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Yuan Y, Fang A, Wang H, Wang C, Sui B, Zhao J, Fu ZF, Zhou M, Zhao L. Lyssavirus M protein degrades neuronal microtubules by reprogramming mitochondrial metabolism. mBio 2024; 15:e0288023. [PMID: 38349129 PMCID: PMC10936203 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02880-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Infection with neurotropic viruses may result in changes in host behavior, which are closely associated with degenerative changes in neurons. The lyssavirus genus comprises highly neurotropic viruses, including the rabies virus (RABV), which has been shown to induce degenerative changes in neurons, marked by the self-destruction of axons. The underlying mechanism by which the RABV degrades neuronal cytoskeletal proteins remains incomplete. In this study, we show that infection with RABV or overexpression of its M protein can disrupt mitochondrial metabolism by binding to Slc25a4. This leads to a reduction in NAD+ production and a subsequent influx of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria into the cytoplasm of neuronal cell lines, activating Ca2+-dependent proteinase calpains that degrade α-tubulin. We further screened the M proteins of different lyssaviruses and discovered that the M protein of the dog-derived RABV strain (DRV) does not degrade α-tubulin. Sequence analysis of the DRV M protein and that of the lab-attenuated RABV strain CVS revealed that the 57th amino acid is vital for M-induced microtubule degradation. We generated a recombinant RABV with a mutation at the 57th amino acid position in its M protein and showed that this mutation reduces α-tubulin degradation in vitro and axonal degeneration in vivo. This study elucidates the mechanism by which lyssavirus induces neuron degeneration.IMPORTANCEPrevious studies have suggested that RABV (rabies virus, the representative of lyssavirus) infection induces structural abnormalities in neurons. But there are few articles on the mechanism of lyssavirus' effect on neurons, and the mechanism of how RABV infection induces neurological dysfunction remains incomplete. The M protein of lyssavirus can downregulate cellular ATP levels by interacting with Slc25a4, and this decrease in ATP leads to a decrease in the level of NAD+ in the cytosol, which results in the release of Ca2+ from the intracellular calcium pool, the endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria. The presence of large amounts of Ca2+ in the cytoplasm activates Ca2+-dependent proteases and degrades microtubule proteins. The amino acid 57 of M protein is the key site determining its disruption of mitochondrial metabolism and subsequent neuron degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueming Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - An Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haoran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Caiqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Baokun Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianqing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen F. Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
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Bai Y, Du Y, Yang Y, Wälchli T, Constanthin PE, Li F. Ultrasound-Targeted Microbubble Destruction Increases BBB Permeability and Promotes Stem Cell-Induced Regeneration of Stroke by Downregulating MMP8. Cell Transplant 2024; 33:9636897231223293. [PMID: 38193390 PMCID: PMC10777784 DOI: 10.1177/09636897231223293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility, safety, and effectiveness of intravenous stem cell delivery utilizing ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), while investigating the underlying mechanisms. Acute cerebral infarction (ACI) was induced surgically in adult rats to create the MCAO rat model. Intravenous injection of SonoVue microbubbles and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) was performed concurrently, with or without ultrasound targeting the stroke. The animals were divided into four groups: sham-operated group, ACI-MCAO rats treated with phosphate-buffered saline (ACI+PBS), rats receiving intravenous delivery of BMSC expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP-BMSC; ACI+BMSC), and rats receiving intravenous GFP-BMSC with simultaneous UTMD exposure (ACI+BMSC+UTMD). The efficacy of the treatments was assessed by evaluating the animals' neurological function using the Longa score and examining histopathological changes such as cerebral infarct volume, cerebral edema, and cell apoptosis. A rat cytokine array was utilized to identify the potential cytokines that may be responsible for the therapeutic effect of UTMD-mediated BMSC treatment. Optimal UTMD parameters resulted in an increase in blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability after 30 min, which returned to baseline 72 h later without causing any residual injury. UTMD application significantly increased the homing of intravenously delivered BMSC, resulting in a 2.2-fold increase in GFP-BMSC cell count on day 3 and a 2.6-fold increase on day 7 compared with intravenous delivery alone. This effect persisted for up to 6 weeks after injection. Intravenous BMSC delivery significantly reduced the volume of cerebral infarct and decreased cerebral edema, leading to a lower Longa score. Furthermore, this effect was further enhanced by UTMD. Acute cerebral infarction induced by MCAO led to elevated matrix metalloproteinase 8 (MMP8) levels in the cerebrospinal fluid, which were significantly reduced following UTMD-mediated BMSC treatment. Ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction facilitates the migration and homing of BMSC into the brain, possibly by transiently increasing blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, thereby improving therapeutic outcomes in an ACI rat model. The observed effect may be partly attributed to modulation of MMP8 levels.Advances in knowledge: UTMD-mediated intravenously delivered BMSC transplantation led to a significant increase in cell homing and reduction of MMP8 levels, resulting in increased therapeutic effect in an acute ischemic cerebral infarction model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Bai
- Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yichao Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yin Yang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Thomas Wälchli
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Group Brain Vasculature and Perivascular Niche, Division of Experimental & Translational Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Group of CNS Angiogenesis and Neurovascular Link, Neuroscience Center Zurich, and Division of Neurosurgery, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paul E Constanthin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hôpitaux universitaires de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Song GY, Huang XY, He MJ, Zhou HY, Li RT, Tian Y, Wang Y, Cheng ML, Chen X, Zhang RR, Zhou C, Zhou J, Fang XY, Li XF, Qin CF. A single amino acid substitution in the capsid protein of Zika virus contributes to a neurovirulent phenotype. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6832. [PMID: 37884553 PMCID: PMC10603150 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42676-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows the African lineage Zika virus (ZIKV) displays a more severe neurovirulence compared to the Asian ZIKV. However, viral determinants and the underlying mechanisms of enhanced virulence phenotype remain largely unknown. Herein, we identify a panel of amino acid substitutions that are unique to the African lineage of ZIKVs compared to the Asian lineage by phylogenetic analysis and sequence alignment. We then utilize reverse genetic technology to generate recombinant ZIKVs incorporating these lineage-specific substitutions based on an infectious cDNA clone of Asian ZIKV. Through in vitro characterization, we discover a mutant virus with a lysine to arginine substitution at position 101 of capsid (C) protein (termed K101R) displays a larger plaque phenotype, and replicates more efficiently in various cell lines. Moreover, K101R replicates more efficiently in mouse brains and induces stronger inflammatory responses than the wild type (WT) virus in neonatal mice. Finally, a combined analysis reveals the K101R substitution promotes the production of mature C protein without affecting its binding to viral RNA. Our study identifies the role of K101R substitution in the C protein in contributing to the enhanced virulent phenotype of the African lineage ZIKV, which expands our understanding of the complexity of ZIKV proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Yuan Song
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Xing-Yao Huang
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Jiao He
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Hang-Yu Zhou
- Suzhou Institute of System Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 215123, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui-Ting Li
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Tian
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Li Cheng
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Rong-Rong Zhang
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Zhou
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Xian-Yang Fang
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Li
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 100071, Beijing, China.
| | - Cheng-Feng Qin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 100071, Beijing, China.
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Muangsanit P, Chailangkarn T, Tanwattana N, Wongwanakul R, Lekcharoensuk P, Kaewborisuth C. Hydrogel-based 3D human iPSC-derived neuronal culture for the study of rabies virus infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1215205. [PMID: 37692167 PMCID: PMC10485840 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1215205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rabies is a highly fatal infectious disease that poses a significant threat to human health in developing countries. In vitro study-based understanding of pathogenesis and tropism of different strains of rabies virus (RABV) in the central nervous system (CNS) is limited due to the lack of suitable culture models that recapitulate the complex communication pathways among host cells, extracellular matrices, and viruses. Therefore, a three-dimensional (3D) cell culture that mimics cell-matrix interactions, resembling in vivo microenvironment, is necessary to discover relevant underlying mechanisms of RABV infection and host responses. Methods The 3D collagen-Matrigel hydrogel encapsulating hiPSC-derived neurons for RABV infection was developed and characterized based on cell viability, morphology, and gene expression analysis of neuronal markers. The replication kinetics of two different strains of RABV [wild-type Thai (TH) and Challenge Virus Standard (CVS)-11 strains] in both 2D and 3D neuronal cultures were examined. Differential gene expression analysis (DEG) of the neuropathological pathway of RABV-infected 2D and 3D models was also investigated via NanoString analysis. Results The 3D hiPSC-derived neurons revealed a more physiologically interconnected neuronal network as well as more robust and prolonged maturation and differentiation than the conventional 2D monolayer model. TH and CVS-11 exhibited distinct growth kinetics in 3D neuronal model. Additionally, gene expression analysis of the neuropathological pathway observed during RABV infection demonstrated a vast number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in 3D model. Unlike 2D neuronal model, 3D model displayed more pronounced cellular responses upon infection with CVS-11 when compared to the TH-infected group, highlighting the influence of the cell environment on RABV-host interactions. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment of DEGs in the infected 3D neuronal culture showed alterations of genes associated with the inflammatory response, apoptotic signaling pathway, glutamatergic synapse, and trans-synaptic signaling which did not significantly change in 2D culture. Conclusion We demonstrated the use of a hydrogel-based 3D hiPSC-derived neuronal model, a highly promising technology, to study RABV infection in a more physiological environment, which will broaden our understanding of RABV-host interactions in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Papon Muangsanit
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Thanathom Chailangkarn
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Nathiphat Tanwattana
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani, Thailand
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetic Engineering and Bioinformatics, Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ratjika Wongwanakul
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Porntippa Lekcharoensuk
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetic Engineering and Bioinformatics, Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center for Advance Studies in Agriculture and Food, KU Institute Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Challika Kaewborisuth
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani, Thailand
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetic Engineering and Bioinformatics, Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Wu D, Wang J, Huang C, Zhao J, Fu ZF, Zhao L, Zhou M. Interleukin-1β suppresses rabies virus infection by activating cGAS-STING pathway and compromising the blood-brain barrier integrity in mice. Vet Microbiol 2023; 280:109708. [PMID: 36857805 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Rabies, caused by rabies virus (RABV), is an ancient zoonotic disease that severely threatens the public health throughout the world. Previous study indicated that interleukin-1β (IL-1β) plays an important role in RABV infection. However, the mechanism how IL-1β affects RABV pathogenicity is still unknown yet. In this study, we confirmed that IL-1β was able to reduce viral titers of RABV in different cells, and the recombinant RABV expressing IL-1β, designated as rCVS-IL1β, could be suppressed in different cells due to the expression of IL-1β. Furthermore, the survival rates of mice infected with rCVS-IL1β by intramuscular route was significantly higher than those of mice infected with parent virus rCVS, which is associated with the less viral loads for entry into the central nervous system (CNS). We further characterized that the cGAS-STING pathway was activated in rCVS-IL1β infected bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDC), which could contribute to the decreased viral loads of RABV after intramuscular infection. Moreover, we also observed that the expression of IL-1β by rCVS-IL1β could compromise the blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity by degrading the tight junction proteins, which allowing peripheral inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and CD4+T cells to enter into the brain for the clearance of RABV in the CNS. Together, our study suggests that IL-1β could attenuate RABV pathogenicity through activating cGAS-STING pathway in to decrease the viral entry into the CNS and enhance the BBB permeability to promote RABV clearance in the CNS as well, which provides new insight into developing effective therapeutics for rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jinxiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chengli Huang
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jianqing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhen F Fu
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Ming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Qi Z, Zhao J, Li Y, Zhang B, Hu S, Chen Y, Ma J, Shu Y, Wang Y, Cheng P. Live-attenuated Japanese encephalitis virus inhibits glioblastoma growth and elicits potent antitumor immunity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:982180. [PMID: 37114043 PMCID: PMC10126305 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.982180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBMs) are highly aggressive brain tumors that have developed resistance to currently available conventional therapies, including surgery, radiation, and systemic chemotherapy. In this study, we investigated the safety of a live attenuated Japanese encephalitis vaccine strain (JEV-LAV) virus as an oncolytic virus for intracerebral injection in mice. We infected different GBM cell lines with JEV-LAV to investigate whether it had growth inhibitory effects on GBM cell lines in vitro. We used two models for evaluating the effect of JEV-LAV on GBM growth in mice. We investigated the antitumor immune mechanism of JEV-LAV through flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. We explored the possibility of combining JEV-LAV with PD-L1 blocking therapy. This work suggested that JEV-LAV had oncolytic activity against GBM tumor cells in vitro and inhibited their growth in vivo. Mechanistically, JEV-LAV increased CD8+ T cell infiltration into tumor tissues and remodeled the immunosuppressive GBM microenvironment that is non-conducive to immunotherapy. Consequently, the results of combining JEV-LAV with immune checkpoint inhibitors indicated that JEV-LAV therapy improved the response of aPD-L1 blockade therapy against GBM. The safety of intracerebrally injected JEV-LAV in animals further supported the clinical use of JEV-LAV for GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbing Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuhua Li
- Department of Arboviruses Vaccine, National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shichuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinhu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongheng Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunmeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Ping Cheng,
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