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Kimura-Ohba S, Kitamura M, Tsukamoto Y, Kogaki S, Sakai S, Fushimi H, Matsuoka K, Takeuchi M, Itoh K, Ueda K, Kimura T. Viral entry and translation in brain endothelia provoke influenza-associated encephalopathy. Acta Neuropathol 2024; 147:77. [PMID: 38687393 PMCID: PMC11061015 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-024-02723-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Influenza-associated encephalopathy (IAE) is extremely acute in onset, with high lethality and morbidity within a few days, while the direct pathogenesis by influenza virus in this acute phase in the brain is largely unknown. Here we show that influenza virus enters into the cerebral endothelium and thereby induces IAE. Three-weeks-old young mice were inoculated with influenza A virus (IAV). Physical and neurological scores were recorded and temporal-spatial analyses of histopathology and viral studies were performed up to 72 h post inoculation. Histopathological examinations were also performed using IAE human autopsy brains. Viral infection, proliferation and pathogenesis were analyzed in cell lines of endothelium and astrocyte. The effects of anti-influenza viral drugs were tested in the cell lines and animal models. Upon intravenous inoculation of IAV in mice, the mice developed encephalopathy with brain edema and pathological lesions represented by micro bleeding and injured astrocytic process (clasmatodendrosis) within 72 h. Histologically, massive deposits of viral nucleoprotein were observed as early as 24 h post infection in the brain endothelial cells of mouse models and the IAE patients. IAV inoculated endothelial cell lines showed deposition of viral proteins and provoked cell death, while IAV scarcely amplified. Inhibition of viral transcription and translation suppressed the endothelial cell death and the lethality of mouse models. These data suggest that the onset of encephalopathy should be induced by cerebral endothelial infection with IAV. Thus, IAV entry into the endothelium, and transcription and/or translation of viral RNA, but not viral proliferation, should be the key pathogenesis of IAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihoko Kimura-Ohba
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- Reverse Translational Research Project, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan.
- KAGAMI Project, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan.
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Osaka General Medical Center, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Mieko Kitamura
- KAGAMI Project, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tsukamoto
- Reverse Translational Research Project, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan
- KAGAMI Project, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigetoyo Kogaki
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Osaka General Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Sakai
- Reverse Translational Research Project, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan
- KAGAMI Project, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Fushimi
- Department of Pathology, Osaka General Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiko Matsuoka
- Department of Pathology, Osaka General Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Pathology, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Takeuchi
- Department of Pathology, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kyoko Itoh
- Department of Pathology and Applied Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keiji Ueda
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomonori Kimura
- Reverse Translational Research Project, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan
- KAGAMI Project, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Li Q, Jiang Z, Ren S, Guo H, Song Z, Chen S, Gao X, Meng F, Zhu J, Liu L, Tong Q, Sun H, Sun Y, Pu J, Chang K, Liu J. SRSF5-Mediated Alternative Splicing of M Gene is Essential for Influenza A Virus Replication: A Host-Directed Target Against Influenza Virus. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2203088. [PMID: 36257906 PMCID: PMC9731694 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Splicing of influenza A virus (IAV) RNA is an essential process in the viral life cycle that involves the co-opting of host factors. Here, it is demonstrated that induction of host serine and arginine-rich splicing factor 5 (SRSF5) by IAV facilitated viral replication by enhancing viral M mRNA splicing. Mechanistically, SRSF5 with its RRM2 domain directly bounds M mRNA at conserved sites (M mRNA position 163, 709, and 712), and interacts with U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) to promote M mRNA splicing and M2 production. Mutations introduced to the three binding sites, without changing amino acid code, significantly attenuates virus replication and pathogenesis in vivo. Likewise, SRSF5 conditional knockout in the lung protects mice against lethal IAV challenge. Furthermore, anidulafungin, an approved antifungal drug, is identified as an inhibitor of SRSF5 that effectively blocks IAV replication in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, SRSF5 as an activator of M mRNA splicing promotes IAV replication and is a host-derived antiviral target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuchen Li
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry DiseasesKey Laboratory of Animal EpidemiologyMinistry of AgricultureCollege of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Zhimin Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry DiseasesKey Laboratory of Animal EpidemiologyMinistry of AgricultureCollege of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Infection and ImmunityInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
| | - Shuning Ren
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry DiseasesKey Laboratory of Animal EpidemiologyMinistry of AgricultureCollege of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Hui Guo
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Infection and ImmunityInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
| | - Zhimin Song
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Infection and ImmunityInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
| | - Saini Chen
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry DiseasesKey Laboratory of Animal EpidemiologyMinistry of AgricultureCollege of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Xintao Gao
- Biotechnology Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100081China
| | - Fanfeng Meng
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry DiseasesKey Laboratory of Animal EpidemiologyMinistry of AgricultureCollege of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Junda Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry DiseasesKey Laboratory of Animal EpidemiologyMinistry of AgricultureCollege of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Litao Liu
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry DiseasesKey Laboratory of Animal EpidemiologyMinistry of AgricultureCollege of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Qi Tong
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry DiseasesKey Laboratory of Animal EpidemiologyMinistry of AgricultureCollege of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Honglei Sun
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry DiseasesKey Laboratory of Animal EpidemiologyMinistry of AgricultureCollege of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Yipeng Sun
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry DiseasesKey Laboratory of Animal EpidemiologyMinistry of AgricultureCollege of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Juan Pu
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry DiseasesKey Laboratory of Animal EpidemiologyMinistry of AgricultureCollege of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Kin‐Chow Chang
- School of Veterinary Medicine and ScienceUniversity of NottinghamSutton Bonington CampusSutton BoningtonLE12 5RDUK
| | - Jinhua Liu
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry DiseasesKey Laboratory of Animal EpidemiologyMinistry of AgricultureCollege of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
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Antivirals Targeting the Surface Glycoproteins of Influenza Virus: Mechanisms of Action and Resistance. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040624. [PMID: 33917376 PMCID: PMC8067422 DOI: 10.3390/v13040624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, which constitute the glycoprotein spikes expressed on the surface of influenza A and B viruses, are the most exposed parts of the virus and play critical roles in the viral lifecycle. As such, they make prominent targets for the immune response and antiviral drugs. Neuraminidase inhibitors, particularly oseltamivir, constitute the most commonly used antivirals against influenza viruses, and they have proved their clinical utility against seasonal and emerging influenza viruses. However, the emergence of resistant strains remains a constant threat and consideration. Antivirals targeting the hemagglutinin protein are relatively new and have yet to gain global use but are proving to be effective additions to the antiviral repertoire, with a relatively high threshold for the emergence of resistance. Here we review antiviral drugs, both approved for clinical use and under investigation, that target the influenza virus hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins, focusing on their mechanisms of action and the emergence of resistance to them.
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