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Mohana Pradeep RK, Rakesh V, Boopathi N, Siva M, Kousalya S, Nagendran K, Karthikeyan G. Emerging challenges in the management of Orthotospoviruses in Indian agriculture. Virology 2024; 593:110029. [PMID: 38382160 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Orthotospoviruses, a genera of negative-sense ssRNA viruses transmitted by thrips, have gained significant attention in recent years due to their detrimental impact on diverse crops, causing substantial economic losses and posing threats to food security. Orthotospoviruses are characterised by a wide range of symptoms in plants, including chlorotic/necrotic spots, vein banding, and fruit deformation. Seven species, including four definite and three tentative species in the genus Orthotospovirus, have so far been documented on the crops of the Indian subcontinent. Management of Orthotospoviruses under field conditions is challenging since they have a wide host range, adaptation to versatile environmental conditions, a lack of promising resistance sources, and the ubiquitous nature of thrips and their transmission through a propagative manner. Our present review elucidates the significance, molecular biology and evolutionary relationship of Orthotospoviruses; vector population; and possible management strategies for Orthotospoviruses and their vectors in the scenario of the Indian subcontinent.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Mohana Pradeep
- Department of Plant Pathology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, India
| | - V Rakesh
- Insect Vector Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - N Boopathi
- Department of Plant Pathology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, India
| | - M Siva
- Department of Plant Pathology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, India
| | - S Kousalya
- Department of Plant Pathology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, India
| | - K Nagendran
- Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - G Karthikeyan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, India.
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Sabsay KR, te Velthuis AJW. Negative and ambisense RNA virus ribonucleocapsids: more than protective armor. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2023; 87:e0008223. [PMID: 37750733 PMCID: PMC10732063 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00082-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYNegative and ambisense RNA viruses are the causative agents of important human diseases such as influenza, measles, Lassa fever, and Ebola hemorrhagic fever. The viral genome of these RNA viruses consists of one or more single-stranded RNA molecules that are encapsidated by viral nucleocapsid proteins to form a ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP). This RNP acts as protection, as a scaffold for RNA folding, and as the context for viral replication and transcription by a viral RNA polymerase. However, the roles of the viral nucleoproteins extend beyond these functions during the viral infection cycle. Recent advances in structural biology techniques and analysis methods have provided new insights into the formation, function, dynamics, and evolution of negative sense virus nucleocapsid proteins, as well as the role that they play in host innate immune responses against viral infection. In this review, we discuss the various roles of nucleocapsid proteins, both in the context of RNPs and in RNA-free states, as well as the open questions that remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly R. Sabsay
- Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Aartjan J. W. te Velthuis
- Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
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Yvon M, German TL, Ullman DE, Dasgupta R, Parker MH, Ben-Mahmoud S, Verdin E, Gognalons P, Ancelin A, Laï Kee Him J, Girard J, Vernerey MS, Fernandez E, Filloux D, Roumagnac P, Bron P, Michalakis Y, Blanc S. The genome of a bunyavirus cannot be defined at the level of the viral particle but only at the scale of the viral population. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2309412120. [PMID: 37983500 PMCID: PMC10691328 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2309412120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bunyaviruses are enveloped negative or ambisense single-stranded RNA viruses with a genome divided into several segments. The canonical view depicts each viral particle packaging one copy of each genomic segment in one polarity named the viral strand. Several opposing observations revealed nonequal ratios of the segments, uneven number of segments per virion, and even packaging of viral complementary strands. Unfortunately, these observations result from studies often addressing other questions, on distinct viral species, and not using accurate quantitative methods. Hence, what RNA segments and strands are packaged as the genome of any bunyavirus remains largely ambiguous. We addressed this issue by first investigating the virion size distribution and RNA content in populations of the tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) using microscopy and tomography. These revealed heterogeneity in viral particle volume and amount of RNA content, with a surprising lack of correlation between the two. Then, the ratios of all genomic segments and strands were established using RNA sequencing and qRT-PCR. Within virions, both plus and minus strands (but no mRNA) are packaged for each of the three L, M, and S segments, in reproducible nonequimolar proportions determined by those in total cell extracts. These results show that virions differ in their genomic content but together build up a highly reproducible genetic composition of the viral population. This resembles the genome formula described for multipartite viruses, with which some species of the order Bunyavirales may share some aspects of the way of life, particularly emerging properties at a supravirion scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Yvon
- PHIM, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Institut Agro, Montpellier34398, France
| | - Thomas L. German
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Wisconsin53706, Madison
| | - Diane E. Ullman
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, California95616, Davis
| | - Ranjit Dasgupta
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Wisconsin53706, Madison
| | - Maxwell H. Parker
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Wisconsin53706, Madison
| | - Sulley Ben-Mahmoud
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, California95616, Davis
| | - Eric Verdin
- Pathologie végétale, INRAE, Avignon84143, France
| | | | - Aurélie Ancelin
- CBS, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier34090, France
| | | | - Justine Girard
- CBS, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier34090, France
| | | | - Emmanuel Fernandez
- PHIM, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Institut Agro, Montpellier34398, France
| | - Denis Filloux
- PHIM, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Institut Agro, Montpellier34398, France
| | - Philippe Roumagnac
- PHIM, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Institut Agro, Montpellier34398, France
| | - Patrick Bron
- CBS, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier34090, France
| | | | - Stéphane Blanc
- PHIM, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Institut Agro, Montpellier34398, France
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Feng M, Chen M, Yuan Y, Liu Q, Cheng R, Yang T, Li L, Guo R, Dong Y, Chen J, Yang Y, Yan Y, Cui H, Jing D, Kang J, Chen S, Li J, Zhu M, Huang C, Zhang Z, Kormelink R, Tao X. Interspecies/Intergroup Complementation of Orthotospovirus Replication and Movement through Reverse Genetics Systems. J Virol 2023; 97:e0180922. [PMID: 37022194 PMCID: PMC10134808 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01809-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Orthotospoviruses, the plant-infecting bunyaviruses, cause serious diseases in agronomic crops and pose major threats to global food security. The family of Tospoviridae contains more than 30 members that are classified into two geographic groups, American-type and Euro/Asian-type orthotospovirus. However, the genetic interaction between different species and the possibility, during mixed infections, for transcomplementation of gene functions by orthotospoviruses from different geographic groups remains underexplored. In this study, minireplicon-based reverse genetics (RG) systems have been established for Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) (an American-type orthotospovirus) and for Calla lily chlorotic spot virus and Tomato zonate spot virus (CCSV and TZSV) (two representative Euro/Asian orthotospoviruses). Together with the earlier established RG system for Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), a type species of the Orthotospovirus American-clade, viral replicase/movement proteins were exchanged and analyzed on interspecies transcomplementation. Whereas the homologous RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and nucleocapsid (N) protein supported the replication of orthotospoviruses from both geographic groups, heterologous combinations of RdRp from one group and N from the other group were unable to support the replication of viruses from both groups. Furthermore, the NSm movement protein (MP), from both geographic groups of orthotospoviruses, was able to transcomplement heterologous orthotospoviruses or a positive-strand Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in their movement, albeit with varying efficiency. MP from Rice stripe tenuivirus (RSV), a plant-infecting bunyavirus that is distinct from orthotospoviruses, or MP from CMV also moves orthotospoviruses. Our findings gain insights into the genetic interaction/reassortant potentials for the segmented plant orthotospoviruses. IMPORTANCE Orthotospoviruses are agriculturally important negative-strand RNA viruses and cause severe yield-losses on many crops worldwide. Whereas the emergence of new animal-infecting bunyaviruses is frequently associated with genetic reassortants, this issue remains underexposed with the plant-infecting orthotospovirus. With the development of reverse genetics systems for orthotospoviruses from different geographic regions, the interspecies/intergroup replication/movement complementation between American- and Euro/Asian-type orthotospoviruses were investigated. Genomic RNAs from American orthotospoviruses can be replicated by the RdRp and N from those of Euro/Asia-group orthotospoviruses, and vice versa. However, their genomic RNAs cannot be replicated by a heterologous combination of RdRp from one geographic group and N from another geographic group. Cell-to-cell movement of viral entity is supported by NSm from both geographic groups, with highest efficiency by NSm from viruses belonging to the same group. Our findings provide important insights into the genetic interaction and exchange ability of viral gene functions between different species of orthotospovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfeng Feng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Minglong Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Yulong Yuan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Qinhai Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Ruixiang Cheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Tongqing Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Luyao Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Rong Guo
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Yongxin Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Yawen Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Yuling Yan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Hongmin Cui
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Dong Jing
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Jinrui Kang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Shuxian Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Min Zhu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Changjun Huang
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Kunming, China
| | - Zhongkai Zhang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Agri-Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Resources, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, P. R. China
| | - Richard Kormelink
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaorong Tao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
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Li J, Zan N, He H, Hu D, Song B. Piperazine Derivatives Containing the α-Ketoamide Moiety Discovered as Potential Anti-Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus Agents. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:6301-6313. [PMID: 37052574 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A total of 35 piperazine derivatives were designed and synthesized, and their activities against tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) were evaluated systematically. Compounds 34 and 35 with significant anti-TSWV activity were obtained. Their EC50 values were 62.4 and 59.9 μg/mL, prominently better than the control agents ningnanmycin (113.7 μg/mL) and ribavirin (591.1 μg/mL). To explore the mechanism of the interaction between these compounds and the virus, we demonstrated by agrobacterium-mediated, molecular docking, and microscale thermophoresis (MST) experimental methods that compounds 34 and 35 could inhibit the infection of TSWV by binding with the N protein to prevent the assembly of the virus core structure ribonucleoprotein (RNP), and it also meant that the arginine at 94 of the N protein was the key site of interaction between the compounds and the TSWV N target. Therefore, this study demonstrated the potential for forming antiviral agents from piperazine derivatives containing α-ketoamide moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Ningning Zan
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongfu He
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Deyu Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoan Song
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, People's Republic of China
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Malet H, Williams HM, Cusack S, Rosenthal M. The mechanism of genome replication and transcription in bunyaviruses. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011060. [PMID: 36634042 PMCID: PMC9836281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bunyaviruses are negative sense, single-strand RNA viruses that infect a wide range of vertebrate, invertebrate and plant hosts. WHO lists three bunyavirus diseases as priority diseases requiring urgent development of medical countermeasures highlighting their high epidemic potential. While the viral large (L) protein containing the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is a key enzyme in the viral replication cycle and therefore a suitable drug target, our knowledge on the structure and activities of this multifunctional protein has, until recently, been very limited. However, in the last few years, facilitated by the technical advances in the field of cryogenic electron microscopy, many structures of bunyavirus L proteins have been solved. These structures significantly enhance our mechanistic understanding of bunyavirus genome replication and transcription processes and highlight differences and commonalities between the L proteins of different bunyavirus families. Here, we provide a review of our current understanding of genome replication and transcription in bunyaviruses with a focus on the viral L protein. Further, we compare within bunyaviruses and with the related influenza virus polymerase complex and highlight open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Malet
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, Grenoble, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Harry M. Williams
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Hamburg, Germany
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Maria Rosenthal
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Hamburg, Germany
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Discovery Research ScreeningPort, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Yuan T, Wang Z, Lan S, Gan X. Design, synthesis, antiviral activity, and mechanisms of novel ferulic acid derivatives containing amide moiety. Bioorg Chem 2022; 128:106054. [PMID: 35905694 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
To explore the novel compounds with high antiviral activity, three series ferulic acid derivatives containing amide moiety were gradually designed and synthesized based on antiviral activity tracking. The bioassay results exhibited that some target compounds had notable antiviral activities against tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Compounds Y1, Y2, Y8, Z1 and Z2 presented splendid curative, protective, and inactivating activities to TSWV and CMV at 500 μg/mL. Especially, these compounds displayed outstanding inactivating effects on TSWV with the EC50 values of 225.9, 126.1, 224.6, 216.1, and 147.3 μg/mL, which were superior to ningnanmycin (249.1 μg/mL) and ribavirin (315.7 μg/mL). Furthermore, the antiviral mechanisms of compound Y2 were investigated by conducting microscale thermophoresis experiment and molecular docking experiment. The results suggested that compound Y2 performed excellent binding affinity to TSWV coat protein (TSWV CP) with the binding constant of 2.14 μM, which due to two strong hydrogen bonds of compound Y2 to the key amino acids ARG94 of TSWV CP. Therefore, compound Y2 can be regarded as a leading structure for development of the potential antiviral agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yuan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhengxing Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Shichao Lan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China; School of Biological Sciences, Guizhou Education University, Guiyang 550018, China
| | - Xiuhai Gan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China.
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Jiang D, Zhang J, He H, Li J, Hu D, Song B. Discovery of novel chromone derivatives containing a sulfonamide moiety as potential anti-TSWV agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 53:128431. [PMID: 34737160 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A number of chromone derivatives containing sulfonamide structure were designed and synthesized. Firstly, the target compounds were evaluated for anti-TSWV activities in vivo by the half-leaf method. We found that most of the compounds had good anti-TSWV activities. Among them, compound 12B had excellent anti-TSWV inactivating activity with an EC50 of 80.5 μg/mL, which was significantly better than xiangcaoliusuobingmi (765.7 μg/mL). Secondly, TSWV nucleocapsid protein (N) was expressed and purified, and the affinity between the compounds and TSWV N was tested by microscale thermophoresis (MST). Compound 12B had a good affinity for TSWV N with a Kd value of 5.02 μM, which was superior to xiangcaoliusuobingmi (29.83 μM). Finally, in order to study the mode of interaction between the compound 12B and TSWV N, we carried out molecular docking. The results indicated that compound 12B might inactivate the virus by destroying the TSWV N oligomer structure. These results lay a solid foundation for the further discovery of chromone derivatives containing sulfonamide structure with high anti-TSWV activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Research and Development Center for Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Research and Development Center for Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Hongfu He
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Research and Development Center for Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jiao Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Research and Development Center for Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Deyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Research and Development Center for Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Baoan Song
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Research and Development Center for Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China.
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9
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Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) belongs to the order Bunyavirales and is the type species of genus Phlebovirus, which accounts for over 50% of family Phenuiviridae species. RVFV is mosquito-borne and causes severe diseases in both humans and livestock, and consists of three segments (S, M, L) in the genome. The L segment encodes an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp, L protein) that is responsible for facilitating the replication and transcription of the virus. It is essential for the virus and has multiple drug targets. Here, we established an expression system and purification procedures for full-length L protein, which is composed of an endonuclease domain, RdRp domain, and cap-binding domain. A cryo-EM L protein structure was reported at 3.6 Å resolution. In this first L protein structure of genus Phlebovirus, the priming loop of RVFV L protein is distinctly different from those of other L proteins and undergoes large movements related to its replication role. Structural and biochemical analyses indicate that a single template can induce initiation of RNA synthesis, which is notably enhanced by 5' viral RNA. These findings help advance our understanding of the mechanism of RNA synthesis and provide an important basis for developing antiviral inhibitors. Importance The zoonosis RVF virus (RVFV) is one of the most serious arbovirus threats to both human and animal health. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is a multifunctional enzyme catalyzing genome replication as well as viral transcription, so the RdRp is essential for studying the virus and has multiple drug targets. In our study, we report the structure of RVFV L protein at 3.6 Å resolution by cryo-EM. This is the first L protein structure of genus Phlebovirus. Strikingly, a single template can initiate RNA replication. The structure and assays provide a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the catalytic and substrate recognition mechanism of RdRp.
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10
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Liu Y, Chen J, Xie D, Song B, Hu D. First Report on Anti-TSWV Activities of Quinazolinone Derivatives Containing a Dithioacetal Moiety. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:12135-12142. [PMID: 34623814 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is a plant virus with strong infectivity and destructive power. Given the lack of effective control agents, TSWV causes significant economic damage to several vegetables and ornamental plants worldwide. In this study, we designed and synthesized a series of novel quinazolinone derivatives containing a dithioacetal moiety and evaluated their antiviral activity in vitro and in vivo against TSWV. Some candidate compounds showed good anti-TSWV activity. Compound 6n shows excellent anti-TSWV activity in vivo, and the EC50 value is 188 mg/L, which is notably better than that observed for ribavirin (642 mg/L), xiangcaoliusuobingmi (420 mg/L), and ningnanmycin (257 mg/L). In addition, compound 6n interacts with TSWV coat protein at sites ARG94 and ARG95 forming four π-alkyl interactions. Compound 6n (9.4 μM) shows a better binding affinity with TSWV coat protein than ribavirin (67.8 μM), xiangcaoliusuobingmi (33.8 μM), and ningnanmycin (24.3 μM). Therefore, compound 6n can serve as a lead compound for the discovery of new antiviral agents for the management of TSWV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuewen Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jixiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Dandan Xie
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Baoan Song
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Deyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
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Zan N, Li J, He H, Hu D, Song B. Discovery of Novel Chromone Derivatives as Potential Anti-TSWV Agents. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:10819-10829. [PMID: 34516131 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel chromone derivatives containing dithioacetals were prepared, and their antiviral activity against tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) was studied. The results showed that compounds A1-A31 had good inhibitory activity against TSWV. The 3D-QSAR model was built to analyze the structure-activity relationship of the compounds. We further found that compounds A32 and A33 had excellent anti-TSWV activities based on the results of 3D-QSAR, which were better than the control agents ningnanmycin and ribavirin. To study the mode of action of these compounds on TSWV, the nucleocapsid protein of TSWV (TSWV N) was cloned, expressed, and purified in the study. The results of the microscale thermophoresis (MST) experiments indicate that compound A33 can better bind with TSWV N. The molecular docking experiment further indicated that the mode of action of the compound A33 is to inhibit the virus by blocking the combination of TSWV N and viral RNA. Therefore, this study has found that chromone compound A33 is a potential anti-TSWV agent that targets TSWV N.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Zan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jiao Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Hongfu He
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Deyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Baoan Song
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
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12
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Cheng HW, Tsai WT, Hsieh YY, Chen KC, Yeh SD. Identification of a Common Epitope in Nucleocapsid Proteins of Euro-America Orthotospoviruses and Its Application for Tagging Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168583. [PMID: 34445289 PMCID: PMC8395252 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The NSs protein and the nucleocapsid protein (NP) of orthotospoviruses are the major targets for serological detection and diagnosis. A common epitope of KFTMHNQIF in the NSs proteins of Asia orthotospoviruses has been applied as an epitope tag (nss-tag) for monitoring recombinant proteins. In this study, a monoclonal antibody TNP MAb against the tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) NP that reacts with TSWV-serogroup members of Euro-America orthotospoviruses was produced. By truncation and deletion analyses of TSWV NP, the common epitope of KGKEYA was identified and designated as the np sequence. The np sequence was successfully utilized as an epitope tag (np-tag) to monitor various proteins, including the green fluorescence protein, the coat protein of the zucchini yellow mosaic virus, and the dust mite chimeric allergen Dp25, in a bacterial expression system. The np-tag was also applied to investigate the protein-protein interaction in immunoprecipitation. In addition, when the np-tag and the nss-tag were simultaneously attached at different termini of the expressed recombinant proteins, they reacted with the corresponding MAbs with high sensitivity. Here, we demonstrated that the np sequence and TNP MAb can be effectively applied for tagging and detecting proteins and can be coupled with the nss-tag to form a novel epitope-tagging system for investigating protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Wen Cheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (H.-W.C.); (W.-T.T.); (Y.-Y.H.); (K.-C.C.)
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Tsai
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (H.-W.C.); (W.-T.T.); (Y.-Y.H.); (K.-C.C.)
| | - Yi-Ying Hsieh
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (H.-W.C.); (W.-T.T.); (Y.-Y.H.); (K.-C.C.)
| | - Kuan-Chun Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (H.-W.C.); (W.-T.T.); (Y.-Y.H.); (K.-C.C.)
| | - Shyi-Dong Yeh
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (H.-W.C.); (W.-T.T.); (Y.-Y.H.); (K.-C.C.)
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-22877021; Fax: +886-4-22852501
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13
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Zhang Z, Zheng K, Zhao L, Su X, Zheng X, Wang T. Occurrence, Distribution, Evolutionary Relationships, Epidemiology, and Management of Orthotospoviruses in China. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:686025. [PMID: 34421843 PMCID: PMC8371445 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.686025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthotospoviruses are responsible for serious crop losses worldwide. Orthotospoviral diseases have spread rapidly in China over the past 10 years and are now found in 19 provinces. Currently, 17 Orthotospovirus species have been reported in China, including eight newly identified species from this genus. The number of new highly pathogenic Orthotospovirus strains or species has increased, likely because of the virus species diversity, the wide range of available hosts, adaptation of the viruses to different climates, and multiple transmission routes. This review describes the distribution of Orthotospovirus species, host plants, typical symptoms of infection under natural conditions, the systemic infection of host plants, spatial clustering characteristics of virus particles in host cells, and the orthotospoviral infection cycle in the field. The evolutionary relationships of orthotospoviruses isolated from China and epidemiology are also discussed. In order to effectively manage orthotospoviral disease, future research needs to focus on deciphering the underlying mechanisms of systemic infection, studying complex/mixed infections involving the same or different Orthotospovirus species or other viruses, elucidating orthotospovirus adaptative mechanisms to multiple climate types, breeding virus-resistant plants, identifying new strains and species, developing early monitoring and early warning systems for plant infection, and studying infection transmission routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongkai Zhang
- Key Lab of Agricultural Biotechnology of Yunnan Province, Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
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14
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Hong H, Wang C, Huang Y, Xu M, Yan J, Feng M, Li J, Shi Y, Zhu M, Shen D, Wu P, Kormelink R, Tao X. Antiviral RISC mainly targets viral mRNA but not genomic RNA of tospovirus. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009757. [PMID: 34320034 PMCID: PMC8351926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiviral RNA silencing/interference (RNAi) of negative-strand (-) RNA plant viruses (NSVs) has been studied less than for single-stranded, positive-sense (+)RNA plant viruses. From the latter, genomic and subgenomic mRNA molecules are targeted by RNAi. However, genomic RNA strands from plant NSVs are generally wrapped tightly within viral nucleocapsid (N) protein to form ribonucleoproteins (RNPs), the core unit for viral replication, transcription and movement. In this study, the targeting of the NSV tospoviral genomic RNA and mRNA molecules by antiviral RNA-induced silencing complexes (RISC) was investigated, in vitro and in planta. RISC fractions isolated from tospovirus-infected N. benthamiana plants specifically cleaved naked, purified tospoviral genomic RNAs in vitro, but not genomic RNAs complexed with viral N protein. In planta RISC complexes, activated by a tobacco rattle virus (TRV) carrying tospovirus NSs or Gn gene fragments, mainly targeted the corresponding viral mRNAs and hardly genomic (viral and viral-complementary strands) RNA assembled into RNPs. In contrast, for the (+)ssRNA cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), RISC complexes, activated by TRV carrying CMV 2a or 2b gene fragments, targeted CMV genomic RNA. Altogether, the results indicated that antiviral RNAi primarily targets tospoviral mRNAs whilst their genomic RNA is well protected in RNPs against RISC-mediated cleavage. Considering the important role of RNPs in the replication cycle of all NSVs, the findings made in this study are likely applicable to all viruses belonging to this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Chunli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Ying Huang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Min Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Jiaoling Yan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Mingfeng Feng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Jia Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Yajie Shi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Min Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Danyu Shen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Peijun Wu
- Financial Department, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Richard Kormelink
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaorong Tao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
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15
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Kormelink R, Verchot J, Tao X, Desbiez C. The Bunyavirales: The Plant-Infecting Counterparts. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050842. [PMID: 34066457 PMCID: PMC8148189 DOI: 10.3390/v13050842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative-strand (-) RNA viruses (NSVs) comprise a large and diverse group of viruses that are generally divided in those with non-segmented and those with segmented genomes. Whereas most NSVs infect animals and humans, the smaller group of the plant-infecting counterparts is expanding, with many causing devastating diseases worldwide, affecting a large number of major bulk and high-value food crops. In 2018, the taxonomy of segmented NSVs faced a major reorganization with the establishment of the order Bunyavirales. This article overviews the major plant viruses that are part of the order, i.e., orthospoviruses (Tospoviridae), tenuiviruses (Phenuiviridae), and emaraviruses (Fimoviridae), and provides updates on the more recent ongoing research. Features shared with the animal-infecting counterparts are mentioned, however, special attention is given to their adaptation to plant hosts and vector transmission, including intra/intercellular trafficking and viral counter defense to antiviral RNAi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Kormelink
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanmarie Verchot
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Xiaorong Tao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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16
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Luo M, Terrell JR, Mcmanus SA. Nucleocapsid Structure of Negative Strand RNA Virus. Viruses 2020; 12:E835. [PMID: 32751700 PMCID: PMC7472042 DOI: 10.3390/v12080835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative strand RNA viruses (NSVs) include many important human pathogens, such as influenza virus, Ebola virus, and rabies virus. One of the unique characteristics that NSVs share is the assembly of the nucleocapsid and its role in viral RNA synthesis. In NSVs, the single strand RNA genome is encapsidated in the linear nucleocapsid throughout the viral replication cycle. Subunits of the nucleocapsid protein are parallelly aligned along the RNA genome that is sandwiched between two domains composed of conserved helix motifs. The viral RNA-dependent-RNA polymerase (vRdRp) must recognize the protein-RNA complex of the nucleocapsid and unveil the protected genomic RNA in order to initiate viral RNA synthesis. In addition, vRdRp must continuously translocate along the protein-RNA complex during elongation in viral RNA synthesis. This unique mechanism of viral RNA synthesis suggests that the nucleocapsid may play a regulatory role during NSV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA; (J.R.T.); (S.A.M.)
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17
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Brothers in Arms: Structure, Assembly and Function of Arenaviridae Nucleoprotein. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070772. [PMID: 32708976 PMCID: PMC7411964 DOI: 10.3390/v12070772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Arenaviridae is a family of viruses harbouring important emerging pathogens belonging to the Bunyavirales order. Like in other segmented negative strand RNA viruses, the nucleoprotein (NP) is a major actor of the viral life cycle being both (i) the necessary co-factor of the polymerase present in the L protein, and (ii) the last line of defence of the viral genome (vRNA) by physically hiding its presence in the cytoplasm. The NP is also one of the major players interfering with the immune system. Several structural studies of NP have shown that it features two domains: a globular RNA binding domain (NP-core) in its N-terminal and an exonuclease domain (ExoN) in its C-terminal. Further studies have observed that significant conformational changes are necessary for RNA encapsidation. In this review we revisited the most recent structural and functional data available on Arenaviridae NP, compared to other Bunyavirales nucleoproteins and explored the structural and functional implications. We review the variety of structural motif extensions involved in NP–NP binding mode. We also evaluate the major functional implications of NP interactome and the role of ExoN, thus making the NP a target of choice for future vaccine and antiviral therapy.
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18
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Feng M, Cheng R, Chen M, Guo R, Li L, Feng Z, Wu J, Xie L, Hong J, Zhang Z, Kormelink R, Tao X. Rescue of tomato spotted wilt virus entirely from complementary DNA clones. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:1181-1190. [PMID: 31879355 PMCID: PMC6969498 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1910787117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Negative-stranded/ambisense RNA viruses (NSVs) include not only dangerous pathogens of medical importance but also serious plant pathogens of agronomic importance. Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is one of the most important plant NSVs, infecting more than 1,000 plant species, and poses major threats to global food security. The segmented negative-stranded/ambisense RNA genomes of TSWV, however, have been a major obstacle to molecular genetic manipulation. In this study, we report the complete recovery of infectious TSWV entirely from complementary DNA (cDNA) clones. First, a replication- and transcription-competent minigenome replication system was established based on 35S-driven constructs of the S(-)-genomic (g) or S(+)-antigenomic (ag) RNA template, flanked by the 5' hammerhead and 3' ribozyme sequence of hepatitis delta virus, a nucleocapsid (N) protein gene and codon-optimized viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene. Next, a movement-competent minigenome replication system was developed based on M(-)-gRNA, which was able to complement cell-to-cell and systemic movement of reconstituted ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs) of S RNA replicon. Finally, infectious TSWV and derivatives carrying eGFP reporters were rescued in planta via simultaneous expression of full-length cDNA constructs coding for S(+)-agRNA, M(-)-gRNA, and L(+)-agRNA in which the glycoprotein gene sequence of M(-)-gRNA was optimized. Viral rescue occurred with the addition of various RNAi suppressors including P19, HcPro, and γb, but TSWV NSs interfered with the rescue of genomic RNA. This reverse genetics system for TSWV now allows detailed molecular genetic analysis of all aspects of viral infection cycle and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfeng Feng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruixiang Cheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Minglong Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Guo
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Luyao Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhike Feng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianyan Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Xie
- Analysis Center of Agrobiology and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, 317502 Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Hong
- Analysis Center of Agrobiology and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, 317502 Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongkai Zhang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Agri-Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Resources, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 650223 Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Richard Kormelink
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaorong Tao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, People's Republic of China;
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The RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase NIb of Potyviruses Plays Multifunctional, Contrasting Roles during Viral Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:v12010077. [PMID: 31936267 PMCID: PMC7019339 DOI: 10.3390/v12010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Potyviruses represent the largest group of known plant RNA viruses and include many agriculturally important viruses, such as Plum pox virus, Soybean mosaic virus, Turnip mosaic virus, and Potato virus Y. Potyviruses adopt polyprotein processing as their genome expression strategy. Among the 11 known viral proteins, the nuclear inclusion protein b (NIb) is the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase responsible for viral genome replication. Beyond its principal role as an RNA replicase, NIb has been shown to play key roles in diverse virus–host interactions. NIb recruits several host proteins into the viral replication complexes (VRCs), which are essential for the formation of functional VRCs for virus multiplication, and interacts with the sumoylation pathway proteins to suppress NPR1-mediated immunity response. On the other hand, NIb serves as a target of selective autophagy as well as an elicitor of effector-triggered immunity, resulting in attenuated virus infection. These contrasting roles of NIb provide an excellent example of the complex co-evolutionary arms race between plant hosts and potyviruses. This review highlights the current knowledge about the multifunctional roles of NIb in potyvirus infection, and discusses future research directions.
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Zhu M, van Grinsven IL, Kormelink R, Tao X. Paving the Way to Tospovirus Infection: Multilined Interplays with Plant Innate Immunity. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 57:41-62. [PMID: 30893008 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-082718-100309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tospoviruses are among the most important plant pathogens and cause serious crop losses worldwide. Tospoviruses have evolved to smartly utilize the host cellular machinery to accomplish their life cycle. Plants mount two layers of defense to combat their invasion. The first one involves the activation of an antiviral RNA interference (RNAi) defense response. However, tospoviruses encode an RNA silencing suppressor that enables them to counteract antiviral RNAi. To further combat viral invasion, plants also employ intracellular innate immune receptors (e.g., Sw-5b and Tsw) to recognize different viral effectors (e.g., NSm and NSs). This leads to the triggering of a much more robust defense against tospoviruses called effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Tospoviruses have further evolved their effectors and can break Sw-5b-/Tsw-mediated resistance. The arms race between tospoviruses and both layers of innate immunity drives the coevolution of host defense and viral genes involved in counter defense. In this review, a state-of-the-art overview is presented on the tospoviral life cycle and the multilined interplays between tospoviruses and the distinct layers of defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
| | - Irene Louise van Grinsven
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Kormelink
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaorong Tao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
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21
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Olaya C, Adhikari B, Raikhy G, Cheng J, Pappu HR. Identification and localization of Tospovirus genus-wide conserved residues in 3D models of the nucleocapsid and the silencing suppressor proteins. Virol J 2019; 16:7. [PMID: 30634979 PMCID: PMC6330412 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-1106-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tospoviruses (genus Tospovirus, family Peribunyaviridae, order Bunyavirales) cause significant losses to a wide range of agronomic and horticultural crops worldwide. Identification and characterization of specific sequences and motifs that are critical for virus infection and pathogenicity could provide useful insights and targets for engineering virus resistance that is potentially both broad spectrum and durable. Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), the most prolific member of the group, was used to better understand the structure-function relationships of the nucleocapsid gene (N), and the silencing suppressor gene (NSs), coded by the TSWV small RNA. METHODS Using a global collection of orthotospoviral sequences, several amino acids that were conserved across the genus and the potential location of these conserved amino acid motifs in these proteins was determined. We used state of the art 3D modeling algorithms, MULTICOM-CLUSTER, MULTICOM-CONSTRUCT, MULTICOM-NOVEL, I-TASSER, ROSETTA and CONFOLD to predict the secondary and tertiary structures of the N and the NSs proteins. RESULTS We identified nine amino acid residues in the N protein among 31 known tospoviral species, and ten amino acid residues in NSs protein among 27 tospoviral species that were conserved across the genus. For the N protein, all three algorithms gave nearly identical tertiary models. While the conserved residues were distributed throughout the protein on a linear scale, at the tertiary level, three residues were consistently located in the coil in all the models. For NSs protein models, there was no agreement among the three algorithms. However, with respect to the localization of the conserved motifs, G18 was consistently located in coil, while H115 was localized in the coil in three models. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of predicting the 3D structure of any tospoviral NSs protein and revealed a consistent location for two of the ten conserved residues. The modelers used gave accurate prediction for N protein allowing the localization of the conserved residues. Results form the basis for further work on the structure-function relationships of tospoviral proteins and could be useful in developing novel virus control strategies targeting the conserved residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Olaya
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Badri Adhikari
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO, 63121, USA
| | - Gaurav Raikhy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University, Shreverport, LA, 71101, USA
| | - Jianlin Cheng
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Hanu R Pappu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
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22
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Reuter M, Krüger DH. The nucleocapsid protein of hantaviruses: much more than a genome-wrapping protein. Virus Genes 2017; 54:5-16. [PMID: 29159494 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-017-1522-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The nucleocapsid (N) protein of hantaviruses represents an impressive example of a viral multifunctional protein. It encompasses properties as diverse as genome packaging, RNA chaperoning, intracellular protein transport, DNA degradation, intervention in host translation, and restricting host immune responses. These functions all rely on the capability of N to interact with RNA and other viral and cellular proteins. We have compiled data on the N protein of different hantavirus species together with information of the recently published three-dimensional structural data of the protein. The array of diverse functional activities accommodated in the hantaviral N protein goes far beyond to be a static structural protein and makes it an interesting target in the development of antiviral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Reuter
- Institute of Virology, Helmut-Ruska-Haus, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Detlev H Krüger
- Institute of Virology, Helmut-Ruska-Haus, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
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Distinct Mechanism for the Formation of the Ribonucleoprotein Complex of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00892-17. [PMID: 28904194 PMCID: PMC5686726 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00892-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) belongs to the Tospovirus genus of the Bunyaviridae family and represents the sole plant-infecting group within bunyavirus. TSWV encodes a nucleocapsid protein (N) which encapsidates the RNA genome to form a ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP). In addition, the N has multiple roles during the infection of plant cells. Here, we report the crystal structure of the full-length TSWV N. The N features a body domain consisting of an N-lobe and a C-lobe. These lobes clamp a positively charged groove which may constitute the RNA binding site. Furthermore, the body domains are flanked by N- and C-terminal arms which mediate homotypic interactions to the neighboring subunits, resulting in a ring-shaped N trimer. Interestingly, the C terminus of one protomer forms an additional interaction with the protomer of an adjacent trimer in the crystal, which may constitute a higher-order oligomerization contact. In this way, this study provides insights into the structure and trimeric assembly of TSWV N, which help to explain previous functional findings, but also suggests distinct N interactions within a higher-order RNP.IMPORTANCE TSWV is one of the most devastating plant pathogens that cause severe diseases in numerous agronomic and ornamental crops worldwide. TSWV is also the prototypic member of the Tospovirus genus, which is the sole group of plant-infecting viruses in the bunyavirus family. This study determined the structure of full-length TSWV N in an oligomeric state. The structural observations explain previously identified biological properties of TSWV N. Most importantly, the additional homotypic interaction between the C terminus of one protomer with another protomer indicates that there is a distinct mechanism of RNP formation in the bunyavirus family, thereby enhancing the current knowledge of negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus-encoded N. TSWV N is the last remaining representative N with an unknown structure in the bunyavirus family. Combined with previous studies, the structure of TSWV N helps to build a complete picture of the bunyavirus-encoded N family and reveals a close evolutionary relationship between orthobunyavirus, phlebovirus, hantavirus, and tospovirus.
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