from cells. It demonstrated reduced growth in cell culture and superior growth in mice. The results for gel electrophoresis analysis were consistent with the loss of the N-linked glycan at residue 173 in the mutant. Sequence and structural comparisons revealed that residue 173 on hPIV-1 HN is located close to the region of the second receptor-binding site identified in Newcastle disease virus HN. Our study suggests that the N-linked glycan at residue 173 masks a second receptor-binding site on hPIV-1 HN.
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Palermo LM, Porotto M, Greengard O, Moscona A. Fusion promotion by a paramyxovirus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein: pH modulation of receptor avidity of binding sites I and II. J Virol 2007; 81:9152-61. [PMID: 17567695 PMCID: PMC1951465 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00888-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Paramyxoviruses, including the childhood respiratory pathogen human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3), possess an envelope protein hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) that has receptor-cleaving (neuraminidase), as well as receptor-binding, activity. HN is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein, present on the surface of the virus as a tetramer composed of two dimers. HN is also essential for activating the fusion protein (F) to mediate merger of the viral envelope with the host cell membrane. This initial step of viral entry occurs at the host cell surface at neutral pH. The HN molecule carries out these three different critical activities at specific points in the process of viral entry, and understanding the regulation of these activities is key for the design of strategies that block infection. One bifunctional site (site I) on the HN of HPIV3 possesses both receptor binding and neuraminidase activities, and we recently obtained experimental evidence for a second receptor binding site (site II) on HPIV3 HN. Mutation of HN at specific residues at this site, which is next to the HN dimer interface, confers enhanced fusion properties, without affecting neuraminidase activity or receptor binding at neutral pH. We now demonstrate that mutations at this site II, as well as at site I, confer pH dependence on HN's receptor avidity. These mutations permit pH to modulate the binding and fusion processes of the virus, potentially providing regulation at specific stages of the viral life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Palermo
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 515 East 71st St., Box 309, New York, NY 10021, USA
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