1
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Thalmann L, Martin-Gonzalez N, Brücher D, Plückthun A, de Pablo PJ, Suomalainen M, Greber UF. Gutless Helper-Dependent and First-Generation HAdV5 Vectors Have Similar Mechanical Properties and Common Transduction Mechanisms. Hum Gene Ther 2024; 35:163-176. [PMID: 38386500 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2023.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Delivering vectorized information into cells with the help of viruses has been of high interest to fundamental and applied science, and bears significant therapeutic promise. Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) have been at the forefront of gene delivery for many years, and the subject of intensive development resulting in several generations of agents, including replication-competent, -defective or retargeted vectors, and recently also helper-dependent (HD), so-called gutless vectors lacking any viral protein coding information. While it is possible to produce HD-AdVs in significant amounts, physical properties of these virus-like particles and their efficiency of transduction have not been addressed. Here, we used single-cell and single virus particle assays to probe the effect of genome length on HAdV-C5 vector transduction. Our results demonstrate that first-generation C5 vectors lacking the E1/E3 regions of the viral genome as well as HD-AdV-C5 particles with a wild type (wt) ∼36 kbp or an undersized double-strand DNA genome are similar to human adenovirus C5 (HAdV-C5) wt regarding attachment to human lung epithelial cells, endocytic uptake, endosome penetration and dependency on the E3 RING ubiquitin ligase Mind Bomb 1 for DNA uncoating at the nuclear pore complex. Atomic force microscopy measurements of single virus particles indicated that small changes in the genome length from 94% to 103% of HAdV-C5 have no major impact on physical and mechanical features of AdV vectors. In contrast, an HD-AdV-C5 with ∼30 kbp genome was slightly stiffer and less heat-resistant than the other particles, despite comparable entry and transduction efficiencies in tissue culture cell lines, including murine alveolar macrophage-like Max-Planck-Institute (MPI)-2 cells. Together, our in vitro studies reinforce the use of HD-AdV vectors for effective single round gene delivery. The results illustrate how physical properties and cell entry behavior of single virus particles can provide functional information for anticipated therapeutic vector applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Thalmann
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Dominik Brücher
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and IFIMAC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and IFIMAC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro J de Pablo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Maarit Suomalainen
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Urs F Greber
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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2
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Jennings MR, Parks RJ. Human Adenovirus Gene Expression and Replication Is Regulated through Dynamic Changes in Nucleoprotein Structure throughout Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:161. [PMID: 36680201 PMCID: PMC9863843 DOI: 10.3390/v15010161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human adenovirus (HAdV) is extremely common and can rapidly spread in confined populations such as daycare centers, hospitals, and retirement homes. Although HAdV usually causes only minor illness in otherwise healthy patients, HAdV can cause significant morbidity and mortality in certain populations, such as the very young, very old, or immunocompromised individuals. During infection, the viral DNA undergoes dramatic changes in nucleoprotein structure that promote the rapid expression of viral genes, replication of the DNA, and generation of thousands of new infectious virions-each process requiring a distinct complement of virus and host-encoded proteins. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the nucleoprotein structure of HAdV DNA during the various phases of infection, the cellular proteins implicated in mediating these changes, and the role of epigenetics in HAdV gene expression and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan R. Jennings
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Robin J. Parks
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
- Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
- Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
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3
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Gokumakulapalle M, Wang L, Mei YF. Susceptibility of Dog, Hamster, and Mouse Cells to the Replication-Competent Adenovirus 11p E1/E3 Green Fluorescence Protein Vector Has Implications for the Selection of Animal Vaccine Models. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:698999. [PMID: 34777270 PMCID: PMC8578929 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.698999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adenovirus (Ad)-vectored vaccines require viruses that can internalize into host cells and express the vaccine antigen. Evaluation of the expressed antigen in animal cells is a critical step in preclinical trials of viral vaccines. Due to the species specificity of Ads, it is difficult to find a suitable animal model. Thus, in this study, we compared the efficacy of Ad 11 prototype (Ad11p)-mediated green fluorescence protein (GFP) expression in cell lines of dog (MDCK), hamster (CHO), and mouse (McCoy and C127). Although these cell lines did not express the known primary cellular receptors for Ad11p virus infection (i.e., CD46), Ad11pE1GFP could infect and express GFP with various efficacies. For instance, it manifested relatively higher GFP expression in MDCK than in CHO, McCoy, and C127. However, infection leading to efficient viral release was not observed in any of the studied cell lines. The apparent differences were attributed to particularities of mouse and hamster cell lines, which might have led to the repression of viral DNA synthesis and to the low level of GFP expression mediated by Ad11pe3GFP. Moreover, our results revealed that undetectable hexon protein hampered the assembly of virus particles in CHO and MDCK cells. Ad11p differed from Ad5 in the ability for viral DNA synthesis when infecting CHO cells. Although a defective Ad has been successfully developed for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in clinical applications, it has been difficult to generate one that can be used as an oral SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Fortunately, our replication-competent Ad 11p vector might solve this problem. Regarding the use of Ad-vector candidates for vaccine purposes, this study demonstrates the selection of animal cell lines and determination of suitable virus doses in in vitro experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Virology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ya-Fang Mei
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Virology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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4
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Bartsch B, Goody PR, Hosen MR, Nehl D, Mohammadi N, Zietzer A, Düsing P, Pfeifer A, Nickenig G, Jansen F. NcRNAs in Vascular and Valvular Intercellular Communication. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:749681. [PMID: 34805273 PMCID: PMC8602872 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.749681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs have been shown to be important biomarkers and mediators of many different disease entities, including cardiovascular (CV) diseases like atherosclerosis, aneurysms, and valvulopathies. Growing evidence suggests a central role of ncRNAs as regulators of different pathological pathways involved in endothelial dysfunction, cardiovascular inflammation, cell differentiation, and calcification. This review will discuss the role of protein-bound and extracellular vesicular-bound ncRNAs as biomarkers of vascular and valvular diseases, their role as intercellular communicators, and regulators of disease pathways and also highlights possible treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Bartsch
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Heart Center Bonn, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Philip Roger Goody
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Heart Center Bonn, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mohammed Rabiul Hosen
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Heart Center Bonn, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Denise Nehl
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Heart Center Bonn, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Neda Mohammadi
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Zietzer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Heart Center Bonn, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Philip Düsing
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Heart Center Bonn, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Pfeifer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Georg Nickenig
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Heart Center Bonn, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Felix Jansen
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Heart Center Bonn, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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5
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Berg A, Wright D, Dulal P, Stedman A, Fedosyuk S, Francis MJ, Charleston B, Warimwe GM, Douglas AD. Stability of Chimpanzee Adenovirus Vectored Vaccines (ChAdOx1 and ChAdOx2) in Liquid and Lyophilised Formulations. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1249. [PMID: 34835180 PMCID: PMC8623940 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus vectored vaccines have entered global use during the COVID-19 pandemic, and are in development for multiple other human and veterinary applications. An attraction of the technology is the suitability of the vaccines for storage at 2-8 °C for months. Widely used COVID-19 vaccine ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (University of Oxford/AstraZeneca) is based on a species E simian adenovirus. Species E simian serotypes have been used in a wide range of other development programs, but the stability of such vectors has not been extensively described in the peer-reviewed literature. Here, we explore the stability of two candidate vaccines based on two species E serotypes: a Rift Valley fever vaccine based upon the ChAdOx1 vector (Y25 serotype) used in ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, and a rabies vaccine based upon a ChAdOx2 vector (AdC68 serotype). We describe each vector's stability in liquid and lyophilised formulations using in vitro and in vivo potency measurements. Our data support the suitability of liquid formulations of these vectors for storage at 2-8 °C for up to 1 year, and potentially for nonrefrigerated storage for a brief period during last-leg distribution (perhaps 1-3 days at 20 °C-the precise definition of acceptable last-leg storage conditions would require further product-specific data). Depending upon the level of inprocess potency loss that is economically acceptable, and the level of instorage loss that is compatible with maintenance of acceptable end-of-storage potency, a previously reported lyophilised formulation may enable longer term storage at 20 °C or storage for a number of days at 30 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Berg
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (A.B.); (P.D.); (S.F.)
| | - Daniel Wright
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (A.B.); (P.D.); (S.F.)
| | - Pawan Dulal
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (A.B.); (P.D.); (S.F.)
| | - Anna Stedman
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (A.S.); (B.C.); (G.M.W.)
| | - Sofiya Fedosyuk
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (A.B.); (P.D.); (S.F.)
| | - Michael J. Francis
- BioVacc Consulting Ltd., The Red House, 10 Market Square, Amersham HP7 0DQ, UK;
| | - Bryan Charleston
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (A.S.); (B.C.); (G.M.W.)
| | - George M. Warimwe
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (A.S.); (B.C.); (G.M.W.)
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi P.O. Box 230-80108, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LG, UK
| | - Alexander D. Douglas
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (A.B.); (P.D.); (S.F.)
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6
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Abstract
Mavericks are virus-like mobile genetic elements found in the genomes of eukaryotes. Although Mavericks encode capsid morphogenesis homologs, their viral particles have not been observed. Here, we provide new evidence supporting the viral nature of Mavericks and the potential existence of virions. To this end, we conducted a phylogenomic analysis of Mavericks in hundreds of vertebrate genomes, discovering 134 elements with an intact coding capacity in 17 host species. We reveal an extensive genomic fossil record in 143 species and date three groups of elements to the Late Cretaceous. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis using genomic fossil orthologs suggests that Mavericks have infected osteichthyans for ∼419 My. They have undergone frequent cross-species transmissions in cyprinid fish and all core genes are subject to strong purifying selection. We conclude that vertebrate Mavericks form an ancient lineage of aquatic dsDNA viruses which are probably still functional in some vertebrate lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aris Katzourakis
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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7
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Brücher D, Kirchhammer N, Smith SN, Schumacher J, Schumacher N, Kolibius J, Freitag PC, Schmid M, Weiss F, Keller C, Grove M, Greber UF, Zippelius A, Plückthun A. iMATCH: an integrated modular assembly system for therapeutic combination high-capacity adenovirus gene therapy. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2021; 20:572-586. [PMID: 33665227 PMCID: PMC7890373 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adenovirus-mediated combination gene therapies have shown promising results in vaccination or treating malignant and genetic diseases. Nevertheless, an efficient system for the rapid assembly and incorporation of therapeutic genes into high-capacity adenoviral vectors (HCAdVs) is still missing. In this study, we developed the iMATCH (integrated modular assembly for therapeutic combination HCAdVs) platform, which enables the generation and production of HCAdVs encoding therapeutic combinations in high quantity and purity within 3 weeks. Our modular cloning system facilitates the efficient combination of up to four expression cassettes and the rapid integration into HCAdV genomes with defined sizes. Helper viruses (HVs) and purification protocols were optimized to produce HCAdVs with distinct capsid modifications and unprecedented purity (0.1 ppm HVs). The constitution of HCAdVs, with adapters for targeting and a shield of trimerized single-chain variable fragment (scFv) for reduced liver clearance, mediated cell- and organ-specific targeting of HCAdVs. As proof of concept, we show that a single HCAdV encoding an anti PD-1 antibody, interleukin (IL)-12, and IL-2 produced all proteins, and it led to tumor regression and prolonged survival in tumor models, comparable to a mixture of single payload HCAdVs in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, the iMATCH system provides a versatile platform for the generation of high-capacity gene therapy vectors with a high potential for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Brücher
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Kirchhammer
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sheena N. Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jatina Schumacher
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nina Schumacher
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Kolibius
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick C. Freitag
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Schmid
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Weiss
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, INO-F, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Corina Keller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Grove
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs F. Greber
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alfred Zippelius
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Corresponding author: Andreas Plückthun, Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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8
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E3 ubiquitin ligase Mindbomb 1 facilitates nuclear delivery of adenovirus genomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 118:2015794118. [PMID: 33443154 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2015794118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The journey from plasma membrane to nuclear pore is a critical step in the lifecycle of DNA viruses, many of which must successfully deposit their genomes into the nucleus for replication. Viral capsids navigate this vast distance through the coordinated hijacking of a number of cellular host factors, many of which remain unknown. We performed a gene-trap screen in haploid cells to identify host factors for adenovirus (AdV), a DNA virus that can cause severe respiratory illness in immune-compromised individuals. This work identified Mindbomb 1 (MIB1), an E3 ubiquitin ligase involved in neurodevelopment, as critical for AdV infectivity. In the absence of MIB1, we observed that viral capsids successfully traffic to the proximity of the nucleus but ultimately fail to deposit their genomes within. The capacity of MIB1 to promote AdV infection was dependent on its ubiquitination activity, suggesting that MIB1 may mediate proteasomal degradation of one or more negative regulators of AdV infection. Employing complementary proteomic approaches to characterize proteins proximal to MIB1 upon AdV infection and differentially ubiquitinated in the presence or absence of MIB1, we observed an intersection between MIB1 and ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) largely unexplored in mammalian cells. This work uncovers yet another way that viruses utilize host cell machinery for their own replication, highlighting a potential target for therapeutic interventions that counter AdV infection.
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9
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Fusion of Large Polypeptides to Human Adenovirus Type 5 Capsid Protein IX Can Compromise Virion Stability and DNA Packaging Capacity. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01112-20. [PMID: 32522855 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01112-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The human adenovirus (HAdV) protein IX (pIX) is a minor component of the capsid that acts in part to stabilize the hexon-hexon interactions within the mature capsid. Virions lacking pIX have a reduced DNA packaging capacity and exhibit thermal instability. More recently, pIX has been developed as a platform for presentation of large polypeptides, such as fluorescent proteins or large targeting ligands, on the viral capsid. It is not known whether such modifications affect the natural ability of pIX to stabilize the HAdV virion. In this study, we show that addition of large polypeptides to pIX does not alter the natural stability of virions containing sub-wild-type-sized genomes. However, similar virions containing wild-type-sized genomes tend to genetically rearrange, likely due to selective pressure caused by virion instability as a result of compromised pIX function.IMPORTANCE Human adenovirus capsid protein IX (pIX) is involved in stabilizing the virion but has also been developed as a platform for presentation of various polypeptides on the surface of the virion. Whether such modifications affect the ability of pIX to stabilize the virion is unknown. We show that addition of large polypeptides to pIX can reduce both the DNA packaging capacity and the heat stability of the virion, which provides important guidance for the design of pIX-modified vectors.
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10
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Wilmschen S, Schmitz JE, Kimpel J. Viral Vectors for the Induction of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies against HIV. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7030119. [PMID: 31546894 PMCID: PMC6789710 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive research on generating an efficient HIV vaccine is ongoing. A major aim of HIV vaccines is the induction of long-lasting, broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) that can confer sterile immunity for a prolonged period of time. Several strategies have been explored to reach this goal, i.e. protein immunization, DNA, or viral vectors, or a combination thereof. In this review, we give an overview of approaches using viral vectors for the induction of HIV-specific bnAbs. Many pre-clinical studies were performed using various replication-competent and -incompetent vectors. Amongst them, poxviral and adenoviral vectors were the most prevalent ones. In many studies, viral vectors were combined with a DNA prime or a protein boost. However, neutralizing antibodies were mainly induced against the homologous HIV-1 vaccine strain or tier 1 viruses, and in rare cases, against tier 2 viruses, indicating the need for improved antigens and vaccination strategies. Furthermore, we also review next generation Env antigens that are currently being used in protein vaccination approaches and point out how they could be utilized in viral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Wilmschen
- Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Joern E Schmitz
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Janine Kimpel
- Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria.
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11
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Giberson AN, Saha B, Campbell K, Christou C, Poulin KL, Parks RJ. Human adenoviral DNA association with nucleosomes containing histone variant H3.3 during the early phase of infection is not dependent on viral transcription or replication. Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 96:797-807. [PMID: 29874470 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2018-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus (Ad) DNA undergoes dynamic changes in protein association as the virus progresses through its replicative cycle. Within the virion, the Ad DNA associates primarily with the virus-encoded, protamine-like protein VII. During the early phase of infection (∼6 h), the viral DNA showed declining association with VII, suggesting that VII was removed from at least some regions of the viral DNA. Within 6 h, the viral DNA was wrapped into a repeating nucleosome-like array containing the histone variant H3.3. Transcription elongation was not required to strip VII from the viral DNA or for deposition of H3.3. H3.1 did not associate with the viral DNA at any point during infection. During the late phase of infection (i.e., active DNA replication ∼12-24 h), association with H3 was dramatically reduced and the repeating nucleosome-like pattern was no longer evident. Thus, we have uncovered some of the changes in nucleoprotein structure that occur during lytic Ad infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea N Giberson
- a Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.,b Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.,c Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Bratati Saha
- a Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.,b Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.,c Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Kalisa Campbell
- a Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Carin Christou
- a Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Kathy L Poulin
- a Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Robin J Parks
- a Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.,b Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.,c Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.,d Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
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12
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Gaba A, Ayalew LE, Patel A, Kumar P, Tikoo SK. Bovine adenovirus‐3 protein VIII associates with eukaryotic initiation factor‐6 during infection. Cell Microbiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Gaba
- VIDO‐InterVacUniversity of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
- Veterinary MicrobiologyUniversity of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
| | - Lisanework E. Ayalew
- VIDO‐InterVacUniversity of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
- Veterinary MicrobiologyUniversity of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
| | - Amrutlal Patel
- VIDO‐InterVacUniversity of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
- Veterinary MicrobiologyUniversity of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- VIDO‐InterVacUniversity of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
| | - Suresh K. Tikoo
- VIDO‐InterVacUniversity of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
- Veterinary MicrobiologyUniversity of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
- Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutics Program, School of Public HealthUniversity of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
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13
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Virus purification by CsCl density gradient using general centrifugation. Arch Virol 2017; 162:3523-3528. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3513-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Gaba A, Ayalew L, Makadiya N, Tikoo S. Proteolytic Cleavage of Bovine Adenovirus 3-Encoded pVIII. J Virol 2017; 91:e00211-17. [PMID: 28298598 PMCID: PMC5411589 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00211-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic maturation involving cleavage of one nonstructural and six structural precursor proteins including pVIII by adenovirus protease is an important aspect of the adenovirus life cycle. The pVIII encoded by bovine adenovirus 3 (BAdV-3) is a protein of 216 amino acids and contains two potential protease cleavage sites. Here, we report that BAdV-3 pVIII is cleaved by adenovirus protease at both potential consensus protease cleavage sites. Usage of at least one cleavage site appears essential for the production of progeny BAdV-3 virions as glycine-to-alanine mutation of both protease cleavage sites appears lethal for the production of progeny virions. However, mutation of a single protease cleavage site of BAdV-3 pVIII significantly affects the efficient production of infectious progeny virions. Further analysis revealed no significant defect in endosome escape, genome replication, capsid formation, and virus assembly. Interestingly, cleavage of pVIII at both potential cleavage sites appears essential for the production of stable BAdV-3 virions as BAdV-3 expressing pVIII containing a glycine-to-alanine mutation of either of the potential cleavage sites is thermolabile, and this mutation leads to the production of noninfectious virions.IMPORTANCE Here, we demonstrated that the BAdV-3 adenovirus protease cleaves BAdV-3 pVIII at both potential protease cleavage sites. Although cleavage of pVIII at one of the two adenoviral protease cleavage sites is required for the production of progeny virions, the mutation of a single cleavage site of pVIII affects the efficient production of infectious progeny virions. Further analysis indicated that the mutation of a single protease cleavage site (glycine to alanine) of pVIII produces thermolabile virions, which leads to the production of noninfectious virions with disrupted capsids. We thus provide evidence about the requirement of proteolytic cleavage of pVIII for production of infectious progeny virions. We feel that our study has significantly advanced the understanding of the requirement of adenovirus protease cleavage of pVIII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Gaba
- VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Lisanework Ayalew
- VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Niraj Makadiya
- VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Suresh Tikoo
- VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Vaccinology and Immunotherapeutics Program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Adenoviral Vectors Armed with Cell Fusion-Inducing Proteins as Anti-Cancer Agents. Viruses 2017; 9:v9010013. [PMID: 28106842 PMCID: PMC5294982 DOI: 10.3390/v9010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a devastating disease that affects millions of patients every year, and causes an enormous economic burden on the health care system and emotional burden on affected families. The first line of defense against solid tumors is usually extraction of the tumor, when possible, by surgical methods. In cases where solid tumors can not be safely removed, chemotherapy is often the first line of treatment. As metastatic cancers often become vigorously resistant to treatments, the development of novel, more potent and selective anti-cancer strategies is of great importance. Adenovirus (Ad) is the most commonly used virus in cancer clinical trials, however, regardless of the nature of the Ad-based therapeutic, complete responses to treatment remain rare. A number of pre-clinical studies have shown that, for all vector systems, viral spread throughout the tumor mass can be a major limiting factor for complete tumor elimination. By expressing exogenous cell-fusion proteins, many groups have shown improved spread of Ad-based vectors. This review summarizes the research done to examine the potency of Ad vectors expressing fusogenic proteins as anti-cancer therapeutics.
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Mei YF, Wu H, Hultenby K, Silver J. Complete replication-competent adenovirus 11p vectors with E1 or E3 insertions show improved heat stability. Virology 2016; 497:198-210. [PMID: 27494367 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Conventional adenovirus vectors harboring E1 or E3 deletions followed by the insertion of an exogenous gene show considerably reduced virion stability. Here, we report strategies to generate complete replication-competent Ad11p(RCAd11p) vectors that overcome the above disadvantage. A GFP cassette was successfully introduced either upstream of E1A or in the E3A region. The resulting vectors showed high expression levels of the hexon and E1genes and also strongly induced the cytopathic effect in targeted cells. When harboring oversized genomes, the RCAd11pE1 and RCAd11pE3 vectors showed significantly improved heat stability in comparison to Ad11pwt;of the three, RCAd11pE3 was the most tolerant to heat treatment. Electron microscopy showed that RCAd11pE3, RCAd11pE1, Ad11pwt, and Ad11pE1 Delmanifested dominant, moderate, minimum, or no full virus particles after heat treatment at 47°C for 5h. Our results demonstrated that both genome size and the insertion site in the viral genome affect virion stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Fang Mei
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Virology, Umeå University, SE-901 85 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Haidong Wu
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Virology, Umeå University, SE-901 85 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Kjell Hultenby
- Division of Clinical Research Centre, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, SE-14186 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jim Silver
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Virology, Umeå University, SE-901 85 Umeå, Sweden.
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17
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Hornyák Á, Lipinski KS, Bakonyi T, Forgách P, Horváth E, Farsang A, Hedley SJ, Palya V, Bakács T, Kovesdi I. Effective multiple oral administration of reverse genetics engineered infectious bursal disease virus in mice in the presence of neutralizing antibodies. J Gene Med 2015; 17:116-31. [DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ákos Hornyák
- National Food Chain Safety Office; Budapest Hungary
| | | | - Tamás Bakonyi
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science; Szent István University; Budapest Hungary
| | - Petra Forgách
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science; Szent István University; Budapest Hungary
| | - Ernő Horváth
- National Food Chain Safety Office; Budapest Hungary
| | | | - Susan J. Hedley
- VectorLogics, Inc.; Birmingham AL USA
- Present address: Meridian Life Science, Inc.; Memphis TN USA
| | | | | | - Imre Kovesdi
- HepC Ltd; Budapest Hungary
- ImiGene, Inc.; Rockville MD USA
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18
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Pérez-Berná AJ, Marion S, Chichón FJ, Fernández JJ, Winkler DC, Carrascosa JL, Steven AC, Šiber A, San Martín C. Distribution of DNA-condensing protein complexes in the adenovirus core. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:4274-83. [PMID: 25820430 PMCID: PMC4417152 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome packing in adenovirus has long evaded precise description, since the viral dsDNA molecule condensed by proteins (core) lacks icosahedral order characteristic of the virus protein coating (capsid). We show that useful insights regarding the organization of the core can be inferred from the analysis of spatial distributions of the DNA and condensing protein units (adenosomes). These were obtained from the inspection of cryo-electron tomography reconstructions of individual human adenovirus particles. Our analysis shows that the core lacks symmetry and strict order, yet the adenosome distribution is not entirely random. The features of the distribution can be explained by modeling the condensing proteins and the part of the genome in each adenosome as very soft spheres, interacting repulsively with each other and with the capsid, producing a minimum outward pressure of ∼0.06 atm. Although the condensing proteins are connected by DNA in disrupted virion cores, in our models a backbone of DNA linking the adenosomes is not required to explain the experimental results in the confined state. In conclusion, the interior of an adenovirus infectious particle is a strongly confined and dense phase of soft particles (adenosomes) without a strictly defined DNA backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana J Pérez-Berná
- Department of Macromolecular Structures, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain NanoBiomedicine Initiative, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sanjin Marion
- Institute of Physics, Bijenička cesta 46, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - F Javier Chichón
- Department of Macromolecular Structures, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain NanoBiomedicine Initiative, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - José J Fernández
- Department of Macromolecular Structures, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Dennis C Winkler
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - José L Carrascosa
- Department of Macromolecular Structures, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain NanoBiomedicine Initiative, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alasdair C Steven
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Antonio Šiber
- Institute of Physics, Bijenička cesta 46, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Carmen San Martín
- Department of Macromolecular Structures, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain NanoBiomedicine Initiative, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
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19
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The adenovirus genome contributes to the structural stability of the virion. Viruses 2014; 6:3563-83. [PMID: 25254384 PMCID: PMC4189039 DOI: 10.3390/v6093563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus (Ad) vectors are currently the most commonly used platform for therapeutic gene delivery in human gene therapy clinical trials. Although these vectors are effective, many researchers seek to further improve the safety and efficacy of Ad-based vectors through detailed characterization of basic Ad biology relevant to its function as a vector system. Most Ad vectors are deleted of key, or all, viral protein coding sequences, which functions to not only prevent virus replication but also increase the cloning capacity of the vector for foreign DNA. However, radical modifications to the genome size significantly decreases virion stability, suggesting that the virus genome plays a role in maintaining the physical stability of the Ad virion. Indeed, a similar relationship between genome size and virion stability has been noted for many viruses. This review discusses the impact of the genome size on Ad virion stability and emphasizes the need to consider this aspect of virus biology in Ad-based vector design.
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Wong CM, McFall ER, Burns JK, Parks RJ. The role of chromatin in adenoviral vector function. Viruses 2013; 5:1500-15. [PMID: 23771241 PMCID: PMC3717718 DOI: 10.3390/v5061500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vectors based on adenovirus (Ad) are one of the most commonly utilized platforms for gene delivery to cells in molecular biology studies and in gene therapy applications. Ad is also the most popular vector system in human clinical gene therapy trials, largely due to its advantageous characteristics such as high cloning capacity (up to 36 kb), ability to infect a wide variety of cell types and tissues, and relative safety due to it remaining episomal in transduced cells. The latest generation of Ad vectors, helper‑dependent Ad (hdAd), which are devoid of all viral protein coding sequences, can mediate high-level expression of a transgene for years in a variety of species ranging from rodents to non-human primates. Given the importance of histones and chromatin in modulating gene expression within the host cell, it is not surprising that Ad, a nuclear virus, also utilizes these proteins to protect the genome and modulate virus- or vector‑encoded genes. In this review, we will discuss our current understanding of the contribution of chromatin to Ad vector function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen M. Wong
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8L6, Canada; E-Mails: (C.M.W.); (E.R.M.); (J.K.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Emily R. McFall
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8L6, Canada; E-Mails: (C.M.W.); (E.R.M.); (J.K.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Joseph K. Burns
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8L6, Canada; E-Mails: (C.M.W.); (E.R.M.); (J.K.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Robin J. Parks
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8L6, Canada; E-Mails: (C.M.W.); (E.R.M.); (J.K.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-613-737-8123; Fax: +1-613-737-8803
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21
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Adenoviral vector driven by a minimal Rad51 promoter is selective for p53-deficient tumor cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28714. [PMID: 22174876 PMCID: PMC3235156 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The full length Rad51 promoter is highly active in cancer cells but not in normal cells. We therefore set out to assess whether we could confer this tumor-selectivity to an adenovirus vector. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Expression of an adenovirally-vectored luciferase reporter gene from the Rad51 promoter was up to 50 fold higher in cancer cells than in normal cells. Further evaluations of a panel of truncated promoter mutants identified a 447 bp minimal core promoter element that retained the full tumor selectivity and transcriptional activity of the original promoter, in the context of an adenovirus vector. This core Rad51 promoter was highly active in cancer cells that lack functional p53, but less active in normal cells and in cancer cell lines with intact p53 function. Exogenous expression of p53 in a p53 null cell line strongly suppressed activity of the Rad51 core promoter, underscoring the selectivity of this promoter for p53-deficient cells. Follow-up experiments showed that the p53-dependent suppression of the Rad51 core promoter was mediated via an indirect, p300 coactivator dependent mechanism. Finally, transduction of target cells with an adenovirus vector encoding the thymidine kinase gene under transcriptional control of the Rad51 core promoter resulted in efficient killing of p53 defective cancer cells, but not of normal cells, upon addition of ganciclovir. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Overall, these experiments demonstrated that a small core domain of the Rad51 promoter can be used to target selective transgene expression from adenoviral vectors to tumor cells lacking functional p53.
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Giberson AN, Davidson AR, Parks RJ. Chromatin structure of adenovirus DNA throughout infection. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 40:2369-76. [PMID: 22116065 PMCID: PMC3315334 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr1076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For more than half a century, researchers have studied the basic biology of Adenovirus (Ad), unraveling the subtle, yet profound, interactions between the virus and the host. These studies have uncovered previously unknown proteins and pathways crucial for normal cell function that the virus manipulates to achieve optimal virus replication and gene expression. In the infecting virion, the viral DNA is tightly condensed in a virally encoded protamine-like protein which must be remodeled within the first few hours of infection to allow for efficient expression of virus-encoded genes and subsequent viral DNA replication. This review discusses our current knowledge of Ad DNA–protein complex within the infected cell nucleus, the cellular proteins the virus utilizes to achieve chromatinization, and how this event contributes to efficient gene expression and progression of the virus life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea N Giberson
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology and Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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23
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Poulin KL, Tong G, Vorobyova O, Pool M, Kothary R, Parks RJ. Use of Cre/loxP recombination to swap cell binding motifs on the adenoviral capsid protein IX. Virology 2011; 420:146-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Christou C, Parks RJ. Rational design of murine secreted alkaline phosphatase for enhanced performance as a reporter gene in mouse gene therapy preclinical studies. Hum Gene Ther 2011; 22:499-506. [PMID: 21083426 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2010.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Many preclinical gene therapy studies use a reporter gene to evaluate vector design and performance in mouse models of human disease. Unfortunately, most commonly used reporter genes are immunogenic in mice, which confounds accurate evaluation of vector function. In previous studies, we showed that the murine secreted alkaline phosphatase (mSEAP) gene functions well as a simple and sensitive reporter gene in mice. In this study, we have used rational design to enhance mSEAP performance. The majority of native mSEAP remains attached to the outer surface of the cell through glycan phosphatidylinositol linkage; removal of the carboxy-terminal tail of mSEAP resulted in a dramatic enhancement of release of the protein into cell culture medium and into mouse plasma in whole animal experiments. We increased the heat stability of mSEAP through mutation of a key residue in the crown domain of the protein (H451E), thus allowing us to reduce endogenous, background AP activity through heat inactivation for enhanced sensitivity. We show that these alterations in mSEAP result in enhanced performance in tissue culture and mouse studies. Taken together, these data illustrate that mSEAP is a sensitive, nonimmunogenic reporter for preclinical mouse studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carin Christou
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, K1H 8L6 Ontario, Canada
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25
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Assembly of helper-dependent adenovirus DNA into chromatin promotes efficient gene expression. J Virol 2011; 85:3950-8. [PMID: 21307207 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01787-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Helper-dependent adenovirus (hdAd) vectors have shown tremendous potential in animal models of human disease in numerous preclinical studies. Expression of a therapeutic transgene can be maintained for several years after a single administration of the hdAd vector. However, despite the long-term persistence of hdAd DNA in the transduced cell, little is known of the fate and structure of hdAd DNA within the host nucleus. In this study, we have characterized the assembly of hdAd DNA into chromatin in tissue culture. Eviction of the Ad DNA-packaging protein VII, histone deposition, and vector-associated gene expression all began within 2 to 6 h of host cell transduction. Inhibition of transcription elongation through the vector DNA template had no effect on the loss of VII, suggesting that transcription was not necessary for removal of the majority of protein VII. Vector DNA assembled into physiologically spaced nucleosomes within 6 h. hdAd vectors incorporated the histone H3 variant H3.3, which was dependent on the histone chaperone HIRA. Knockdown of HIRA reduced hdAd association with histones and reduced expression of the vector-carried transgene by 2- to 3-fold. Our study elucidates an essential role for hdAd DNA chromatinization for optimal vector gene expression.
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Liu H, Jin L, Koh SBS, Atanasov I, Schein S, Wu L, Zhou ZH. Atomic structure of human adenovirus by cryo-EM reveals interactions among protein networks. Science 2010; 329:1038-43. [PMID: 20798312 DOI: 10.1126/science.1187433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Construction of a complex virus may involve a hierarchy of assembly elements. Here, we report the structure of the whole human adenovirus virion at 3.6 angstroms resolution by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), revealing in situ atomic models of three minor capsid proteins (IIIa, VIII, and IX), extensions of the (penton base and hexon) major capsid proteins, and interactions within three protein-protein networks. One network is mediated by protein IIIa at the vertices, within group-of-six (GOS) tiles--a penton base and its five surrounding hexons. Another is mediated by ropes (protein IX) that lash hexons together to form group-of-nine (GON) tiles and bind GONs to GONs. The third, mediated by IIIa and VIII, binds each GOS to five surrounding GONs. Optimization of adenovirus for cancer and gene therapy could target these networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongrong Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095-7364, USA
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Retargeting of adenovirus vectors through genetic fusion of a single-chain or single-domain antibody to capsid protein IX. J Virol 2010; 84:10074-86. [PMID: 20631131 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02665-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus (Ad) vectors are the most commonly used system for gene therapy applications, due in part to their ability to infect a wide array of cell types and tissues. However, many therapies would benefit from the ability to target the Ad vector only to specific cells, such as tumor cells for cancer gene therapy. In this study, we investigated the utility of capsid protein IX (pIX) as a platform for the presentation of single-chain variable-fragment antibodies (scFv) and single-domain antibodies (sdAb) for virus retargeting. We show that scFv can be displayed on the capsid through genetic fusion to native pIX but that these molecules fail to retarget the virus, due to improper folding of the scFv. Redirecting expression of the fusion protein to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) results in correct folding of the scFv and allows it to recognize its epitope; however, ER-targeted pIX-scFv was incorporated into the Ad capsid at a very low level which was not sufficient to retarget virus infection. In contrast, a pIX-sdAb construct was efficiently incorporated into the Ad capsid and enhanced virus infection of cells expressing the targeted receptor. Taken together, our data indicate that pIX is an effective platform for presentation of large targeting polypeptides on the surface of the virus capsid, but the nature of the ligand can significantly affect its association with virions.
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28
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Kennedy MA, Parks RJ. Adenovirus virion stability and the viral genome: size matters. Mol Ther 2010; 17:1664-6. [PMID: 19789561 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2009.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Kennedy
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada
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Host cell detection of noncoding stuffer DNA contained in helper-dependent adenovirus vectors leads to epigenetic repression of transgene expression. J Virol 2009; 83:8409-17. [PMID: 19515759 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00796-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Helper-dependent adenovirus (hdAd) vectors have shown great promise as therapeutic gene delivery vehicles in gene therapy applications. However, the level and duration of gene expression from hdAd can differ considerably depending on the nature of the noncoding stuffer DNA contained within the vector. For example, an hdAd containing 22 kb of prokaryotic DNA (hdAd-prok) expresses its transgene 60-fold less efficiently than a similar vector containing eukaryotic DNA (hdAd-euk). Here we have determined the mechanistic basis of this phenomenon. Although neither vector was subjected to CpG methylation and both genomes associated with cellular histones to similar degrees, hdAd-prok chromatin was actively deacetylated. Insertion of an insulator element between the transgene and the bacterial DNA derepressed hdAd-prok, suggesting that foreign DNA nucleates repressive chromatin structures that spread to the transgene. We found that Sp100B/Sp100HMG and Daxx play a role in repressing transgene expression from hdAd and act independently of PML bodies. Thus, we have identified nuclear factors involved in recognizing foreign DNA and have determined the mechanism by which associated genes are repressed.
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