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Liu J, Ito M, Liu L, Nakashima K, Satoh S, Konno A, Suzuki T. Involvement of ribosomal protein L17 and Y-box binding protein 1 in the assembly of hepatitis C virus potentially via their interaction with the 3' untranslated region of the viral genome. J Virol 2024; 98:e0052224. [PMID: 38899899 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00522-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA genome, which contains a highly conserved 3' region named the 3'X-tail, plays an essential role in RNA replication and promotes viral IRES-dependent translation. Although our previous work has found a cis-acting element for genome encapsidation within 3'X, there is limited information on the involvement of the 3'UTR in particle formation. In this study, proteomic analyses identified host cell proteins that bind to the 3'UTR containing the 3'X region but not to the sequence lacking the 3'X. Further characterization showed that RNA-binding proteins, ribosomal protein L17 (RPL17), and Y-box binding protein 1 (YBX1) facilitate the efficient production of infectious HCV particles in the virus infection cells. Using small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated gene silencing in four assays that distinguish between the various stages of the HCV life cycle, RPL17 and YBX1 were found to be most important for particle assembly in the trans-packaging assay with replication-defective subgenomic RNA. In vitro assays showed that RPL17 and YBX1 bind to the 3'UTR RNA and deletion of the 3'X region attenuates their interaction. Knockdown of RPL17 or YBX1 resulted in reducing the amount of HCV RNA co-precipitating with the viral Core protein by RNA immunoprecipitation and increasing the relative distance in space between Core and double-stranded RNA by confocal imaging, suggesting that RPL17 and YBX1 potentially affect HCV RNA-Core interaction, leading to efficient nucleocapsid assembly. These host factors provide new clues to understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate HCV particle formation. IMPORTANCE Although basic research on the HCV life cycle has progressed significantly over the past two decades, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate the process of particle formation, in particular encapsidation of the genome or nucleocapsid assembly, has been limited. We present here, for the first time, that two RNA-binding proteins, RPL17 and YBX1, bind to the 3'X in the 3'UTR of the HCV genome, which potentially acts as a packaging signal, and facilitates the viral particle assembly. Our study revealed that RPL17 and YBX1 exert a positive effect on the interaction between HCV RNA and Core protein, suggesting that the presence of both host factors modulate an RNA structure or conformation suitable for packaging the viral genome. These findings help us to elucidate not only the regulatory mechanism of the particle assembly of HCV but also the function of host RNA-binding proteins during viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiko Ito
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kenji Nakashima
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Shinya Satoh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Alu Konno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
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2
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Li ZL, Xie Y, Xie Y, Chen H, Zhou X, Liu M, Zhang XL. HCV 5-Methylcytosine Enhances Viral RNA Replication through Interaction with m5C Reader YBX1. ACS Chem Biol 2024; 19:1648-1660. [PMID: 38954741 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.4c00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a positive-stranded RNA virus that mainly causes chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Recently we confirmed m5C modifications within NS5A gene of HCV RNA genome. However, the roles of the m5C modification and its interaction with host proteins in regulating HCV's life cycle, remain unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that HCV infection enhances the expression of the host m5C reader YBX1 through the transcription factor MAX. YBX1 acts as an m5C reader, recognizing the m5C-modified NS5A C7525 site in the HCV RNA genome and significantly enhancing HCV RNA stability. This m5C-modification is also required for YBX1 colocalization with lipid droplets and HCV Core protein. Moreover, YBX1 facilitates HCV RNA replication, as well as viral assembly/budding. The tryptophan residue at position 65 (W65) of YBX1 is critical for these functions. Knockout of YBX1 or the application of YBX1 inhibitor SU056 suppresses HCV RNA replication and viral protein translation. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating that the interaction between host m5C reader YBX1 and HCV RNA m5C methylation facilitates viral replication. Therefore, hepatic-YBX1 knockdown holds promise as a potential host-directed strategy for HCV therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu-Li Li
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Immunology Wuhan University Taikang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yan Xie
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Immunology Wuhan University Taikang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yuke Xie
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Immunology Wuhan University Taikang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hongliang Chen
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Immunology Wuhan University Taikang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Min Liu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Immunology Wuhan University Taikang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xiao-Lian Zhang
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Immunology Wuhan University Taikang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan 430071, China
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Mai RT, Chao CH, Chang YW, Kao YC, Cheng Y, Hsu HY, Su YY, Wang CY, Lai BY. Sumoylation participates in the regulation of YB-1-mediated mismatch repair deficiency and alkylator tolerance. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:5462-5483. [PMID: 36628281 PMCID: PMC9827092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous reports indicate that enhanced expression of Y-box binding protein-1 (YB-1) in tumor cells is strongly associated with tumorigenesis, aggressiveness, drug resistance, as well as poor prognosis in several types of cancers, and YB-1 is considered to be an oncogene. The molecular mechanism contributing to the regulation of the biological activities of YB-1 remains obscure. Sumoylation, a post-translational modification involving the covalent conjugation of small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins to a target protein, plays key roles in the modulation of protein functions. In this study, our results revealed that YB-1 is sumoylated and that Lys26 is a critical residue for YB-1 sumoylation. Moreover, YB-1 was found to directly interact with SUMO proteins, and disruption of the SUMO-interacting motif (SIM) of YB-1 not only interfered with this interaction but also diminished YB-1 sumoylation. The subcellular localization, protein stability, and transcriptional regulatory activity of YB-1 were not significantly affected by sumoylation. However, decreased sumoylation disrupted the interaction between YB-1 and PCNA as well as YB-1-mediated inhibition of the MutSα/PCNA interaction and MutSα mismatch binding activity, indicating a functional role of YB-1 sumoylation in inducing DNA mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency and spontaneous mutations. The MMR machinery also recognizes alkylator-modified DNA adducts to signal for cell death. We further demonstrated that YB-1 sumoylation is crucial for the inhibition of SN1-type alkylator MNNG-induced cytotoxicity, G2/M-phase arrest, apoptosis, and the MMR-dependent DNA damage response. Collectively, these results provide molecular explanations for the impact of YB-1 sumoylation on MMR deficiency and alkylator tolerance, which may provide insight for designing therapeutic strategies for malignancies and alkylator-resistant cancers associated with YB-1 overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Tsun Mai
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityHsinchu 300, Taiwan,Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityHsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hong Chao
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityHsinchu 300, Taiwan,Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityHsinchu 300, Taiwan,Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityHsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Wen Chang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ching Kao
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityHsinchu 300, Taiwan,Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityHsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Yi Cheng
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityHsinchu 300, Taiwan,Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityHsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Yu Hsu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityHsinchu 300, Taiwan,Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityHsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Yuan Su
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityHsinchu 300, Taiwan,Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityHsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yun Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityHsinchu 300, Taiwan,Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityHsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Ying Lai
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipei 112, Taiwan
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Dolicka D, Foti M, Sobolewski C. The Emerging Role of Stress Granules in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179428. [PMID: 34502337 PMCID: PMC8430939 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress granules (SGs) are small membrane-free cytosolic liquid-phase ordered entities in which mRNAs are protected and translationally silenced during cellular adaptation to harmful conditions (e.g., hypoxia, oxidative stress). This function is achieved by structural and functional SG components such as scaffold proteins and RNA-binding proteins controlling the fate of mRNAs. Increasing evidence indicates that the capacity of cells to assemble/disassemble functional SGs may significantly impact the onset and the development of metabolic and inflammatory diseases, as well as cancers. In the liver, the abnormal expression of SG components and formation of SG occur with chronic liver diseases, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and selective hepatic resistance to anti-cancer drugs. Although, the role of SG in these diseases is still debated, the modulation of SG assembly/disassembly or targeting the expression/activity of specific SG components may represent appealing strategies to treat hepatic disorders and potentially cancer. In this review, we discuss our current knowledge about pathophysiological functions of SGs in HCC as well as available molecular tools and drugs capable of modulating SG formation and functions for therapeutic purposes.
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Li HC, Yang CH, Lo SY. Cellular factors involved in the hepatitis C virus life cycle. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:4555-4581. [PMID: 34366623 PMCID: PMC8326260 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i28.4555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV), an obligatory intracellular pathogen, highly depends on its host cells to propagate successfully. The HCV life cycle can be simply divided into several stages including viral entry, protein translation, RNA replication, viral assembly and release. Hundreds of cellular factors involved in the HCV life cycle have been identified over more than thirty years of research. Characterization of these cellular factors has provided extensive insight into HCV replication strategies. Some of these cellular factors are targets for anti-HCV therapies. In this review, we summarize the well-characterized and recently identified cellular factors functioning at each stage of the HCV life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chun Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Chee-Hing Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yen Lo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien 970, Taiwan
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6
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Li HC, Yang CH, Lo SY. Hepatitis C Viral Replication Complex. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030520. [PMID: 33809897 PMCID: PMC8004249 DOI: 10.3390/v13030520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The life cycle of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) can be divided into several stages, including viral entry, protein translation, RNA replication, viral assembly, and release. HCV genomic RNA replication occurs in the replication organelles (RO) and is tightly linked to ER membrane alterations containing replication complexes (proteins NS3 to NS5B). The amplification of HCV genomic RNA could be regulated by the RO biogenesis, the viral RNA structure (i.e., cis-acting replication elements), and both viral and cellular proteins. Studies on HCV replication have led to the development of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) targeting the replication complex. This review article summarizes the viral and cellular factors involved in regulating HCV genomic RNA replication and the DAAs that inhibit HCV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chun Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan;
| | - Chee-Hing Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan;
| | - Shih-Yen Lo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan;
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-8565301 (ext. 2322)
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7
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Sangermano F, Delicato A, Calabrò V. Y box binding protein 1 (YB-1) oncoprotein at the hub of DNA proliferation, damage and cancer progression. Biochimie 2020; 179:205-216. [PMID: 33058958 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Y Box binding protein 1 (YB-1) belongs to the highly conserved Cold Shock Domain protein family and is a major component of messenger ribonucleoprotein particles (mRNPs) in various organisms and cells. Cold Shock proteins are multifunctional nucleic acids binding proteins involved in a variety of cellular functions. Biological activities of YB-1 range from the regulation of transcription, splicing and translation, to the orchestration of exosomal RNA content. The role of YB-1 in malignant cell transformation and fate transition is the subject of intensive investigation. Besides, emerging evidence indicates that YB-1 participates in several DNA damage repair pathways as a non-canonical DNA repair factor thus pointing out that the protein can allow cancer cells to evade conventional anticancer therapies and avoid cell death. Here, we will attempt to collect and summarize the current knowledge on this subject and provide the basis for further lines of inquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Sangermano
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Antonella Delicato
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Viola Calabrò
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Napoli, Italy
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8
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mRNA Post-Transcriptional Regulation by AU-Rich Element-Binding Proteins in Liver Inflammation and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186648. [PMID: 32932781 PMCID: PMC7554771 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AU-rich element-binding proteins (AUBPs) represent important post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. AUBPs can bind to the AU-rich elements present in the 3'-UTR of more than 8% of all mRNAs and are thereby able to control the stability and/or translation of numerous target mRNAs. The regulation of the stability and the translation of mRNA transcripts by AUBPs are highly complex processes that occur through multiple mechanisms depending on the cell type and the cellular context. While AUBPs have been shown to be involved in inflammatory processes and the development of various cancers, their important role and function in the development of chronic metabolic and inflammatory fatty liver diseases (FLDs), as well as in the progression of these disorders toward cancers such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), has recently started to emerge. Alterations of either the expression or activity of AUBPs are indeed significantly associated with FLDs and HCC, and accumulating evidence indicates that several AUBPs are deeply involved in a significant number of cellular processes governing hepatic metabolic disorders, inflammation, fibrosis, and carcinogenesis. Herein, we discuss our current knowledge of the roles and functions of AUBPs in liver diseases and cancer. The relevance of AUBPs as potential biomarkers for different stages of FLD and HCC, or as therapeutic targets for these diseases, are also highlighted.
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Brai A, Riva V, Saladini F, Zamperini C, Trivisani CI, Garbelli A, Pennisi C, Giannini A, Boccuto A, Bugli F, Martini M, Sanguinetti M, Zazzi M, Dreassi E, Botta M, Maga G. DDX3X inhibitors, an effective way to overcome HIV-1 resistance targeting host proteins. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 200:112319. [PMID: 32446036 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The huge resources that had gone into Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) research led to the development of potent antivirals able to suppress viral load in the majority of treated patients, thus dramatically increasing the life expectancy of people living with HIV. However, life-long treatments could result in the emergence of drug-resistant viruses that can progressively reduce the number of therapeutic options, facilitating the progression of the disease. In this scenario, we previously demonstrated that inhibitors of the human DDX3X helicase can represent an innovative approach for the simultaneous treatment of HIV and other viral infections such as Hepatitis c virus (HCV). We reported herein 6b, a novel DDX3X inhibitor that thanks to its distinct target of action is effective against HIV-1 strains resistant to currently approved drugs. Its improved in vitro ADME properties allowed us to perform preliminary in vivo studies in mice, which highlighted optimal biocompatibility and an improved bioavailability. These results represent a significant advancement in the development of DDX3X inhibitors as a novel class of broad spectrum and safe anti-HIV-1 drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalaura Brai
- Dipartimento Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. De Gasperi 2, I-53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Valentina Riva
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare "Luigi Luca Cavalli - Sforza", IGM-CNR, Via Abbiategrasso 207, I-27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesco Saladini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Siena, I-53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Claudio Zamperini
- Dipartimento Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. De Gasperi 2, I-53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Claudia Immacolata Trivisani
- Dipartimento Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. De Gasperi 2, I-53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Anna Garbelli
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare "Luigi Luca Cavalli - Sforza", IGM-CNR, Via Abbiategrasso 207, I-27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Carla Pennisi
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare "Luigi Luca Cavalli - Sforza", IGM-CNR, Via Abbiategrasso 207, I-27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessia Giannini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Siena, I-53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Adele Boccuto
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Siena, I-53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Bugli
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, I-00168, Roma, Italy; Istituto di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del SC, L.go F. Vito 1, I-00168, Roma, Italy
| | - Maurizio Martini
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Servizio di Istopatologia e Citodiagnosi, Rome, Italy; Istituto di Patologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sanguinetti
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, I-00168, Roma, Italy; Istituto di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del SC, L.go F. Vito 1, I-00168, Roma, Italy
| | - Maurizio Zazzi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Siena, I-53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Elena Dreassi
- Dipartimento Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. De Gasperi 2, I-53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Maurizio Botta
- Dipartimento Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. De Gasperi 2, I-53100, Siena, Italy; Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, BioLife Science Building, Suite 333, 1900 N 12th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
| | - Giovanni Maga
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare "Luigi Luca Cavalli - Sforza", IGM-CNR, Via Abbiategrasso 207, I-27100, Pavia, Italy.
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10
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DEAD-box RNA Helicase DDX3: Functional Properties and Development of DDX3 Inhibitors as Antiviral and Anticancer Drugs. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25041015. [PMID: 32102413 PMCID: PMC7070539 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25041015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This short review is focused on enzymatic properties of human ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX3 and the development of antiviral and anticancer drugs targeting cellular helicases. DDX3 belongs to the DEAD-box proteins, a large family of RNA helicases that participate in all aspects of cellular processes, such as cell cycle progression, apoptosis, innate immune response, viral replication, and tumorigenesis. DDX3 has a variety of functions in the life cycle of different viruses. DDX3 helicase is required to facilitate both the Rev-mediated export of unspliced/partially spliced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RNA from nucleus and Tat-dependent translation of viral genes. DDX3 silencing blocks the replication of HIV, HCV, and some other viruses. On the other hand, DDX displays antiviral effect against Dengue virus and hepatitis B virus through the stimulation of interferon beta production. The role of DDX3 in different types of cancer is rather controversial. DDX3 acts as an oncogene in one type of cancer, but demonstrates tumor suppressor properties in other types. The human DDX3 helicase is now considered as a new attractive target for the development of novel pharmaceutical drugs. The most interesting inhibitors of DDX3 helicase and the mechanisms of their actions as antiviral or anticancer drugs are discussed in this short review.
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11
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Gaete-Argel A, Márquez CL, Barriga GP, Soto-Rifo R, Valiente-Echeverría F. Strategies for Success. Viral Infections and Membraneless Organelles. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:336. [PMID: 31681621 PMCID: PMC6797609 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of RNA homeostasis or “RNAstasis” is a central step in eukaryotic gene expression. From transcription to decay, cellular messenger RNAs (mRNAs) associate with specific proteins in order to regulate their entire cycle, including mRNA localization, translation and degradation, among others. The best characterized of such RNA-protein complexes, today named membraneless organelles, are Stress Granules (SGs) and Processing Bodies (PBs) which are involved in RNA storage and RNA decay/storage, respectively. Given that SGs and PBs are generally associated with repression of gene expression, viruses have evolved different mechanisms to counteract their assembly or to use them in their favor to successfully replicate within the host environment. In this review we summarize the current knowledge about the viral regulation of SGs and PBs, which could be a potential novel target for the development of broad-spectrum antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aracelly Gaete-Argel
- Molecular and Cellular Virology Laboratory, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,HIV/AIDS Workgroup, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Chantal L Márquez
- Molecular and Cellular Virology Laboratory, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,HIV/AIDS Workgroup, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gonzalo P Barriga
- Emerging Viruses Laboratory, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Soto-Rifo
- Molecular and Cellular Virology Laboratory, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,HIV/AIDS Workgroup, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Valiente-Echeverría
- Molecular and Cellular Virology Laboratory, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,HIV/AIDS Workgroup, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Xiong P, Zhang J, Xu D, Zhu J, Li W, Liu J, Liu F. Positive feedback loop of YB-1 interacting with Smad2 promotes liver fibrosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 484:753-761. [PMID: 28153731 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.01.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Y-box binding protein (YB-1), known as a multifunctional cellular protein in various biological processes, was recently reported to be associated with liver fibrosis. The critical role of TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway in stimulating the transcription of fibrotic genes in fibroblasts have already been identified, however, whether and how YB-1 modulated liver fibrosis via TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway remains largely unknown. In our previous study, we proved that ectopic TGF-β was associated with YB-1 expression. Herein, by combining in vitro experiments in LX2 human hepatic stellate cells and in vivo studies by building CCl4 based mice liver fibrosis model, we showed that YB-1 and p-YB-1 were upregulated in liver fibrosis tissue, and YB-1 promoted the deposition of excess extracellular matrix. Mechanistically, Smad2, a key member in TGF-β signaling pathway, acted as a transcription factor that triggered YB-1 promoter, while on the other hand, p-YB-1 stabilized Smad2 by attenuating its ubiquitination. Knockdown of Smad2 could reduce YB-1 expression, which in turn shorter the half time of Smad2. Furthermore, the serine102 residue of YB-1 both affected its binding and stabilizing activity to Smad2. These finding demonstrated that YB-1 and Smad2 played as a positive feedback loop in promoting liver fibrosis. In conclusion, TGF-β signaling pathway may influence liver fibrosis by incorporating with YB-1, indicating that YB-1 could be a potential target for therapies against liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Xiong
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, PR China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, PR China
| | - Diannan Xu
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, PR China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, PR China
| | - Wenshuai Li
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, PR China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, PR China.
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, PR China.
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RNA helicase DDX3 maintains lipid homeostasis through upregulation of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein by interacting with HNF4 and SHP. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41452. [PMID: 28128295 PMCID: PMC5269733 DOI: 10.1038/srep41452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multifunctional RNA helicase DDX3 participates in HCV infection, one of the major causes of hepatic steatosis. Here, we investigated the role of DDX3 in hepatic lipid metabolism. We found that HCV infection severely reduced DDX3 expression. Analysis of intracellular triglyceride and secreted ApoB indicated that lipid accumulations were increased while ApoB secretion were decreased in DDX3 knockdown HuH7 and HepG2 cell lines. Down-regulation of DDX3 significantly decreased protein and transcript expression of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP), a key regulator of liver lipid homeostasis. Moreover, DDX3 interacted with hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 (HNF4) and small heterodimer partner (SHP), and synergistically up-regulated HNF4-mediated transactivation of MTP promoter via its ATPase activity. Further investigation revealed that DDX3 interacted with CBP/p300 and increased the promoter binding affinity of HNF4 by enhancing HNF4 acetylation. Additionally, DDX3 partially relieved the SHP-mediated suppression on MTP promoter by competing with SHP for HNF4 binding which disrupted the inactive HNF4/SHP heterodimer while promoted the formation of the active HNF4 homodimer. Collectively, these results imply that DDX3 regulates MTP gene expression and lipid homeostasis through interplay with HNF4 and SHP, which may also reveal a novel mechanism of HCV-induced steatosis.
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