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Human Gammaherpesvirus 8 Oncogenes Associated with Kaposi’s Sarcoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137203. [PMID: 35806208 PMCID: PMC9266852 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also known as human gammaherpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), contains oncogenes and proteins that modulate various cellular functions, including proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis, and is integral to KSHV infection and oncogenicity. In this review, we describe the most important KSHV genes [ORF 73 (LANA), ORF 72 (vCyclin), ORF 71 or ORFK13 (vFLIP), ORF 74 (vGPCR), ORF 16 (vBcl-2), ORF K2 (vIL-6), ORF K9 (vIRF 1)/ORF K10.5, ORF K10.6 (vIRF 3), ORF K1 (K1), ORF K15 (K15), and ORF 36 (vPK)] that have the potential to induce malignant phenotypic characteristics of Kaposi’s sarcoma. These oncogenes can be explored in prospective studies as future therapeutic targets of Kaposi’s sarcoma.
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Bagnéris C, Senthil Kumar SL, Baratchian M, Britt HM, Assafa TE, Thalassinos K, Collins MK, Barrett TE. Mechanistic insights into the activation of the IKK kinase complex by the Kaposi's Sarcoma Herpes virus oncoprotein vFLIP. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102012. [PMID: 35525271 PMCID: PMC9163697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Constitutive activation of the canonical NF-κB signaling pathway is a major factor in Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpes virus pathogenesis where it is essential for the survival of primary effusion lymphoma. Central to this process is persistent upregulation of the inhibitor of κB kinase (IKK) complex by the virally encoded oncoprotein vFLIP. Although the physical interaction between vFLIP and the IKK kinase regulatory component essential for persistent activation, IKKγ, has been well characterized, it remains unclear how the kinase subunits are rendered active mechanistically. Using a combination of cell-based assays, biophysical techniques, and structural biology, we demonstrate here that vFLIP alone is sufficient to activate the IKK kinase complex. Furthermore, we identify weakly stabilized, high molecular weight vFLIP–IKKγ assemblies that are key to the activation process. Taken together, our results are the first to reveal that vFLIP-induced NF-κB activation pivots on the formation of structurally specific vFLIP–IKKγ multimers which have an important role in rendering the kinase subunits active through a process of autophosphorylation. This mechanism of NF-κB activation is in contrast to those utilized by endogenous cytokines and cellular FLIP homologues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Bagnéris
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Structural Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, London, UK
| | - Swathi L Senthil Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Structural Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, London, UK
| | - Mehdi Baratchian
- Genitourinary Malignancies Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Hannah M Britt
- Division of Biosciences, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tufa E Assafa
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Konstantinos Thalassinos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Structural Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, London, UK; Division of Biosciences, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mary K Collins
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Tracey E Barrett
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Structural Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, London, UK.
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3
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Ivanisenko NV, Seyrek K, Hillert-Richter LK, König C, Espe J, Bose K, Lavrik IN. Regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling by c-FLIP: towards targeting cancer networks. Trends Cancer 2021; 8:190-209. [PMID: 34973957 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The extrinsic pathway is mediated by death receptors (DRs), including CD95 (APO-1/Fas) or TRAILR-1/2. Defects in apoptosis regulation lead to cancer and other malignancies. The master regulator of the DR networks is the cellular FLICE inhibitory protein (c-FLIP). In addition to its key role in apoptosis, c-FLIP may exert other cellular functions, including control of necroptosis, pyroptosis, nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation, and tumorigenesis. To gain further insight into the molecular mechanisms of c-FLIP action in cancer networks, we focus on the structure, isoforms, interactions, and post-translational modifications of c-FLIP. We also discuss various avenues to target c-FLIP in cancer cells for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita V Ivanisenko
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia; Artificial Intelligence Research Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kamil Seyrek
- Translational Inflammation Research, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Laura K Hillert-Richter
- Translational Inflammation Research, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Corinna König
- Translational Inflammation Research, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Espe
- Translational Inflammation Research, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kakoli Bose
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, BARC Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Inna N Lavrik
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia; Translational Inflammation Research, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany.
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Qadir AS, Guégan JP, Ginestier C, Chaibi A, Bessede A, Charafe-Jauffret E, Macario M, Lavoué V, Rouge TDLM, Law C, Vilker J, Wang H, Stroup E, Schipma MJ, Bridgeman B, Murmann AE, Ji Z, Legembre P, Peter ME. CD95/Fas protects triple negative breast cancer from anti-tumor activity of NK cells. iScience 2021; 24:103348. [PMID: 34816102 PMCID: PMC8593563 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The apoptosis inducing receptor CD95/Fas has multiple tumorigenic activities. In different genetically engineered mouse models tumor-expressed CD95 was shown to be critical for cell growth. Using a combination of immune-deficient and immune-competent mouse models, we now establish that loss of CD95 in metastatic triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells prevents tumor growth by modulating the immune landscape. CD95-deficient, but not wild-type, tumors barely grow in an immune-competent environment and show an increase in immune infiltrates into the tumor. This growth reduction is caused by infiltrating NK cells and does not involve T cells or macrophages. In contrast, in immune compromised mice CD95 k.o. cells are not growth inhibited, but they fail to form metastases. In summary, we demonstrate that in addition to its tumor and metastasis promoting activities, CD95 expression by tumor cells can exert immune suppressive activities on NK cells, providing a new target for immune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul S. Qadir
- Division Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | | | - Christophe Ginestier
- CRCM, Inserm, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Univ, Epithelial Stem Cells and Cancer Lab, Equipe labellisée LIGUE contre le cancer, Marseille, France
| | - Assia Chaibi
- Explicyte, Cours de l’Argonne, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Alban Bessede
- Explicyte, Cours de l’Argonne, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Emmanuelle Charafe-Jauffret
- CRCM, Inserm, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Univ, Epithelial Stem Cells and Cancer Lab, Equipe labellisée LIGUE contre le cancer, Marseille, France
| | - Manon Macario
- CRCM, Inserm, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Univ, Epithelial Stem Cells and Cancer Lab, Equipe labellisée LIGUE contre le cancer, Marseille, France
| | - Vincent Lavoué
- Department of Gynecology, University Hospital of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | | | - Calvin Law
- Division Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jacob Vilker
- Division Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Hongbin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Emily Stroup
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Matthew J. Schipma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Bryan Bridgeman
- Division Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Andrea E. Murmann
- Division Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Zhe Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | | | - Marcus E. Peter
- Division Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Naimo E, Zischke J, Schulz TF. Recent Advances in Developing Treatments of Kaposi's Sarcoma Herpesvirus-Related Diseases. Viruses 2021; 13:1797. [PMID: 34578378 PMCID: PMC8473310 DOI: 10.3390/v13091797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi-sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) or human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is the causative agent of several malignancies, including Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD). Active KSHV replication has also been associated with a pathological condition called KSHV inflammatory cytokine syndrome (KICS), and KSHV may play a role in rare cases of post-transplant polyclonal lymphoproliferative disorders. Several commonly used herpesviral DNA polymerase inhibitors are active against KSHV in tissue culture. Unfortunately, they are not always efficacious against KSHV-induced diseases. To improve the outcome for the patients, new therapeutics need to be developed, including treatment strategies that target either viral proteins or cellular pathways involved in tumor growth and/or supporting the viral life cycle. In this review, we summarize the most commonly established treatments against KSHV-related diseases and review recent developments and promising new compounds that are currently under investigation or on the way to clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Naimo
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (E.N.); (J.Z.)
- German Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, 38023 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jasmin Zischke
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (E.N.); (J.Z.)
- German Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, 38023 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas F. Schulz
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (E.N.); (J.Z.)
- German Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, 38023 Braunschweig, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence 2155 RESIST, Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Zamaraev AV, Zhivotovsky B, Kopeina GS. Viral Infections: Negative Regulators of Apoptosis and Oncogenic Factors. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021. [PMID: 33202204 PMCID: PMC7590567 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920100077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The disruption of apoptotic cell death process is closely associated with the etiology of various diseases, including cancer. Permanent viral infections can cause different types of cancers. Oncogenic viruses manipulate both external and internal apoptosis pathways, and inhibit the activity of proapoptotic proteins and signaling pathways, which facilitates carcinogenesis. Ineffective immune surveillance or immune response suppression can induce uncontrolled virus propagation and host cell proliferation. In this review, we discuss current data that provide insights into mechanisms of apoptotic death suppression by viruses and their role in oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Zamaraev
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119192, Russia
| | - B Zhivotovsky
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119192, Russia.,Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - G S Kopeina
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119192, Russia.
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Sadek J, Wuo MG, Rooklin D, Hauenstein A, Hong SH, Gautam A, Wu H, Zhang Y, Cesarman E, Arora PS. Modulation of virus-induced NF-κB signaling by NEMO coiled coil mimics. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1786. [PMID: 32286300 PMCID: PMC7156456 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15576-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions featuring intricate binding epitopes remain challenging targets for synthetic inhibitors. Interactions of NEMO, a scaffolding protein central to NF-κB signaling, exemplify this challenge. Various regulators are known to interact with different coiled coil regions of NEMO, but the topological complexity of this protein has limited inhibitor design. We undertook a comprehensive effort to block the interaction between vFLIP, a Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesviral oncoprotein, and NEMO using small molecule screening and rational design. Our efforts reveal that a tertiary protein structure mimic of NEMO is necessary for potent inhibition. The rationally designed mimic engages vFLIP directly causing complex disruption, protein degradation and suppression of NF-κB signaling in primary effusion lymphoma (PEL). NEMO mimic treatment induces cell death and delays tumor growth in a PEL xenograft model. Our studies with this inhibitor reveal the critical nexus of signaling complex stability in the regulation of NF-κB by a viral oncoprotein. NF-κB signalling involves the scaffold protein NEMO, which can be bound by the oncoprotein vFLIP to promote cell survival and oncogenic transformation. Here the authors rationally engineer a tertiary protein mimic of NEMO to disrupt the vFLIP-NEMO interaction to induce cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jouliana Sadek
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Michael G Wuo
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - David Rooklin
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Arthur Hauenstein
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Seong Ho Hong
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Archana Gautam
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029-5674, USA
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Yingkai Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA.,NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry, New York University-Shanghai, 200122, Shanghai, China
| | - Ethel Cesarman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Paramjit S Arora
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA.
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8
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Ivanisenko NV, Buchbinder JH, Espe J, Richter M, Bollmann M, Hillert LK, Ivanisenko VA, Lavrik IN. Delineating the role of c-FLIP/NEMO interaction in the CD95 network via rational design of molecular probes. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:293. [PMID: 31815628 PMCID: PMC6900753 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5539-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Structural homology modeling supported by bioinformatics analysis plays a key role in uncovering new molecular interactions within gene regulatory networks. Here, we have applied this powerful approach to analyze the molecular interactions orchestrating death receptor signaling networks. In particular, we focused on the molecular mechanisms of CD95-mediated NF-κB activation and the role of c-FLIP/NEMO interaction in the induction of this pathway. RESULTS To this end, we have created the homology model of the c-FLIP/NEMO complex using the reported structure of the v-FLIP/NEMO complex, and rationally designed peptides targeting this complex. The designed peptides were based on the NEMO structure. Strikingly, the experimental in vitro validation demonstrated that the best inhibitory effects on CD95-mediated NF-κB activation are exhibited by the NEMO-derived peptides with the substitution D242Y of NEMO. Furthermore, we have assumed that the c-FLIP/NEMO complex is recruited to the DED filaments formed upon CD95 activation and validated this assumption in silico. Further insight into the function of c-FLIP/NEMO complex was provided by the analysis of evolutionary conservation of interacting regions which demonstrated that this interaction is common in distinct mammalian species. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, using a combination of bioinformatics and experimental approaches we obtained new insights into CD95-mediated NF-κB activation, providing manifold possibilities for targeting the death receptor network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita V Ivanisenko
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Jörn H Buchbinder
- Translational Inflammation research, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Espe
- Translational Inflammation research, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Max Richter
- Translational Inflammation research, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Miriam Bollmann
- Translational Inflammation research, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Laura K Hillert
- Translational Inflammation research, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Vladimir A Ivanisenko
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Inna N Lavrik
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia. .,Translational Inflammation research, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Ali AM, Atmaj J, Van Oosterwijk N, Groves MR, Dömling A. Stapled Peptides Inhibitors: A New Window for Target Drug Discovery. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2019; 17:263-281. [PMID: 30867891 PMCID: PMC6396041 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-protein interaction (PPI) is a hot topic in clinical research as protein networking has a major impact in human disease. Such PPIs are potential drugs targets, leading to the need to inhibit/block specific PPIs. While small molecule inhibitors have had some success and reached clinical trials, they have generally failed to address the flat and large nature of PPI surfaces. As a result, larger biologics were developed for PPI surfaces and they have successfully targeted PPIs located outside the cell. However, biologics have low bioavailability and cannot reach intracellular targets. A novel class -hydrocarbon-stapled α-helical peptides that are synthetic mini-proteins locked into their bioactive structure through site-specific introduction of a chemical linker- has shown promise. Stapled peptides show an ability to inhibit intracellular PPIs that previously have been intractable with traditional small molecule or biologics, suggesting that they offer a novel therapeutic modality. In this review, we highlight what stapling adds to natural-mimicking peptides, describe the revolution of synthetic chemistry techniques and how current drug discovery approaches have been adapted to stabilize active peptide conformations, including ring-closing metathesis (RCM), lactamisation, cycloadditions and reversible reactions. We provide an overview on the available stapled peptide high-resolution structures in the protein data bank, with four selected structures discussed in details due to remarkable interactions of their staple with the target surface. We believe that stapled peptides are promising drug candidates and open the doors for peptide therapeutics to reach currently "undruggable" space.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Alexander Dömling
- Department of Drug Design, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan1, 9700AD Groningen, the Netherlands
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Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma (KS) gained public attention as an AIDS-defining malignancy; its appearance on the skin was a highly stigmatizing sign of HIV infection during the height of the AIDS epidemic. The widespread introduction of effective antiretrovirals to control HIV by restoring immunocompetence reduced the prevalence of AIDS-related KS, although KS does occur in individuals with well-controlled HIV infection. KS also presents in individuals without HIV infection in older men (classic KS), in sub-Saharan Africa (endemic KS) and in transplant recipients (iatrogenic KS). The aetiologic agent of KS is KS herpesvirus (KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus-8), and viral proteins can induce KS-associated cellular changes that enable the virus to evade the host immune system and allow the infected cell to survive and proliferate despite viral infection. Currently, most cases of KS occur in sub-Saharan Africa, where KSHV infection is prevalent owing to transmission by saliva in childhood compounded by the ongoing AIDS epidemic. Treatment for early AIDS-related KS in previously untreated patients should start with the control of HIV with antiretrovirals, which frequently results in KS regression. In advanced-stage KS, chemotherapy with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin or paclitaxel is the most common treatment, although it is seldom curative. In sub-Saharan Africa, KS continues to have a poor prognosis. Newer treatments for KS based on the mechanisms of its pathogenesis are being explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethel Cesarman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Blossom Damania
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey Martin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark Bower
- National Centre for HIV Malignancy, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - Denise Whitby
- Leidos Biomedical Research, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
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Xia L, Tan S, Zhou Y, Lin J, Wang H, Oyang L, Tian Y, Liu L, Su M, Wang H, Cao D, Liao Q. Role of the NFκB-signaling pathway in cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:2063-2073. [PMID: 29695914 PMCID: PMC5905465 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s161109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a group of cells that malignantly grow and proliferate uncontrollably. At present, treatment modes for cancer mainly comprise surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, molecularly targeted therapy, gene therapy, and immunotherapy. However, the curative effects of these treatments have been limited thus far by specific characteristics of tumors. Abnormal activation of signaling pathways is involved in tumor pathogenesis and plays critical roles in growth, progression, and relapse of cancers. Targeted therapies against effectors in oncogenic signaling have improved the outcomes of cancer patients. NFκB is an important signaling pathway involved in pathogenesis and treatment of cancers. Excessive activation of the NFκB-signaling pathway has been documented in various tumor tissues, and studies on this signaling pathway for targeted cancer therapy have become a hot topic. In this review, we update current understanding of the NFκB-signaling pathway in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longzheng Xia
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shiming Tan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yujuan Zhou
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jingguan Lin
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Heran Wang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Linda Oyang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yutong Tian
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Min Su
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Deliang Cao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Qianjin Liao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
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