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Hu Y, Wu X, Tian Y, Jiang D, Ren J, Li Z, Ding X, Zhang Q, Yoo D, Miller LC, Lee C, Cong X, Li J, Du Y, Qi J. GTPase activity of porcine Mx1 plays a dominant role in inhibiting the N-Nsp9 interaction and thus inhibiting PRRSV replication. J Virol 2024; 98:e0184423. [PMID: 38436247 PMCID: PMC11019876 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01844-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine Mx1 is a type of interferon-induced GTPase that inhibits the replication of certain RNA viruses. However, the antiviral effects and the underlying mechanism of porcine Mx1 for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) remain unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that porcine Mx1 could significantly inhibit PRRSV replication in MARC-145 cells. By Mx1 segment analysis, it was indicated that the GTPase domain (68-341aa) was the functional area to inhibit PRRSV replication and that Mx1 interacted with the PRRSV-N protein through the GTPase domain (68-341aa) in the cytoplasm. Amino acid residues K295 and K299 in the G domain of Mx1 were the key sites for Mx1-N interaction while mutant proteins Mx1(K295A) and Mx1(K299A) still partially inhibited PRRSV replication. Furthermore, we found that the GTPase activity of Mx1 was dominant for Mx1 to inhibit PRRSV replication but was not essential for Mx1-N interaction. Finally, mechanistic studies demonstrated that the GTPase activity of Mx1 played a dominant role in inhibiting the N-Nsp9 interaction and that the interaction between Mx1 and N partially inhibited the N-Nsp9 interaction. We propose that the complete anti-PRRSV mechanism of porcine Mx1 contains a two-step process: Mx1 binds to the PRRSV-N protein and subsequently disrupts the N-Nsp9 interaction by a process requiring the GTPase activity of Mx1. Taken together, the results of our experiments describe for the first time a novel mechanism by which porcine Mx1 evolves to inhibit PRRSV replication. IMPORTANCE Mx1 protein is a key mediator of the interferon-induced antiviral response against a wide range of viruses. How porcine Mx1 affects the replication of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and its biological function has not been studied. Here, we show that Mx1 protein inhibits PRRSV replication by interfering with N-Nsp9 interaction. Furthermore, the GTPase activity of porcine Mx1 plays a dominant role and the Mx1-N interaction plays an assistant role in this interference process. This study uncovers a novel mechanism evolved by porcine Mx1 to exert anti-PRRSV activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding/Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiangju Wu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding/Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yunfei Tian
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding/Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Dandan Jiang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding/Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jinrui Ren
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding/Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ziyong Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding/Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiuliang Ding
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Quanfang Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding/Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Dongwan Yoo
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Laura C. Miller
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Changhee Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Virus Vaccine Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaoyan Cong
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding/Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Juntong Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding/Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yijun Du
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding/Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Qi
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding/Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Husain M. Influenza Virus Host Restriction Factors: The ISGs and Non-ISGs. Pathogens 2024; 13:127. [PMID: 38392865 PMCID: PMC10893265 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus has been one of the most prevalent and researched viruses globally. Consequently, there is ample information available about influenza virus lifecycle and pathogenesis. However, there is plenty yet to be known about the determinants of influenza virus pathogenesis and disease severity. Influenza virus exploits host factors to promote each step of its lifecycle. In turn, the host deploys antiviral or restriction factors that inhibit or restrict the influenza virus lifecycle at each of those steps. Two broad categories of host restriction factors can exist in virus-infected cells: (1) encoded by the interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) and (2) encoded by the constitutively expressed genes that are not stimulated by interferons (non-ISGs). There are hundreds of ISGs known, and many, e.g., Mx, IFITMs, and TRIMs, have been characterized to restrict influenza virus infection at different stages of its lifecycle by (1) blocking viral entry or progeny release, (2) sequestering or degrading viral components and interfering with viral synthesis and assembly, or (3) bolstering host innate defenses. Also, many non-ISGs, e.g., cyclophilins, ncRNAs, and HDACs, have been identified and characterized to restrict influenza virus infection at different lifecycle stages by similar mechanisms. This review provides an overview of those ISGs and non-ISGs and how the influenza virus escapes the restriction imposed by them and aims to improve our understanding of the host restriction mechanisms of the influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matloob Husain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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3
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Nam H, Kim B, Gautam A, Kim YY, Park ES, Lee JS, Kwon HJ, Seong JK, Suh JG. Elucidating the characteristics of Mx1 and resistance to influenza A virus subtype H1N1 in the newly developed KWM/Hym mice. Lab Anim Res 2022; 38:28. [PMID: 36076303 PMCID: PMC9454180 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-022-00138-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inbred mice have several advantages, including genetic similarity to humans, a well-established gene manipulation system, and strong tolerance to inbreeding. However, inbred mice derived from a limited genetic pool have a small genetic diversity. Thus, the development of new inbred strains from wild mice is needed to overcome this limitation. Hence, in this study, we used a new strain of inbred mice called KWM/Hym. We sequenced the Mx1 gene to elucidate the genetic diversities of KWM/Hym mice and observed the biological alterations of the Mx1 protein upon influenza A infection. Results The Mx1 gene in KWM/Hym mice had 2, 4, and 38 nucleotide substitutions compared to those in the Mx1 gene in A2G, CAST/EiJ, and Mus spretus mice, respectively. Moreover, the Mx1 protein in KWM/Hym mice had 2 and 25 amino acid substitutions compared to those in the Mx1 protein in CAST/EiJ and M. spretus mice, respectively. To elucidate the function of the Mx1 protein, we inoculated the influenza A virus (A/WSN/1933) in KWM/Hym mice. Nine days after infection, all infected KWM/Hym mice survived without any weight loss. Four days after infection, the lungs of the infected KWM/Hym mice showed mild alveolitis and loss of bronchiolar epithelium; however, the pulmonary viral titers of the infected KWM/Hym mice were significantly lower than that in the infected BALB/c mice (2.17 × plaque-forming units mL−1). Conclusions Our results demonstrate that the KWM/Hym mice are resistant to influenza A virus infection. Further, these mice can be used as a model organism to understand the mechanism of influenza A virus susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajin Nam
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, Korea
| | - Boyoung Kim
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, Korea
| | - Avishekh Gautam
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, Korea
| | - Yoo Yeon Kim
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, Korea
| | - Eun Sun Park
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, Korea
| | - Jong Sun Lee
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, Korea
| | - Hyung-Joo Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, Korea.,Center for Medical Science, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, Korea
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Jun Gyo Suh
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, Korea. .,Center for Medical Science, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, Korea.
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A MicroRNA Network Controls Legionella pneumophila Replication in Human Macrophages via LGALS8 and MX1. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.03155-19. [PMID: 32209695 PMCID: PMC7157531 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03155-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cases of Legionella pneumophila pneumonia occur worldwide, with potentially fatal outcome. When causing human disease, Legionella injects a plethora of virulence factors to reprogram macrophages to circumvent immune defense and create a replication niche. By analyzing Legionella-induced changes in miRNA expression and genomewide chromatin modifications in primary human macrophages, we identified a cell-autonomous immune network restricting Legionella growth. This network comprises three miRNAs governing expression of the cytosolic RNA receptor DDX58/RIG-I, the tumor suppressor TP53, the antibacterial effector LGALS8, and MX1, which has been described as an antiviral factor. Our findings for the first time link TP53, LGALS8, DDX58, and MX1 in one miRNA-regulated network and integrate them into a functional node in the defense against L. pneumophila. Legionella pneumophila is an important cause of pneumonia. It invades alveolar macrophages and manipulates the immune response by interfering with signaling pathways and gene transcription to support its own replication. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are critical posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression and are involved in defense against bacterial infections. Several pathogens have been shown to exploit the host miRNA machinery to their advantage. We therefore hypothesize that macrophage miRNAs exert positive or negative control over Legionella intracellular replication. We found significant regulation of 85 miRNAs in human macrophages upon L. pneumophila infection. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and sequencing revealed concordant changes of histone acetylation at the putative promoters. Interestingly, a trio of miRNAs (miR-125b, miR-221, and miR-579) was found to significantly affect intracellular L. pneumophila replication in a cooperative manner. Using proteome-analysis, we pinpointed this effect to a concerted downregulation of galectin-8 (LGALS8), DExD/H-box helicase 58 (DDX58), tumor protein P53 (TP53), and then MX dynamin-like GTPase 1 (MX1) by the three miRNAs. In summary, our results demonstrate a new miRNA-controlled immune network restricting Legionella replication in human macrophages.
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Chen J, Wu Y, Wu XD, Zhou J, Liang XD, Baloch AS, Qiu YF, Gao S, Zhou B. The R614E mutation of mouse Mx1 protein contributes to the novel antiviral activity against classical swine fever virus. Vet Microbiol 2020; 243:108621. [PMID: 32273007 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mx proteins are interferon-induced GTPases that have broad antiviral activity against a wide range of RNA and DNA viruses. We previously demonstrated that porcine Mx1 protein (poMx1) inhibited the replication of classical swine fever virus (CSFV), an economically important Pestivirus, and that mouse Mx1 did so as well. It is unknown why the nucleus-localizing mouse Mx1 inhibits CSFV replication which occurs in the cytoplasm. To the end, we assessed the anti-CSFV actions of wild type mouse Mx1 and seven previously reported mutants (K49A, G83R, A222V, A516V, G540E, R614E and ΔL4) and identified the molecular mechanism of R614E action against CSFV replication. A series of experiments revealed that mmMx1 (R614E) mutant reposted to the cytoplasm and interacted with the CSFV nucleocapsid protein (Core), thereby inhibiting viral replication. These findings broaden our understanding of the function of Mx protein family members against CSFV and suggest that the relative conservation of Mx1 among species is the basis of broad-spectrum antiviral properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yue Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xu-Dan Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Liang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Abdul Sattar Baloch
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ya-Feng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Song Gao
- the Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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6
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Haller O, Kochs G. Mx genes: host determinants controlling influenza virus infection and trans-species transmission. Hum Genet 2019; 139:695-705. [PMID: 31773252 PMCID: PMC7087808 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-02092-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The human MxA protein, encoded by the interferon-inducible MX1 gene, is an intracellular influenza A virus (IAV) restriction factor. It can protect transgenic mice from severe IAV-induced disease, indicating a key role of human MxA for host survival and suggesting that natural variations in MX1 may account for inter-individual differences in disease severity among humans. MxA also provides a robust barrier against zoonotic transmissions of avian and swine IAV strains. Therefore, zoonotic IAV must acquire MxA escape mutations to achieve sustained human-to-human transmission. Here, we discuss recent progress in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto Haller
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Georg Kochs
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Porcine Mx1 Protein Inhibits Classical Swine Fever Virus Replication by Targeting Nonstructural Protein NS5B. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.02147-17. [PMID: 29343573 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02147-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mx proteins are interferon (IFN)-induced GTPases that have broad antiviral activity against a wide range of RNA and DNA viruses; they belong to the dynamin superfamily of large GTPases. In this study, we confirmed the anti-classical swine fever virus (CSFV) activity of porcine Mx1 in vitro and showed that porcine Mx2 (poMx2), human MxA (huMxA), and mouse Mx1 (mmMx1) also have anti-CSFV activity in vitro Small interfering RNA (siRNA) experiments revealed that depletion of endogenous poMx1 or poMx2 enhanced CSFV replication, suggesting that porcine Mx proteins are responsible for the antiviral activity of interferon alpha (IFN-α) against CSFV infection. Confocal microscopy, immunoprecipitation, glutathione S-transferase (GST) pulldown, and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) demonstrated that poMx1 associated with NS5B, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of CSFV. We used mutations in the poMx1 protein to elucidate the mechanism of their anti-CSFV activity and found that mutants that disrupted the association with NS5B lost all anti-CSV activity. Moreover, an RdRp activity assay further revealed that poMx1 undermined the RdRp activities of NS5B. Together, these results indicate that porcine Mx proteins exert their antiviral activity against CSFV by interacting with NS5B.IMPORTANCE Our previous studies have shown that porcine Mx1 (poMx1) inhibits classical swine fever virus (CSFV) replication in vitro and in vivo, but the molecular mechanism of action remains largely unknown. In this study, we dissect the molecular mechanism of porcine Mx1 and Mx2 against CSFV in vitro Our results show that poMx1 associates with NS5B, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of CSFV, resulting in the reduction of CSFV replication. Moreover, the mutants of poMx1 further elucidate the mechanism of their anti-CSFV activities.
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Bayesian Diallel Analysis Reveals Mx1-Dependent and Mx1-Independent Effects on Response to Influenza A Virus in Mice. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2018; 8:427-445. [PMID: 29187420 PMCID: PMC5919740 DOI: 10.1534/g3.117.300438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is a respiratory pathogen that causes substantial morbidity and mortality during both seasonal and pandemic outbreaks. Infection outcomes in unexposed populations are affected by host genetics, but the host genetic architecture is not well understood. Here, we obtain a broad view of how heritable factors affect a mouse model of response to IAV infection using an 8 × 8 diallel of the eight inbred founder strains of the Collaborative Cross (CC). Expanding on a prior statistical framework for modeling treatment response in diallels, we explore how a range of heritable effects modify acute host response to IAV through 4 d postinfection. Heritable effects in aggregate explained ∼57% of the variance in IAV-induced weight loss. Much of this was attributable to a pattern of additive effects that became more prominent through day 4 postinfection and was consistent with previous reports of antiinfluenza myxovirus resistance 1 (Mx1) polymorphisms segregating between these strains; these additive effects largely recapitulated haplotype effects observed at the Mx1 locus in a previous study of the incipient CC, and are also replicated here in a CC recombinant intercross population. Genetic dominance of protective Mx1 haplotypes was observed to differ by subspecies of origin: relative to the domesticus null Mx1 allele, musculus acts dominantly whereas castaneus acts additively. After controlling for Mx1, heritable effects, though less distinct, accounted for ∼34% of the phenotypic variance. Implications for future mapping studies are discussed.
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Lorenzo MM, Sanchez-Puig JM, Blasco R. Vaccinia virus and Cowpox virus are not susceptible to the interferon-induced antiviral protein MxA. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181459. [PMID: 28727764 PMCID: PMC5519081 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
MxA protein is expressed in response to type I and type III Interferon and constitute an important antiviral factor with broad antiviral activity to diverse RNA viruses. In addition, some studies expand the range of MxA antiviral activity to include particular DNA viruses like Monkeypox virus (MPXV) and African Swine Fever virus (ASFV). However, a broad profile of activity of MxA to large DNA viruses has not been established to date. Here, we investigated if some well characterized DNA viruses belonging to the Poxviridae family are sensitive to human MxA. A cell line inducibly expressing MxA to inhibitory levels showed no anti-Vaccinia virus (VACV) virus activity, indicating either lack of susceptibility of the virus, or the existence of viral factors capable of counteracting MxA inhibition. To determine if VACV resistance to MxA was due to a virus-encoded anti-MxA activity, we performed coinfections of VACV and the MxA-sensitive Vesicular Stomatitis virus (VSV), and show that VACV does not protect VSV from MxA inhibition in trans. Those results were extended to several VACV strains and two CPXV strains, thus confirming that those Orthopoxviruses do not block MxA action. Overall, these results point to a lack of susceptibility of the Poxviridae to MxA antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- María M. Lorenzo
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (I.N.I.A.), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juana M. Sanchez-Puig
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (I.N.I.A.), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Blasco
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (I.N.I.A.), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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