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Saka N, Nishio M, Ohta K. Human parainfluenza virus type 2 V protein inhibits mitochondrial apoptosis pathway through two ways. Virology 2024; 594:110053. [PMID: 38492518 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Paramyxoviruses are reported to block apoptosis for their replication, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Furthermore, regulation of mitochondrial apoptosis by paramyxoviruses has been hardly reported. We investigated whether and how human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hPIV-2) counteracts apoptosis. Infection of recombinant hPIV-2 carrying mutated V protein showed higher caspase 3/7 activity and higher cytochrome c release from mitochondria than wild type hPIV-2 infection. This indicates that V protein controls mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. hPIV-2 V protein interacted with Bad, an apoptotic promoting protein, and this interaction inhibited the binding of Bad to Bcl-XL. V protein also bound to 14-3-3ε, which was essential for inhibition of 14-3-3ε cleavage. Our data collectively suggest that hPIV-2 V protein has two means of preventing mitochondrial apoptosis pathway: the inhibition of Bad-Bcl-XL interaction and the suppression of 14-3-3ε cleavage. This is the first report of the mechanisms behind how paramyxoviruses modulate mitochondrial apoptosis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Saka
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
| | - Machiko Nishio
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Ohta
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
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The role of GTPase-activating protein ARHGAP26 in human cancers. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 477:319-326. [PMID: 34716859 PMCID: PMC8755663 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04274-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rho GTPases are molecular switches that play an important role in regulating the behavior of a variety of tumor cells. RhoA GTPase-activating protein 26 (ARHGAP26) is a GTPase-activating protein and inhibits the activity of Rho GTPases by promoting the hydrolytic ability of Rho GTPases. It also affects tumorigenesis and progression of various tumors through several methods, including formation of abnormal fusion genes and circular RNA. This review summarizes the biological functions and molecular mechanisms of ARHGAP26 in different tumors, proposes the potential clinical value of ARHGAP26 in cancer treatment, and discusses current issues that need to be addressed.
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Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 2 V Protein Modulates Iron Homeostasis. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.01861-20. [PMID: 33408172 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01861-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular iron concentration is tightly controlled for cell viability. It is known to affect the growth of several viruses, but the molecular mechanisms are not well understood. We found that iron chelators inhibit growth of human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hPIV-2). Furthermore, infection with hPIV-2 alters ferritin localization from granules to a homogenous distribution within cytoplasm of iron-stimulated cells. The V protein of hPIV-2 interacts with ferritin heavy chain 1 (FTH1), a ferritin subunit. It also binds to nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4), which mediates autophagic degradation of ferritin, so-called ferritinophagy. V protein consequently interferes with interaction between FTH1 and NCOA4. hPIV-2 growth is inhibited in FTH1 knockdown cell line where severe hPIV-2-induced apoptosis is shown. In contrast, NCOA4 knockdown results in the promotion of hPIV-2 growth and limited apoptosis. Our data collectively suggest that hPIV-2 V protein inhibits FTH1-NCOA4 interaction and subsequent ferritinophagy. This iron homeostasis modulation allows infected cells to avoid apoptotic cell death, resulting in effective growth of hPIV-2.IMPORTANCE hPIV-2 V protein interferes with interaction between FTH1 and NCOA4 and inhibits NCOA4-mediated ferritin degradation, leading to the inhibition of iron release to the cytoplasm. This iron homeostasis modulation allows infected cells to avoid apoptotic cell death, resulting in effective growth of hPIV-2.
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Ohta K, Matsumoto Y, Nishio M. Inhibition of Cavin3 Degradation by the Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 2 V Protein Is Important for Efficient Viral Growth. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:803. [PMID: 32425917 PMCID: PMC7203785 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cavin proteins have important roles in the formation of caveolae in lipid raft microdomains. Pulse-chase experiments of cells infected with human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hPIV-2) showed decreased proteasomal degradation of Cavin3. Overexpression of hPIV-2 V protein alone was sufficient to inhibit Cavin3 degradation. Immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that V protein bound to Cavin3. Trp residues within C-terminal region of V protein, as well as the N-terminal region of Cavin3, are important for V–Cavin3 interaction. Cavin3 knockdown suppressed hPIV-2 growth without affecting its entry, replication, transcription, or translation. Higher amounts of Cavin3 were observed in V protein-overexpressing cells than in control cells in lipid raft microdomains. Our data collectively suggest that hPIV-2 V protein binds to and stabilizes Cavin3, which in turn facilitates assembly and budding of hPIV-2 in lipid raft microdomains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Ohta
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yusuke Matsumoto
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Machiko Nishio
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
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Ohta K, Matsumoto Y, Nishio M. Common and unique mechanisms of filamentous actin formation by viruses of the genus Orthorubulavirus. Arch Virol 2020; 165:799-807. [PMID: 32100137 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04565-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We previously found that infection with human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hPIV-2), a member of the genus Orthorubulavirus, family Paramyxoviridae, causes filamentous actin (F-actin) formation to promote viral growth. In the present study, we investigated whether similar regulation of F-actin formation is observed in infections with other rubulaviruses, such as parainfluenza virus type 5 (PIV-5) and simian virus 41 (SV41). Infection with these viruses caused F-actin formation and RhoA activation, which promoted viral growth. These results indicate that RhoA-induced F-actin formation is important for efficient growth of these rubulaviruses. Only SV41 and hPIV-2 V and P proteins bound to Graf1, while the V and P proteins of PIV-5, mumps virus, and hPIV-4 did not bind to Graf1. In contrast, the V proteins of these rubulaviruses bound to both inactive RhoA and profilin 2. These results suggest that there are common and unique mechanisms involved in regulation of F-actin formation by members of the genus Orthorubulavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Ohta
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1, Kimiidera, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Yusuke Matsumoto
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1, Kimiidera, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Machiko Nishio
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1, Kimiidera, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan.
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Ohta K, Matsumoto Y, Nishio M. Profilin2 is required for filamentous actin formation induced by human parainfluenza virus type 2. Virology 2019; 533:108-114. [PMID: 31150988 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hPIV-2) promoted RhoA activation and subsequent filamentous actin (F-actin) formation. Actin-binding proteins, such as profilin and cofilin, are involved in the regulation of F-actin formation by RhoA signaling. In the present study, we identified profilin2 as a key molecule that is involved in hPIV-2-induced F-actin formation. Immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that hPIV-2 V protein binds to profilin2 but not to profilin1. Mutation of Trp residues within C-terminal region of V protein abolished the binding capacity to profilin2. Depletion of profilin2 resulted in the inhibition of hPIV-2-induced F-actin formation and the suppression of hPIV-2 growth. Overexpression of wild type V but not Trp-mutated V protein reduced the quantity of actin co-immunoprecipitated with profilin2. Taken together, these results suggest that hPIV-2 V protein promotes F-actin formation by affecting actin-profilin2 interaction through its binding to profilin2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Ohta
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Japan
| | - Yusuke Matsumoto
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Japan
| | - Machiko Nishio
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Japan.
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SMURF1-mediated ubiquitination of ARHGAP26 promotes ovarian cancer cell invasion and migration. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-12. [PMID: 31004081 PMCID: PMC6474862 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0236-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPase-activating protein 26 (ARHGAP26) is a negative regulator of the Rho family that converts the small GTP-binding protein RhoA (GTP-RhoA) to its inactive GDP-bound form and is a putative tumor suppressor gene associated with cell growth and migration. Here, the involvement of ARHGAP26 in ovarian cancer cell proliferation and migration was investigated. In this study, low ARHGAP26 expression was observed in ovarian cancer tissues and was associated with a poor overall survival and higher β-catenin expression in patients with ovarian cancer. A2780 and HEY cells with ARHGAP26 upregulation showed decreased cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, along with decreased GTP-RhoA, β-catenin, VEGF, MMP2, and MMP7 expression. ARHGAP26 upregulation in A2780 cells also inhibited lung metastasis in vivo. SKOV3 cells with ARHGAP26 downregulation demonstrated an inverse effect, which was inhibited by ARHGAP26 overexpression or DKK1, an antagonist of the β-catenin pathway. SMURF1, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, interacted with and induced ubiquitination of ARHGAP26. ARHGAP26 upregulation in SKOV3 cells significantly inhibited SMURF1 upregulation-induced cell migration and invasion. Overall, SMURF1-mediated ubiquitination of ARHGAP26 may promote invasion and migration of ovarian cancer cells via the β-catenin pathway.
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Ohtsuka J, Matsumoto Y, Ohta K, Fukumura M, Tsurudome M, Nosaka T, Nishio M. Nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of the human parainfluenza virus type 2 phosphoprotein. Virology 2018; 528:54-63. [PMID: 30576860 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Human parainfluenza virus type 2 phosphoprotein (P) is an essential component of viral polymerase. The P gene encodes both P and accessory V proteins by a specific gene editing mechanism. Therefore, the N-terminal 164 amino acids of P protein are common to V protein. Interestingly, while P protein is located in the cytoplasm, V protein is found mainly in the nucleus. Using deletion mutants, we show the presence of a nuclear localization signal (NLS) in the P/V common domain, and a nuclear export signal (NES) in the C-terminal P specific region. The NLS region makes a complex with importin α5 or 7. In the presence of leptomycin B, P protein is retained in the nucleus, indicating that it contains a CRM1-dependent NES. We identified the NLS (65PVKPRRKK72) and the NES (225IIELLKGLDL234) using β-galactosidase fusion proteins. Moreover, nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of P protein appears to be important for efficient viral polymerase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpei Ohtsuka
- Department of Microbiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan; Biocomo Inc., Mie, Japan
| | - Yusuke Matsumoto
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ohta
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fukumura
- Department of Microbiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan; Biocomo Inc., Mie, Japan
| | - Masato Tsurudome
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Nosaka
- Department of Microbiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Machiko Nishio
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
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Ohta K, Matsumoto Y, Yumine N, Nishio M. The V protein of human parainfluenza virus type 2 promotes RhoA-induced filamentous actin formation. Virology 2018; 524:90-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Ohta K, Matsumoto Y, Yumine N, Nishio M. Human parainfluenza virus type 2 V protein inhibits induction of tetherin. Med Microbiol Immunol 2017; 206:311-318. [PMID: 28455649 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-017-0508-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Tetherin is an anti-viral factor that restricts viral budding through tethering virions to the cell surface. The human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hPIV-2) V protein decreases cell surface tetherin in HeLa cells, which constitutively express endogenous tetherin. However, the role of the hPIV-2 V protein in tetherin induction remains unclear. Here, we examined whether hPIV-2 infection itself induces tetherin in HEK293 cells that have no basal expression of tetherin. Unlike influenza A virus (IAV) infection, hPIV-2 infection induced neither tetherin mRNA nor protein expression. In contrast, robust tetherin induction was observed by infection of rPIV-2s carrying V mutants, in which either three Trp residues (W178H/W182E/W192A) or Cys residues (C209/211/214A) that are important for decreasing cell surface tetherin are mutated. hPIV-2 infection also inhibited the induction of tetherin expression by IFN-α and IAV infection. Furthermore, hPIV-2 V protein but not P and VW178H/W182E/W192A suppressed tetherin induction. Our data collectively suggest that the hPIV-2 V protein inhibits tetherin expression induced by several external stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Ohta
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1, Kimiidera, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Yusuke Matsumoto
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1, Kimiidera, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Natsuko Yumine
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1, Kimiidera, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Machiko Nishio
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1, Kimiidera, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan.
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