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Bouzid A, Al Ani M, de la Fuente D, Al Shareef ZM, Quadri A, Hamoudi R, Al-Rawi N. Identification of p53-target genes in human papillomavirus-associated head and neck cancer by integrative bioinformatics analysis. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1128753. [PMID: 37081989 PMCID: PMC10110890 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1128753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionHead and neck cancer (HNC) is a highly prevalent and heterogeneous malignancy. Although extensive efforts have been made to advance its treatment, the prognosis remained poor with increased mortality. Human papillomaviruses (HPV) have been associated with high risk in HNC. TP53, a tumor suppressor, is the most frequently altered gene in HNC, therefore, investigating its target genes for the identification of novel biomarkers or therapeutic targets in HPV-related HNC progression is highly recommended.MethodsTranscriptomic profiles from three independent gene expression omnibus (GEO) datasets, including 44 HPV+ and 70 HPV- HNC patients, were subjected to integrative statistical and Bioinformatics analyses. For the top-selected marker, further in-silico validation in TCGA and GTEx databases and experimental validation in 65 (51 HPV- and 14 HPV+) subjects with histologically confirmed head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) have been performed.ResultsA total of 498 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified including 291 up-regulated genes and 207 down-regulated genes in HPV+ compared to HPV- HNSCC patients. Functional annotations and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) showed that the up-regulated genes were significantly involved in p53-related pathways. The integrative analysis between the Hub-genes identified in the complex protein-protein network and the top frequent genes resulting from GSEA showed an intriguing correlation with five biomarkers which are EZH2, MDM2, PCNA, STAT5A and TYMS. Importantly, the MDM2 gene showed the highest gene expression difference between HPV+ and HPV- HNSCC (Average log2FC = 1.89). Further in-silico validation in a large HNSCC cohort from TCGA and GTEx databases confirmed the over-expression of MDM2 in HPV+ compared to HPV- HNSCC patients (p = 2.39E-05). IHC scoring showed that MDM2 protein expression was significantly higher in HPV+ compared to HPV- HNSCC patients (p = 0.031).DiscussionOur findings showed evidence that over-expression of MDM2, proto-oncogene, may affect the occurrence and proliferation of HPV-associated HNSCC by disturbing the p53-target genes and consequently the p53-related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Bouzid
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- *Correspondence: Amal Bouzid, ; Rifat Hamoudi, ; Natheer Al-Rawi,
| | - Muwaffaq Al Ani
- Ear Nose and Throat (ENT) Department, Tawam Hospital, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - David de la Fuente
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zainab Mohamed Al Shareef
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Asif Quadri
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, National Reference lab, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rifat Hamoudi
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Amal Bouzid, ; Rifat Hamoudi, ; Natheer Al-Rawi,
| | - Natheer Al-Rawi
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- *Correspondence: Amal Bouzid, ; Rifat Hamoudi, ; Natheer Al-Rawi,
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HIV-1 Tat potently stabilises Mdm2 and enhances viral replication. Biochem J 2017; 474:2449-2464. [PMID: 28468838 PMCID: PMC5509382 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Murine double minute 2 (Mdm2) is known to enhance the transactivation potential of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) Tat protein by causing its ubiquitination. However, the regulation of Mdm2 during HIV-1 infection and its implications for viral replication have not been well studied. Here, we show that the Mdm2 protein level increases during HIV-1 infection and this effect is mediated by HIV-1 Tat protein. Tat appears to stabilise Mdm2 at the post-translational level by inducing its phosphorylation at serine-166 position through AKT. Although p53 is one of the key players for Mdm2 induction, Tat-mediated stabilisation of Mdm2 appears to be independent of p53. Moreover, the non-phosphorylatable mutant of Mdm2 (S166A) fails to interact with Tat and shows decreased half-life in the presence of Tat compared with wild-type Mdm2. Furthermore, the non-phosphorylatable mutant of Mdm2 (S166A) is unable to support HIV-1 replication. Thus, HIV-1 Tat appears to stabilise Mdm2, which in turn enhances Tat-mediated viral replication. This study highlights the importance of post-translational modifications of host cellular factors in HIV-1 replication and pathogenesis.
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Ekalaksananan T, Jungpol W, Prasitthimay C, Wongjampa W, Kongyingyoes B, Pientong C. Polymorphisms and functional analysis of the intact human papillomavirus16 e2 gene. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:10255-62. [PMID: 25556457 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.23.10255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
High risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) E2 proteins play roles in transcriptional regulation and are commonly functionally disrupted when the HPV genome integrates into host chromosomes. Some 15-40% of cancer cases, however, contain an intact E2 gene or episomal HPV. In these cases, polymorphism of the E2 gene might be involved. This study aimed to determine polymorphisms of the E2 gene in episomal HPV16 detected in high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and squamous cell carcinomas and altered functions compared to the E2 prototype. The E2 gene was amplified and sequenced. Two expression vectors containing E2 gene polymorphisms were constructed and transfected in SiHa and C33A cells, then E6 gene as well as Il- 10 and TNF-α expression was determined by quantitative RT-PCR. Expression vectors and reporter vectors containing the HPV16 long control region (LCR) were co-transfected and transcriptional activity was determined. The results showed that a total of 32 nucleotides and 23 amino acids were changed in all 20 cases of study, found in the transactivation (TA) domain, hinge (H) region and DNA binding (DB) domain with 14, 5 and 13 nucleotide positions. They mostly caused amino acid change. The expressing vectors containing different E2 gene polymorphisms showed E6 mRNA suppression, TNF-α mRNA suppression and IL-10 induction but no statistically significant differences when compared to the E2 prototype. Moreover, promoter activity in HPV16 LCR was not affected by E2 protein with different gene polymorphisms, in contrast to nucleotide variations in LCR that showed an effect on transcription activity. These results demonstrated that E2 gene polymorphisms of episomal HPV16 did not affect transcriptional regulation and suggested that nucleotide variation as well as epigenetic modification of the LCR might play a role in inducing malignant transformation of cells containing episomal HPV16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tipaya Ekalaksananan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand E-mail :
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Landré V, Rotblat B, Melino S, Bernassola F, Melino G. Screening for E3-ubiquitin ligase inhibitors: challenges and opportunities. Oncotarget 2015; 5:7988-8013. [PMID: 25237759 PMCID: PMC4226663 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) plays a role in the regulation of most cellular pathways, and its deregulation has been implicated in a wide range of human pathologies that include cancer, neurodegenerative and immunological disorders and viral infections. Targeting the UPS by small molecular regulators thus provides an opportunity for the development of therapeutics for the treatment of several diseases. The proteasome inhibitor Bortezomib was approved for treatment of hematologic malignancies by the FDA in 2003, becoming the first drug targeting the ubiquitin proteasome system in the clinic. Development of drugs targeting specific components of the ubiquitin proteasome system, however, has lagged behind, mainly due to the complexity of the ubiquitination reaction and its outcomes. However, significant advances have been made in recent years in understanding the molecular nature of the ubiquitination system and the vast variety of cellular signals that it produces. Additionally, improvement of screening methods, both in vitro and in silico, have led to the discovery of a number of compounds targeting components of the ubiquitin proteasome system, and some of these have now entered clinical trials. Here, we discuss the current state of drug discovery targeting E3 ligases and the opportunities and challenges that it provides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Landré
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester, UK
| | - Barak Rotblat
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester, UK
| | - Sonia Melino
- Biochemistry Laboratory, IDI-IRCCS, c/o Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Bernassola
- Biochemistry Laboratory, IDI-IRCCS, c/o Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Gerry Melino
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester, UK. Biochemistry Laboratory, IDI-IRCCS, c/o Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
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Angelman syndrome-associated ubiquitin ligase UBE3A/E6AP mutants interfere with the proteolytic activity of the proteasome. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1625. [PMID: 25633294 PMCID: PMC4669770 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Angelman syndrome, a severe neurodevelopmental disease, occurs primarily due to genetic defects, which cause lack of expression or mutations in the wild-type E6AP/UBE3A protein. A proportion of the Angelman syndrome patients bear UBE3A point mutations, which do not interfere with the expression of the full-length protein, however, these individuals still develop physiological conditions of the disease. Interestingly, most of these mutations are catalytically defective, thereby indicating the importance of UBE3A enzymatic activity role in the Angelman syndrome pathology. In this study, we show that Angelman syndrome-associated mutants interact strongly with the proteasome via the S5a proteasomal subunit, resulting in an overall inhibitory effect on the proteolytic activity of the proteasome. Our results suggest that mutated catalytically inactive forms of UBE3A may cause defects in overall proteasome function, which could have an important role in the Angelman syndrome pathology.
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The role of ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like modification systems in papillomavirus biology. Viruses 2014; 6:3584-611. [PMID: 25254385 PMCID: PMC4189040 DOI: 10.3390/v6093584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are small DNA viruses that are important etiological agents of a spectrum of human skin lesions from benign to malignant. Because of their limited genome coding capacity they express only a small number of proteins, only one of which has enzymatic activity. Additionally, the HPV productive life cycle is intimately tied to the epithelial differentiation program and they must replicate in what are normally non-replicative cells, thus, these viruses must reprogram the cellular environment to achieve viral reproduction. Because of these limitations and needs, the viral proteins have evolved to co-opt cellular processes primarily through protein-protein interactions with critical host proteins. The ubiquitin post-translational modification system and the related ubiquitin-like modifiers constitute a widespread cellular regulatory network that controls the levels and functions of thousands of proteins, making these systems an attractive target for viral manipulation. This review describes the interactions between HPVs and the ubiquitin family of modifiers, both to regulate the viral proteins themselves and to remodel the host cell to facilitate viral survival and reproduction.
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Habbous S, Pang V, Xu W, Amir E, Liu G. Human papillomavirus and host genetic polymorphisms in carcinogenesis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Virol 2014; 61:220-9. [PMID: 25174543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in carcinogenesis continues to rise, the role of genetic factors that modify this risk have become increasingly important. In this study, we reviewed the literature for associations between polymorphisms and HPV in carcinogenesis. OBJECTIVE To identify any associations of genetic polymorphisms with oncogenic HPV in carcinogenesis and to evaluate the methodology used. STUDY DESIGN Systematic literature review of HPV, genetic polymorphisms, and cancer risk. Odds ratios (OR), interaction terms, and p-values were tabulated. Meta-analyses and measures of heterogeneity were estimated using RevMan 5.1. RESULTS The cervix was the most frequently studied cancer site followed by the head and neck. Overall risk of cancer (cancer vs. control) was the most common comparison, whereas reports of initiation (pre-cancer vs. control) and progression (cancer vs. pre-cancer) were rare. Case-series and joint-effect of HPV and genotype on risk was evaluated frequently, but the independent effect of either risk factor alone was rarely provided. P53-Arg72Pro was the most commonly studied polymorphism studied. No consistent interaction was detected by meta-analysis in the HPV(+) [OR 0.98 (0.55-1.76)] or the HPV(-) [OR 1.10 (0.76-1.60)] subsets in head and neck cancer risk. Polymorphisms in genes known to encode proteins that physically interact with HPV were infrequently studied. CONCLUSION No consistent polymorphism-HPV interactions were observed. Study design, choice of candidate polymorphisms/genes, and a focus on overall risk rather than any specific portions of the carcinogenic pathway may have contributed to lack of significant findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Habbous
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9
| | - Vincent Pang
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9
| | - Wei Xu
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9; Department of Biostatistics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9
| | - Eitan Amir
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9; Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9
| | - Geoffrey Liu
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9; Medicine and Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Canada M5G 2M9.
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Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is clinically very common. It is usually a major risk factor in the development of cutaneous benign lesions, cervical cancer and a variety of other malignancies. The biological function of ubiquitination as an intracellular proteasomal-mediated form of protein degradation and an important modulator in the regulation of many fundamental cellular processes has been increasingly recognized over the last decade. HPV proteins have been demonstrated to evolve different strategies to utilize the ubiquitin system for their own purposes. The putative roles of E3 ubiquitin ligases in HPV-induced carcinogenesis have become increasingly apparent, although the mechanisms remain unclear. In this review we provide an update on the mechanisms of the involvement of E3 ubiquitin ligases in HPV-induced carcinogenesis, focusing on their interaction with HPV proteins and their roles in several signalling pathways. Targeting the E3 ubiquitin ligases might offer potential therapeutic strategies for HPV-related diseases in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Lou
- Department of Dentistry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
The papillomavirus E2 proteins are pivotal to the viral life cycle and have well characterized functions in transcriptional regulation, initiation of DNA replication and partitioning the viral genome. The E2 proteins also function in vegetative DNA replication, post-transcriptional processes and possibly packaging. This review describes structural and functional aspects of the E2 proteins and their binding sites on the viral genome. It is intended to be a reference guide to this viral protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison A McBride
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Muller M, Demeret C. The HPV E2-Host Protein-Protein Interactions: A Complex Hijacking of the Cellular Network. Open Virol J 2012; 6:173-89. [PMID: 23341853 PMCID: PMC3547520 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901206010173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 100 genotypes of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) have been identified as being responsible for unapparent infections or for lesions ranging from benign skin or genital warts to cancer. The pathogenesis of HPV results from complex relationships between viral and host factors, driven in particular by the interplay between the host proteome and the early viral proteins. The E2 protein regulates the transcription, the replication as well as the mitotic segregation of the viral genome through the recruitment of host cell factors to the HPV regulatory region. It is thereby a pivotal factor for the productive viral life cycle and for viral persistence, a major risk factor for cancer development. In addition, the E2 proteins have been shown to engage numerous interactions through which they play important roles in modulating the host cell. Such E2 activities are probably contributing to create cell conditions appropriate for the successive stages of the viral life cycle, and some of these activities have been demonstrated only for the oncogenic high-risk HPV. The recent mapping of E2-host protein-protein interactions with 12 genotypes representative of HPV diversity has shed some light on the large complexity of the host cell hijacking and on its diversity according to viral genotypes. This article reviews the functions of E2 as they emerge from the E2/host proteome interplay, taking into account the large-scale comparative interactomic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Muller
- Unité de Génétique, Papillomavirus et Cancer Humain (GPCH), Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France ; Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris cite, Cellule Pasteur, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
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Abstract
p53 is an important tumor suppressor, functioning as a transcriptional activator and repressor. Upon receiving signals from multiple stress related pathways, p53 regulates numerous activities such as cell cycle arrest, senescence, and cell death. When p53 activities are not required, the protein is held in check by interacting with 2 key homologous regulators, Mdm2 and MdmX, and a search for inhibitors of these interactions is well underway. However, it is now recognized that Mdm2 and MdmX function beyond simple inhibition of p53, and a complete understanding of Mdm2 and MdmX functions is ever more important. Indeed, increasing evidence suggests that Mdm2 and MdmX affect p53 target gene specificity and influence the activity of other transcription factors, and Mdm2 itself may even function as a transcription co-factor through post-translational modification of chromatin. Additionally, Mdm2 affects post-transcriptional activities such as mRNA stability and translation of a variety of transcripts. Thus, Mdm2 and MdmX influence the expression of many genes through a wide variety of mechanisms, which are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Biderman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Abstract
Regulation of gene transcription is vitally important for the maintenance of normal cellular homeostasis. Failure to correctly regulate gene expression, or to deal with problems that arise during the transcription process, can lead to cellular catastrophe and disease. One of the ways cells cope with the challenges of transcription is by making extensive use of the proteolytic and nonproteolytic activities of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). Here, we review recent evidence showing deep mechanistic connections between the transcription and ubiquitin-proteasome systems. Our goal is to leave the reader with a sense that just about every step in transcription-from transcription initiation through to export of mRNA from the nucleus-is influenced by the UPS and that all major arms of the system--from the first step in ubiquitin (Ub) conjugation through to the proteasome-are recruited into transcriptional processes to provide regulation, directionality, and deconstructive power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuqiang Geng
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-8240, USA.
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Chang SW, Lu PY, Guo JH, Tsai TC, Tsao YP, Chen SL. NRIP enhances HPV gene expression via interaction with either GR or E2. Virology 2011; 423:38-48. [PMID: 22177699 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We previously identified a gene, nuclear receptor-interaction protein (NRIP), which functions as a transcription cofactor in glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and human papillomavirus E2 (HPV E2)-driven gene expression. Here, we comprehensively evaluated the role of NRIP in HPV-16 gene expression. NRIP acts as a transcription cofactor to enhance GR-regulated HPV-16 gene expression in the presence of hormone. NRIP also can form complex with E2 that caused NRIP-induced HPV gene expression via E2-binding sites in a hormone-independent manner. Furthermore, NRIP can associate with GR and E2 to form tri-protein complex to activate HPV gene expression via GRE, not the E2-binding site, in a hormone-dependent manner. These results indicate that NRIP and GR are viral E2-binding proteins and that NRIP regulates HPV gene expression via GRE and/or E2 binding site in the HPV promoter in a hormone-dependent or independent manner, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Wei Chang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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Wang Z, Sturgis EM, Zhang Y, Huang Z, Zhou Q, Wei Q, Li G. Combined p53-related genetic variants together with HPV infection increase oral cancer risk. Int J Cancer 2011; 131:E251-8. [PMID: 22052649 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
To explore the role of polymorphisms of p53-related genes in etiology of oral cancer, we investigated joint effects of seven putatively functional polymorphisms of p53 (codon 72 Arg/Pro), p73 (4/14 GC/AT), murine double minute 2 gene (MDM2; A2164G and T2580G) and MDM4 (rs11801299 G > A, rs10900598 G > T and rs1380576 C > G) on risk of human papillomavirus (HPV)16-associated oral cancer in a case-control study with 325 cases and 335 cancer-free controls. We found that HPV16 seropositivity alone was associated with an increased risk of oral cancer [adjusted odds ratio (OR), 3.1; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.1-4.6]. After combining genotypes of seven polymorphisms and using the low-risk group (0-3 combined risk genotypes) and HPV16 seronegativity as the reference group, the medium-risk (4 combined risk genotypes) and high-risk groups (5-7 combined risk genotypes) and HPV16 seronegativity were associated with only an OR of 1.6 (95% CI, 1.1-2.5) and 1.2 (95% CI, 0.7-1.9) for oral cancer risk, respectively, whereas the low-risk, medium-risk and high-risk groups and HPV16 seropositivity were significantly associated with a higher OR of 2.1 (95% CI, 1.2-3.6), 4.0 (95% CI, 1.8-9.1) and 19.1 (95% CI, 5.7-64.2), respectively. Notably, such effect modification by these combined risk genotypes was particularly pronounced in young subjects (aged < 50 years), never smokers and patients with oropharyngeal cancer. Taken together, these findings suggest that the combined risk genotypes of p53-related genes may modify risk of HPV16-associated oral cancer, especially in young patients, never-smokers and patients with oropharyngeal cancer. Larger studies are needed to validate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqiu Wang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Yu H, Sturgis EM, Liu Z, Wang LE, Wei Q, Li G. Modifying effect of MDM4 variants on risk of HPV16-associated squamous cell carcinoma of oropharynx. Cancer 2011; 118:1684-92. [PMID: 21823114 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.26423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The p53 pathway plays a critical role in maintaining genomic stability and preventing tumor formation. Given the roles of both MDM4 and HPV16 E6 oncoproteins in inhibition of p53 activity, we tested the hypothesis that MDM4 polymorphisms are associated with the risk of HPV16-associated squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck (SCCHN). METHODS Genotyping was conducted on 3 tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs11801299 G>A, rs10900598 G>T, and rs1380576 C>G) in MDM4, and serology was used to determine HPV 16 exposure in 380 cases and 335 cancer-free controls that were frequency-matched by age, sex, smoking, and drinking status. RESULTS None of 3 MDM4 polymorphisms alone was significantly associated with risk of overall SCCHN. With further analysis stratified by HPV16 serology and tumor site, we found that each polymorphism individually modified the risk of HPV16-associated squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx (SCCOP), and such effect modification was particularly pronounced in never smokers and never drinkers. CONCLUSION The risk of HPV16-associated SCCOP could be modified by MDM4 polymorphisms. Large and prospective studies are needed to validate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongping Yu
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Chang SW, Tsao YP, Lin CY, Chen SL. NRIP, a novel calmodulin binding protein, activates calcineurin to dephosphorylate human papillomavirus E2 protein. J Virol 2011; 85:6750-63. [PMID: 21543494 PMCID: PMC3126500 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02453-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we found a gene named nuclear receptor interaction protein (NRIP) (or DCAF6 or IQWD1). We demonstrate that NRIP is a novel binding protein for human papillomavirus 16 (HPV-16) E2 protein. HPV-16 E2 and NRIP can directly associate into a complex in vivo and in vitro, and the N-terminal domain of NRIP interacts with the transactivation domain of HPV-16 E2. Only full-length NRIP can stabilize E2 protein and induce HPV gene expression, and NRIP silenced by two designed small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) decreases E2 protein levels and E2-driven gene expression. We found that NRIP can directly bind with calmodulin in the presence of calcium through its IQ domain, resulting in decreased E2 ubiquitination and increased E2 protein stability. Complex formation between NRIP and calcium/calmodulin activates the phosphatase calcineurin to dephosphorylate E2 and increase E2 protein stability. We present evidences for E2 phosphorylation in vivo and show that NRIP acts as a scaffold to recruit E2 and calcium/calmodulin to prevent polyubiquitination and degradation of E2, enhancing E2 stability and E2-driven gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Wei Chang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Yeou-Ping Tsao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yi Lin
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Show-Li Chen
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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Bellanger S, Tan CL, Xue YZ, Teissier S, Thierry F. Tumor suppressor or oncogene? A critical role of the human papillomavirus (HPV) E2 protein in cervical cancer progression. Am J Cancer Res 2011; 1:373-389. [PMID: 21968515 PMCID: PMC3180061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The papillomavirus (PV) E2 proteins have been shown to exert many functions in the viral cycle including pivotal roles in transcriptional regulation and in viral DNA replication. Besides these historical roles, which rely on their aptitude to bind to specific DNA sequences, E2 has also been shown to modulate the host cells through direct protein interactions mainly through its amino terminal transactivation domain. We will describe here some of these new functions of E2 and their potential implication in the HPV-induced carcinogenesis. More particularly we will focus on E2-mediated modulation of the host cell cycle and consequences to cell transformation. In all, the HPV E2 proteins exhibit complex functions independent of transcription that can modulate the host cells in concert with the viral vegetative cycle and which could be involved in early carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Bellanger
- Institute of Medical Biology 8A Biochemical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, 138648, Singapore
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Jung JW, Choi JC, Kim JY, Park IW, Choi BW, Shin JW, Christman JW. The Macrophage-Specific Transcription Factor Can Be Modified Posttranslationally by Ubiquitination in the Lipopolysaccharide-Treated Macrophages. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2011. [DOI: 10.4046/trd.2011.70.2.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Woo Jung
- Divisioin of Allergy, Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Chol Choi
- Divisioin of Allergy, Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Yeol Kim
- Divisioin of Allergy, Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - In Won Park
- Divisioin of Allergy, Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byoung Whui Choi
- Divisioin of Allergy, Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Wook Shin
- Divisioin of Allergy, Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - John William Christman
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Chen X, Sturgis EM, Lei D, Dahlstrom K, Wei Q, Li G. Human papillomavirus seropositivity synergizes with MDM2 variants to increase the risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Res 2010; 70:7199-208. [PMID: 20736372 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-4733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The increasing incidence of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in young adults has been associated with sexually transmitted infections of human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly HPV16. Given the roles of p53 in tumor suppression and of HPV E6 and MDM2 oncoproteins in p53 degradation, we evaluated HPV16 L1 seropositivity and MDM2 promoter variants to examine their possible associations with OSCC risk in a case-control study of 325 patients and 335 cancer-free matched controls. Compared with individuals having MDM2-rs2279744 GT or GG genotypes and HPV16 L1 seronegativity, the TT genotype and HPV16 L1 seronegativity were found to be associated with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.25 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.06-2.19] for OSCC risk, and GT/GG and HPV16 L1 seropositivity were associated with an OR of 2.81 (95% CI, 1.67-4.74). For those with both the TT genotype and HPV16 L1 seropositivity, the associated OR was 5.57 (95% CI, 2.93-10.6). Similar results were observed for the MDM2-rs937283 polymorphism. Moreover, there was a borderline significant or significant interaction between the individual or combined MDM2 genotypes of the two polymorphisms and HPV16 L1 seropositivity (P(int) = 0.060 for MDM2-rs2279744, P(int) = 0.009 for MDM2-rs937283, and P(int) = 0.005 for the combined MDM2 genotypes) on risk of OSCC. Notably, that effect modification was particularly pronounced in never smokers and never drinkers, and for oropharyngeal as opposed to oral cavity cancer. Taken together, our results indicate that the risk of OSCC associated with HPV16 L1 seropositivity is modified by MDM2 promoter polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingming Chen
- Departments of Head and Neck Surgery and Epidemiology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Proteasomal degradation of the papillomavirus E2 protein is inhibited by overexpression of bromodomain-containing protein 4. J Virol 2009; 83:4127-39. [PMID: 19211738 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02468-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The E2 protein of human papillomavirus (HPV) binds to specific sites in the viral genome to regulate its transcription, replication, and maintenance in infected cells. Like most regulatory proteins, E2 is rapidly turned over. A high-throughput assay was developed to quantify the expression and stability of E2 in vivo, based on its fusion to Renilla luciferase (RLuc). The steady-state levels of Rluc-E2 were quantified by measuring the amounts of associated luciferase activity, and its degradation was measured by monitoring the decrease in enzymatic activity occurring after a block of translation with cycloheximide. Using this assay, the E2 proteins from a low-risk (HPV11) and a high-risk (HPV31) human papillomavirus (HPV) type were found to have short half-lives of 60 min in C33A cervical carcinoma cells and to be ubiquitinated and degraded by the proteasome. Analysis of mutant proteins showed that the instability of E2 is independent of its DNA-binding and transcriptional activities but is encoded within its transactivation domain, the region that binds to the cellular chromatin factor bromodomain-containing protein 4 (Brd4) to regulate viral gene transcription. Overexpression of Brd4, or of its C-terminal E2-interaction domain, was found to increase the steady-state levels and stability of wild-type E2 but not of E2 mutants defective for binding Brd4. These results indicate that the stability of E2 is increased upon complex formation with Brd4 and highlight the value of the luciferase assay for the study of E2 degradation.
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