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Bahojb Mahdavi SZ, Jebelli A, Aghbash PS, Baradaran B, Amini M, Oroojalian F, Pouladi N, Baghi HB, de la Guardia M, Mokhtarzadeh AA. A comprehensive overview on the crosstalk between microRNAs and viral pathogenesis and infection. Med Res Rev 2024. [PMID: 39185567 DOI: 10.1002/med.22073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Infections caused by viruses as the smallest infectious agents, pose a major threat to global public health. Viral infections utilize different host mechanisms to facilitate their own propagation and pathogenesis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), as small noncoding RNA molecules, play important regulatory roles in different diseases, including viral infections. They can promote or inhibit viral infection and have a pro-viral or antiviral role. Also, viral infections can modulate the expression of host miRNAs. Furthermore, viruses from different families evade the host immune response by producing their own miRNAs called viral miRNAs (v-miRNAs). Understanding the replication cycle of viruses and their relation with host miRNAs and v-miRNAs can help to find new treatments against viral infections. In this review, we aim to outline the structure, genome, and replication cycle of various viruses including hepatitis B, hepatitis C, influenza A virus, coronavirus, human immunodeficiency virus, human papillomavirus, herpes simplex virus, Epstein-Barr virus, Dengue virus, Zika virus, and Ebola virus. We also discuss the role of different host miRNAs and v-miRNAs and their role in the pathogenesis of these viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Zahra Bahojb Mahdavi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Asiyeh Jebelli
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Basic Science, Higher Education Institute of Rab-Rashid, Tabriz, Iran
- Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amini
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Oroojalian
- Department of Advanced Sciences and Technologies in Medicine, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Nasser Pouladi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Miguel de la Guardia
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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2
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Liang T, Chen H, Liu L, Zheng Y, Ma Z, Min L, Zhang J, Wu L, Ma J, Liu Z, Zhang Q, Luo K, Hu D, Ji T, Yu X. Antibody Profiling of Pan-Cancer Viral Proteome Reveals Biomarkers for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Prognosis. Mol Cell Proteomics 2024; 23:100729. [PMID: 38309569 PMCID: PMC10933552 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2024.100729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Diagnosing, predicting disease outcome, and identifying effective treatment targets for virus-related cancers are lacking. Protein biomarkers have the potential to bridge the gap between prevention and treatment for these types of cancers. While it has been shown that certain antibodies against EBV proteins could be used to detect nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), antibodies targeting are solely a tiny part of the about 80 proteins expressed by the EBV genome. Furthermore, it remains unclear what role other viruses play in NPC since many diseases are the result of multiple viral infections. For the first time, this study measured both IgA and IgG antibody responses against 646 viral proteins from 23 viruses in patients with NPC and control subjects using nucleic acid programmable protein arrays. Candidate seromarkers were then validated by ELISA using 1665 serum samples from three clinical cohorts. We demonstrated that the levels of five candidate seromarkers (EBV-BLLF3-IgA, EBV-BLRF2-IgA, EBV-BLRF2-IgG, EBV-BDLF1-IgA, EBV-BDLF1-IgG) in NPC patients were significantly elevated than controls. Additional examination revealed that NPC could be successfully diagnosed by combining the clinical biomarker EBNA1-IgA with the five anti-EBV antibodies. The sensitivity of the six-antibody signature at 95% specificity to diagnose NPC was comparable to the current clinically-approved biomarker combination, VCA-IgA, and EBNA1-IgA. However, the recombinant antigens of the five antibodies are easier to produce and standardize compared to the native viral VCA proteins. This suggests the potential replacement of the traditional VCA-IgA assay with the 5-antibodies combination to screen and diagnose NPC. Additionally, we investigated the prognostic significance of these seromarkers titers in NPC. We showed that NPC patients with elevated BLLF3-IgA and BDLF1-IgA titers in their serum exhibited significantly poorer disease-free survival, suggesting the potential of these two seromarkers as prognostic indicators of NPC. These findings will help develop serological tests to detect and treat NPC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te Liang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing (PHOENIX Center), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Yongqiang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoen Ma
- Otolaryngological department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Min
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing (PHOENIX Center), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Lianfu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing (PHOENIX Center), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing (PHOENIX Center), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Zexian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Di Hu
- ProteomicsEra Medical Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Tianxing Ji
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaobo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing (PHOENIX Center), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China.
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3
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Nishio M, Saito M, Yoshimori M, Kumaki Y, Ohashi A, Susaki E, Yonese I, Sawada M, Arai A. Clinical significance of anti-Epstein-Barr virus antibodies in systemic chronic active Epstein-Barr virus disease. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1320292. [PMID: 38260896 PMCID: PMC10800478 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1320292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Systemic chronic active Epstein-Barr virus disease (sCAEBV) is a rare and fatal neoplasm, involving clonally proliferating Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected T cells or natural killer cells. Patients with sCAEBV have abnormal titers of anti-EBV antibodies in their peripheral blood, but their significance is unknown. We retrospectively investigated titers and their relationship with the clinical features of sCAEBV using the data collected by the Japanese nationwide survey. Eighty-four patients with sCAEBV were analyzed. The anti-EBV nuclear antigen (EBNA) antibody, targeting EBNA-expressing EBV-positive cells, was found in 87.5% of children (<15 years old), 73.7% of adolescents and young adults (15-39 years old), and 100% of adults (≥40 years old). Anti-EBNA antibody titers were significantly lower and anti-VCA-IgG antibody titers significantly higher in patients with sCAEBV than those in healthy controls (p < 0.0001). Patients with high anti-VCA-IgG and anti-early antigen-IgG antibody (antibodies against the viral particles) levels had significantly better 3-year overall survival rates than those with low titers, suggesting that patients with sCAEBV have a reduced immune response to EBV-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miwako Nishio
- Department of Hematology and Biophysical Systems Analysis, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minori Saito
- Department of Hematology and Biophysical Systems Analysis, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayumi Yoshimori
- Department of Hematology and Biophysical Systems Analysis, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Kumaki
- Department of Hematology and Biophysical Systems Analysis, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayaka Ohashi
- Department of Hematology and Biophysical Systems Analysis, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Frontier Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Eri Susaki
- Department of Hematology and Biophysical Systems Analysis, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Yonese
- Department of Hematology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Megumi Sawada
- Department of Nutrition, Tokyo Kasei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayako Arai
- Department of Hematology and Biophysical Systems Analysis, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Hematology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
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4
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Parisi F, Fonti N, Millanta F, Freer G, Pistello M, Poli A. Exploring the link between viruses and cancer in companion animals: a comprehensive and comparative analysis. Infect Agent Cancer 2023; 18:40. [PMID: 37386451 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-023-00518-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, it is estimated that 15% of human neoplasms globally are caused by infectious agents, with new evidence emerging continuously. Multiple agents have been implicated in various forms of neoplasia, with viruses as the most frequent. In recent years, investigation on viral mechanisms underlying tumoral transformation in cancer development and progression are in the spotlight, both in human and veterinary oncology. Oncogenic viruses in veterinary medicine are of primary importance not only as original pathogens of pets, but also in the view of pets as models of human malignancies. Hence, this work will provide an overview of the main oncogenic viruses of companion animals, with brief notes of comparative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Parisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge, 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Niccolò Fonti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge, 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Millanta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge, 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Freer
- Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazionale e delle Nuove Tecnologie in Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Pisa, Via Risorgimento, 36, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mauro Pistello
- Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazionale e delle Nuove Tecnologie in Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Pisa, Via Risorgimento, 36, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Poli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge, 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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Regulation of Epstein-Barr Virus Minor Capsid Protein BORF1 by TRIM5α. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315340. [PMID: 36499678 PMCID: PMC9735550 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
TRIM5α is a host anti-retroviral restriction factor that destroys human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) virions and triggers innate immune signaling. TRIM5α also mediates the autophagic degradation of target proteins via TRIMosome formation. We previously showed that TRIM5α promotes Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) Rta ubiquitination and attenuates EBV lytic progression. In this study, we sought to elucidate whether TRIM5α can interact with and induce the degradation of EBV capsid proteins. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) pulldown and immunoprecipitation assays were conducted to identify interacting proteins, and mutants were generated to investigate key binding domains and ubiquitination sites. Results showed that TRIM5α binds directly with BORF1, an EBV capsid protein with a nuclear localization signal (NLS) that enables the transport of EBV capsid proteins into the host nucleus to facilitate capsid assembly. TRIM5α promotes BORF1 ubiquitination, which requires the surface patch region in the TRIM5α PRY/SPRY domain. TRIM5α expression also decreases the stability of BORF1(6KR), a mutant with all lysine residues mutated to arginine. However, chloroquine treatment restores the stability of BORF1(6KR), suggesting that TRIM5α destabilizes BORF1 via direct recognition of its substrate for autophagic degradation. These results reveal novel insights into the antiviral impact of TRIM5α beyond retroviruses.
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Aguayo F, Boccardo E, Corvalán A, Calaf GM, Blanco R. Interplay between Epstein-Barr virus infection and environmental xenobiotic exposure in cancer. Infect Agent Cancer 2021; 16:50. [PMID: 34193233 PMCID: PMC8243497 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-021-00391-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a herpesvirus associated with lymphoid and epithelial malignancies. Both B cells and epithelial cells are susceptible and permissive to EBV infection. However, considering that 90% of the human population is persistently EBV-infected, with a minority of them developing cancer, additional factors are necessary for tumor development. Xenobiotics such as tobacco smoke (TS) components, pollutants, pesticides, and food chemicals have been suggested as cofactors involved in EBV-associated cancers. In this review, the suggested mechanisms by which xenobiotics cooperate with EBV for carcinogenesis are discussed. Additionally, a model is proposed in which xenobiotics, which promote oxidative stress (OS) and DNA damage, regulate EBV replication, promoting either the maintenance of viral genomes or lytic activation, ultimately leading to cancer. Interactions between EBV and xenobiotics represent an opportunity to identify mechanisms by which this virus is involved in carcinogenesis and may, in turn, suggest both prevention and control strategies for EBV-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enrique Boccardo
- Laboratory of Oncovirology, Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alejandro Corvalán
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gloria M Calaf
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, 1000000, Arica, Chile.,Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Rancés Blanco
- Laboratorio de Oncovirología, Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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7
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Huang HH, Wang WH, Feng TH, Chang LK. Rta is an Epstein-Barr virus tegument protein that improves the stability of capsid protein BORF1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 523:773-779. [PMID: 31948747 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rta, a key transcription factor expressed by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), primarily acts to induce activation of the EBV lytic cycle. Interestingly, we observed from an immunogold assay that Rta is also present on the EBV capsid in the host cell nucleus, and a centrifugation study further revealed that Rta cofractionates with EBV virions. Importantly, cofractionated Rta showed similar properties as the EBV tegument protein, BGLF4. Glutathione S-transferase (GST)-pulldown and coimmunoprecipitation assays subsequently demonstrated that Rta directly interacts with the EBV capsid protein, BORF1. Rta was observed to colocalize with BORF1 in the nucleus during EBV lytic induction, and this interaction appears to influence BORF1 stability. Moreover, we found that BORF1 is modified by ubiquitin, and Rta reduces this ubiquitination. These results indicate that Rta may act as an inner tegument protein to improve EBV capsid stability and critical to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Hung Huang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hung Wang
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hui Feng
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Kwan Chang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Hung CH, Chiu YF, Wang WH, Chen LW, Chang PJ, Huang TY, Lin YJ, Tsai WJ, Yang CC. Interaction Between BGLF2 and BBLF1 Is Required for the Efficient Production of Infectious Epstein-Barr Virus Particles. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:3021. [PMID: 32038519 PMCID: PMC6993569 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BGLF2 is a tegument protein of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). This study finds that BGLF2 is expressed in the late stage of the EBV lytic cycle. Microscopic investigations reveal that BGLF2 is present in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm and colocalized with BBLF1 and gp350 at juxtanuclear regions in the cytoplasm. This study also finds that the basic KKK69 motif of BGLF2 and acidic DYEE31 motif of BBLF1 are crucial for the interaction between BGLF2 and BBLF1, which is required for the recruitment of BGLF2 to the BBLF1 that is anchored on the trans-Golgi-network (TGN). In addition, BGLF2 in a density gradient is co-sedimented with un-enveloped capsids, revealing that BGLF2 associates with the EBV capsid before the final envelopment. The knockout of BGLF2 expression is demonstrated to reduce the numbers of infectious virions that are released into the culture medium, but they do not affect the expression of lytic proteins and viral DNA replication. The production of infectious viral particles by a BGLF2-knockout mutant can be rescued by exogenously expressed BGLF2 but only partially rescued by BGLF2-3KA, which is a mutant with reduced ability to interact with BBLF1 but does not affect its ability to activate the MAPK pathway and the expression of the EBV lytic proteins, suggesting that the interaction of BGLF2 with BBLF1 is important to the efficient production of infectious viral particles during the maturation. The results of this study improve our understanding of how BGLF2 promotes EBV viral production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hui Hung
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Chiayi Branch, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Fang Chiu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hung Wang
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Wen Chen
- Department of Respiratory Care, Chang-Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Pey-Jium Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Yu Huang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Chiayi Branch, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ju Lin
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ju Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ching Yang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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9
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Lin MH, Li CC, Shu JC, Chu HW, Liu CC, Wu CC. Exoproteome Profiling Reveals the Involvement of the Foldase PrsA in the Cell Surface Properties and Pathogenesis ofStaphylococcus aureus. Proteomics 2018; 18:e1700195. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201700195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hui Lin
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Tao-Yuan Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Linkou Tao-Yuan Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Tao-Yuan Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chun Li
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Tao-Yuan Taiwan
| | - Jwu-Ching Shu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Tao-Yuan Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Linkou Tao-Yuan Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Tao-Yuan Taiwan
| | - Hao-Wei Chu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Tao-Yuan Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Tao-Yuan Taiwan
| | - Chao-Chin Liu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Tao-Yuan Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Tao-Yuan Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ching Wu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Tao-Yuan Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Tao-Yuan Taiwan
- Molecular Medicine Research Center; Chang Gung University; Tao-Yuan Taiwan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Linkou Tao-Yuan Taiwan
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Fang Chiu
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705;
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin 53715
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Bill Sugden
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705;
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11
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Cheng YC, Ke WJ, Liu ST. Regions involved in fengycin synthetases enzyme complex formation. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2016; 50:755-762. [PMID: 26857334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fengycin is a lipopeptide antibiotic synthesized nonribosomally by five fengycin synthetases. These enzymes are linked in a specific order to form the complex. This study investigates how these enzymes interact in the complex and analyzes the regions in the enzymes that are critical to the interactions. METHODS Deletions were generated in the fengycin synthetases. The interaction of these mutant proteins with their partner enzymes in the complex was analyzed in vitro by a glutathione S-transferase (GST) or nickel pulldown assay. RESULTS The communication-mediating donor (COM-D) domains of the fengycin synthetases, when fused to GST, specifically pulled down their downstream partner enzymes in the GST-pulldown assays. The communication-mediating acceptor (COM-A) domains were required for binding between two partner enzymes, although the domains alone did not confer specificity of the binding to their upstream partner enzymes. This study found that the COM-A domain, the condensation domain, and a portion of the adenylation domain in fengycin synthetase B (FenB) were required for specific binding to fengycin synthetase A (FenA). CONCLUSION The interaction between the COM-D and COM-A domains in two partner enzymes is critical for nonribosomal peptide synthesis. The COM-A domain alone is insufficient for interacting with its upstream partner enzyme in the enzyme complex with specificity; a region that contains COM-A, condensation, and a portion of adenylation domains in the downstream partner enzyme is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chieh Cheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ju Ke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Research Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Tung Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research and Development Chiayi Branch, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.
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12
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Changotra H, Turk SM, Artigues A, Thakur N, Gore M, Muggeridge MI, Hutt-Fletcher LM. Epstein-Barr virus glycoprotein gM can interact with the cellular protein p32 and knockdown of p32 impairs virus. Virology 2016; 489:223-32. [PMID: 26773383 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus glycoprotein complex gMgN has been implicated in assembly and release of fully enveloped virus, although the precise role that it plays has not been elucidated. We report here that the long predicted cytoplasmic tail of gM is not required for complex formation and that it interacts with the cellular protein p32, which has been reported to be involved in nuclear egress of human cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus. Although redistribution of p32 and colocalization with gM was not observed in virus infected cells, knockdown of p32 expression by siRNA or lentivirus-delivered shRNA recapitulated the phenotype of a virus lacking expression of gNgM. A proportion of virus released from cells sedimented with characteristics of virus lacking an intact envelope and there was an increase in virus trapped in nuclear condensed chromatin. The observations suggest the possibility that p32 may also be involved in nuclear egress of Epstein-Barr virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish Changotra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology and Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Susan M Turk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology and Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Antonio Artigues
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Nagendra Thakur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology and Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Mindy Gore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology and Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Martin I Muggeridge
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology and Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Lindsey M Hutt-Fletcher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology and Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA.
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13
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Ke WJ, Hsueh YH, Cheng YC, Wu CC, Liu ST. Water surface tension modulates the swarming mechanics of Bacillus subtilis. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1017. [PMID: 26557106 PMCID: PMC4616241 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Many Bacillus subtilis strains swarm, often forming colonies with tendrils on agar medium. It is known that B. subtilis swarming requires flagella and a biosurfactant, surfactin. In this study, we find that water surface tension plays a role in swarming dynamics. B. subtilis colonies were found to contain water, and when a low amount of surfactin is produced, the water surface tension of the colony restricts expansion, causing bacterial density to rise. The increased density induces a quorum sensing response that leads to heightened production of surfactin, which then weakens water surface tension to allow colony expansion. When the barrier formed by water surface tension is breached at a specific location, a stream of bacteria swarms out of the colony to form a tendril. If a B. subtilis strain produces surfactin at levels that can substantially weaken the overall water surface tension of the colony, water floods the agar surface in a thin layer, within which bacteria swarm and migrate rapidly. This study sheds light on the role of water surface tension in regulating B. subtilis swarming, and provides insight into the mechanisms underlying swarming initiation and tendril formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ju Ke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University Taoyuan, Taiwan ; Research Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Chang Gung University Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Huang Hsueh
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Yuan Ze University Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chieh Cheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ching Wu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science Proteomic Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Tung Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University Taoyuan, Taiwan ; Department of Medical Research and Development, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Chiayi Branch Chiayi, Taiwan
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14
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Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) capsid contains a major capsid protein, VCA; two minor capsid proteins, BDLF1 and BORF1; and a small capsid protein, BFRF3. During the lytic cycle, these capsid proteins are synthesized and imported into the host nucleus for capsid assembly. This study finds that EBV capsid proteins colocalize with promyelocytic leukemia (PML) nuclear bodies (NBs) in P3HR1 cells during the viral lytic cycle, appearing as nuclear speckles under a confocal laser scanning microscope. In a glutathione S-transferase pulldown study, we show that BORF1 interacts with PML-NBs in vitro. BORF1 also colocalizes with PML-NBs in EBV-negative Akata cells after transfection and is responsible for bringing VCA and the VCA-BFRF3 complex from the cytoplasm to PML-NBs in the nucleus. Furthermore, BDLF1 is dispersed throughout the cell when expressed alone but colocalizes with PML-NBs when BORF1 is also present in the cell. In addition, this study finds that knockdown of PML expression by short hairpin RNA does not influence the intracellular levels of capsid proteins but reduces the number of viral particles produced by P3HR1 cells. Together, these results demonstrate that BORF1 plays a critical role in bringing capsid proteins to PML-NBs, which may likely be the assembly sites of EBV capsids. The mechanisms elucidated in this study are critical to understanding the process of EBV capsid assembly. IMPORTANCE Capsid assembly is an important event during the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) lytic cycle, as this process is required for the production of virions. In this study, confocal microscopy revealed that the EBV capsid protein BORF1 interacts with promyelocytic leukemia (PML) nuclear bodies (NBs) in the host nucleus and is responsible for transporting the other EBV capsid proteins, including VCA, BDLF1, and BFRF3, to these subnuclear locations prior to initiation of capsid assembly. This study also found that knockdown of PML expression by short hairpin RNA significantly reduces EBV capsid assembly capabilities. This enhanced understanding of capsid assembly offers potential for the development of novel antiviral strategies and therapies that can prevent the propagation and spread of EBV.
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15
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BGLF4 kinase modulates the structure and transport preference of the nuclear pore complex to facilitate nuclear import of Epstein-Barr virus lytic proteins. J Virol 2014; 89:1703-18. [PMID: 25410863 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02880-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED BGLF4 kinase, the only Ser/Thr protein kinase encoded by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome, phosphorylates multiple viral and cellular substrates to optimize the cellular environment for viral DNA replication and the nuclear egress of nucleocapsids. Previously, we found that nuclear targeting of BGLF4 is through direct interaction with the FG repeat-containing nucleoporins (FG-Nups) Nup62 and Nup153 independently of cytosolic transport factors. Here, we investigated the regulatory effects of BGLF4 on the structure and biological functions of the nuclear pore complex (NPC). In EBV-positive NA cells, the distribution of FG-Nups was modified during EBV reactivation. In transfected cells, BGLF4 changed the staining pattern of Nup62 and Nup153 in a kinase activity-dependent manner. Detection with anti-phospho-Ser/Thr-Pro MPM-2 antibody demonstrated that BGLF4 induced the phosphorylation of Nup62 and Nup153. The nuclear targeting of importin β was attenuated in the presence of BGLF4, leading to inhibition of canonical nuclear localization signal (NLS)-mediated nuclear import. An in vitro nuclear import assay revealed that BGLF4 induced the nuclear import of larger molecules. Notably, we found that BGLF4 promoted the nuclear import of several non-NLS-containing EBV proteins, including the viral DNA-replicating enzymes BSLF1, BBLF2/3, and BBLF4 and the major capsid protein (VCA), in cotransfected cells. The data presented here suggest that BGLF4 interferes with the normal functions of Nup62 and Nup153 and preferentially helps the nuclear import of viral proteins for viral DNA replication and assembly. In addition, the nuclear import-promoting activity was found in cells expressing the BGLF4 homologs of another two gammaherpesviruses but not those from alpha- and betaherpesviruses. IMPORTANCE During lytic replication, many EBV genome-encoded proteins need to be transported into the nucleus, not only for viral DNA replication but also for the assembly of nucleocapsids. Because nuclear pore complexes are effective gateways that control nucleocytoplasmic traffic, most EBV proteins without canonical NLSs are retained in the cytoplasm until they form complexes with their NLS-containing partners for nuclear targeting. In this study, we found that EBV BGLF4 protein kinase interacts with the Nup62 and Nup153 and induces the redistribution of FG-Nups. BGLF4 modulates the function of the NPC to inhibit the nuclear import of host NLS-containing proteins. Simultaneously, the nuclear import of non-NLS-containing EBV lytic proteins was enhanced, possibly through phosphorylation of Nup62 and Nup153, nuclear pore dilation, or microtubule reorganization. Overall, our data suggest that BGLF4-induced modification of nuclear pore transport may block nuclear targeting of cellular proteins and increase the import of viral proteins to promote viral lytic replication.
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16
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Hung CH, Chen LW, Wang WH, Chang PJ, Chiu YF, Hung CC, Lin YJ, Liou JY, Tsai WJ, Hung CL, Liu ST. Regulation of autophagic activation by Rta of Epstein-Barr virus via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway. J Virol 2014; 88:12133-45. [PMID: 25122800 PMCID: PMC4178756 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02033-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular degradation pathway that provides a host defense mechanism against intracellular pathogens. However, many viruses exploit this mechanism to promote their replication. This study shows that lytic induction of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) increases the membrane-bound form of LC3 (LC3-II) and LC3-containing punctate structures in EBV-positive cells. Transfecting 293T cells with a plasmid that expresses Rta also induces autophagy, revealing that Rta is responsible for autophagic activation. The activation involves Atg5, a key component of autophagy, but not the mTOR pathway. The expression of Rta also activates the transcription of the genes that participate in the formation of autophagosomes, including LC3A, LC3B, and ATG9B genes, as well as those that are involved in the regulation of autophagy, including the genes TNF, IRGM, and TRAIL. Additionally, treatment with U0126 inhibits the Rta-induced autophagy and the expression of autophagy genes, indicating that the autophagic activation is caused by the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling by Rta. Finally, the inhibition of autophagic activity by an autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyladenine, or Atg5 small interfering RNA, reduces the expression of EBV lytic proteins and the production of viral particles, revealing that autophagy is critical to EBV lytic progression. This investigation reveals how an EBV-encoded transcription factor promotes autophagy to affect viral lytic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hui Hung
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Wen Chen
- Department of Respiratory Care, Chung-Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hung Wang
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Pey-Jium Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Fang Chiu
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Chen-Chia Hung
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ju Lin
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jieh-Yuan Liou
- Department of Medical Research, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ju Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ling Hung
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Tung Liu
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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17
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Chiu HC, Chow KC, Fan YH, Chang SC, Chiou SH, Chiang SF, Chiou CH, Wu GH, Yang HC, Ho SP, Chen YK, Lee WC, Sun HS. Expression of EBV-encoded oncogenes and EBV-like virions in multiple canine tumors. Vet Microbiol 2013; 163:79-89. [PMID: 23380461 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human oncovirus. Previous studies by us and others have indicated that pet dogs frequently encounter EBV or EBV-related viral infection. In this study, we explored whether EBV is involved in canine malignancies in dogs. EBV-specific BamHI W sequence was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 10 of 12 canine tumor specimens, including 8 of 10 oral tumors. Using reverse transcription-PCR, gene expressions of latent membrane protein 1 (LMP 1) and BamHI H rightward reading frame 1 (BHRF1) were identified in 8 and 7 of 12 specimens, respectively. A novel LMP1 variant, T0905, was predominant in 5 canine tumor specimens and found to exist in EBV positive human BC-2 cells. Another LMP1 variant, T0902, was similar to human tumor variant JB7. The BHRF1 sequence identified from these canine tumors was identical to that of the B95-8 viral strain. LMP1 protein and EBV-encoded RNA (EBER) were detected by immunohistochemistry and fluorescent in situ hybridization, respectively, in several tumors, particularly in tumor nests of oral amelanotic melanomas. Furthermore, EBV-like virions adopting a herpesvirus egress pathway were detected in a canthal fibroblastic osteosarcoma and an oral amelanotic melanoma. In conclusion, we report the expressions of BHRF1 transcript (a viral anti-apoptotic protein), LMP1 (a viral oncoprotein) transcript and protein, EBER (a viral oncogenic RNA), and EBV-like virions in multiple canine tumors. The identity of BHRF1 and the resemblance of LMP1 variants between canine and human tumors indicate either a close evolutionary relationship between canine and human EBV, or the possibility of zoonotic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chuan Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
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18
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The assembly domain of the small capsid protein of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J Virol 2012; 86:11926-30. [PMID: 22915821 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01430-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-assembly of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus capsids occurs when six proteins are coexpressed in insect cells using recombinant baculoviruses; however, if the small capsid protein (SCP) is omitted from the coinfection, assembly does not occur. Herein we delineate and identify precisely the assembly domain and the residues of SCP required for assembly. Hence, six residues, R14, D18, V25, R46, G66, and R70 in the assembly domain, when changed to alanine, completely abolish or reduce capsid assembly.
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19
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Characterization and intracellular trafficking of Epstein-Barr virus BBLF1, a protein involved in virion maturation. J Virol 2012; 86:9647-55. [PMID: 22740416 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01126-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) BBLF1 shares 13 to 15% amino acid sequence identities with the herpes simplex virus 1 UL11 and cytomegalovirus UL99 tegument proteins, which are involved in the final envelopment during viral maturation. This study demonstrates that BBLF1 is a myristoylated and palmitoylated protein, as are UL11 and UL99. Myristoylation of BBLF1 both facilitates its membrane anchoring and stabilizes it. BBLF1 is shown to localize to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) along with gp350/220, a site where final envelopment of EBV particles takes place. The localization of BBLF1 at the TGN requires myristoylation and two acidic clusters, which interact with PACS-1, a cytosolic protein, to mediate retrograde transport from the endosomes to the TGN. Knockdown of the expression of BBLF1 during EBV lytic replication reduces the production of virus particles, demonstrating the requirement of BBLF1 to achieve optimal production of virus particles. BBLF1 is hypothesized to facilitate the budding of tegumented capsid into glycoprotein-embedded membrane during viral maturation.
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20
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Germi R, Effantin G, Grossi L, Ruigrok RWH, Morand P, Schoehn G. Three-dimensional structure of the Epstein-Barr virus capsid. J Gen Virol 2012; 93:1769-1773. [PMID: 22592267 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.043265-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a gammaherpesvirus, infects >90 % of the world's population. Primary infection by EBV can lead to infectious mononucleosis, and EBV persistence is associated with several malignancies. Despite its importance for human health, little structural information is available on EBV. Here we report the purification of the EBV capsid by CsCl- or sucrose density-gradient centrifugation. Cryo-electron microscopy and image analysis resulted in two slightly different three-dimensional structures at about 20 Å resolution. These structures were compared with that of human herpesvirus 8, another gammaherpesvirus. CsCl-gradient purification leads to the removal of part of the triplex complex around the fivefold axes, whereas the complexes between hexons remained in place. This may be due to local differences in stability resulting from variation in quasi-equivalent interactions between pentons and hexons compared with those between hexons only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaele Germi
- CHU de Grenoble, Grenoble, France.,Unit for Virus Host Cell Interactions, UMI 3265, Université Joseph Fourier-EMBL-CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Gregory Effantin
- Unit for Virus Host Cell Interactions, UMI 3265, Université Joseph Fourier-EMBL-CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Laurence Grossi
- CHU de Grenoble, Grenoble, France.,Unit for Virus Host Cell Interactions, UMI 3265, Université Joseph Fourier-EMBL-CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Rob W H Ruigrok
- Unit for Virus Host Cell Interactions, UMI 3265, Université Joseph Fourier-EMBL-CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Patrice Morand
- CHU de Grenoble, Grenoble, France.,Unit for Virus Host Cell Interactions, UMI 3265, Université Joseph Fourier-EMBL-CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Guy Schoehn
- CNRS - Institut de Biologie Structurale-Jean-Pierre Ebel, UMR 5075, 41 rue Jules Horowitz, 38027 Grenoble Cedex, France.,Unit for Virus Host Cell Interactions, UMI 3265, Université Joseph Fourier-EMBL-CNRS, Grenoble, France.,UJF-Grenoble-1 - Institut de Biologie Structurale-Jean-Pierre Ebel, UMR 5075, 41 rue Jules Horowitz, 38027 Grenoble Cedex, France.,CEA - Institut de Biologie Structurale-Jean-Pierre Ebel, UMR 5075, 41 rue Jules Horowitz, 38027 Grenoble Cedex, France
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