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Dowaidar M. Cell-penetrating peptides with nanoparticles hybrid delivery vectors and their uptake pathways. Mitochondrion 2024; 78:101906. [PMID: 38797356 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2024.101906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are molecules that improve the cellular uptake of various molecular payloads that do not easily traverse the cellular membrane. CPPs can be found in pharmaceutical and medical products. The vast majority of cell-penetrating chemicals that are discussed in published research are peptide based. The paper also delves into the various applications of hybrid vectors. Because CPPs are able to carry cargo across the cellular membrane, they are a viable candidate for use as a suitable carrier for a wide variety of cargoes, such as siRNA, nanoparticles, and others. In which we discuss the CPPs, their classification, uptake mechanisms, hybrid vector systems, nanoparticles and their uptake mechanisms, etc. Further in this paper, we discuss CPPs conjugated to Nanoparticles, Combining CPPs with lipids and polymeric Nanoparticles in A Conjugated System, CPPs conjugated to nanoparticles for therapeutic purposes, and potential therapeutic uses of CPPs as delivery molecules. Also discussed the preclinical and clinical use of CPPS, intracellular trafficking of nanoparticles, and activatable and bioconjugated CPPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moataz Dowaidar
- Bioengineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen Technologies and Carbon Management, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; Biosystems and Machines Research Center, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia.
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2
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Kaltenbacher T, Löprich J, Maresch R, Weber J, Müller S, Oellinger R, Groß N, Griger J, de Andrade Krätzig N, Avramopoulos P, Ramanujam D, Brummer S, Widholz SA, Bärthel S, Falcomatà C, Pfaus A, Alnatsha A, Mayerle J, Schmidt-Supprian M, Reichert M, Schneider G, Ehmer U, Braun CJ, Saur D, Engelhardt S, Rad R. CRISPR somatic genome engineering and cancer modeling in the mouse pancreas and liver. Nat Protoc 2022; 17:1142-1188. [PMID: 35288718 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00677-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) transformed the study of organismal disease phenotypes but are limited by their lengthy generation in embryonic stem cells. Here, we describe methods for rapid and scalable genome engineering in somatic cells of the liver and pancreas through delivery of CRISPR components into living mice. We introduce the spectrum of genetic tools, delineate viral and nonviral CRISPR delivery strategies and describe a series of applications, ranging from gene editing and cancer modeling to chromosome engineering or CRISPR multiplexing and its spatio-temporal control. Beyond experimental design and execution, the protocol describes quantification of genetic and functional editing outcomes, including sequencing approaches, data analysis and interpretation. Compared to traditional knockout mice, somatic GEMMs face an increased risk for mouse-to-mouse variability because of the higher experimental demands of the procedures. The robust protocols described here will help unleash the full potential of somatic genome manipulation. Depending on the delivery method and envisaged application, the protocol takes 3-5 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Kaltenbacher
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jessica Löprich
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Roman Maresch
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Weber
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Müller
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rupert Oellinger
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nina Groß
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Joscha Griger
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Niklas de Andrade Krätzig
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Petros Avramopoulos
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Deepak Ramanujam
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Sabine Brummer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian A Widholz
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Bärthel
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Cancer Therapy, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Chiara Falcomatà
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Cancer Therapy, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anja Pfaus
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ahmed Alnatsha
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Mayerle
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Schmidt-Supprian
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Hematology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Reichert
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Günter Schneider
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ursula Ehmer
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian J Braun
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dieter Saur
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Cancer Therapy, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Engelhardt
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Roland Rad
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany. .,Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. .,Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Li C, Ding L, Sun CW, Wu LC, Zhou D, Pawlik KM, Khodadadi-Jamayran A, Westin E, Goldman FD, Townes TM. Novel HDAd/EBV Reprogramming Vector and Highly Efficient Ad/CRISPR-Cas Sickle Cell Disease Gene Correction. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30422. [PMID: 27460639 PMCID: PMC4961958 DOI: 10.1038/srep30422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas enhanced correction of the sickle cell disease (SCD) genetic defect in patient-specific induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) provides a potential gene therapy for this debilitating disease. An advantage of this approach is that corrected iPSCs that are free of off-target modifications can be identified before differentiating the cells into hematopoietic progenitors for transplantation. In order for this approach to be practical, iPSC generation must be rapid and efficient. Therefore, we developed a novel helper-dependent adenovirus/Epstein-Barr virus (HDAd/EBV) hybrid reprogramming vector, rCLAE-R6, that delivers six reprogramming factors episomally. HDAd/EBV transduction of keratinocytes from SCD patients resulted in footprint-free iPSCs with high efficiency. Subsequently, the sickle mutation was corrected by delivering CRISPR/Cas9 with adenovirus followed by nucleoporation with a 70 nt single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotide (ssODN) correction template. Correction efficiencies of up to 67.9% (β(A)/[β(S)+β(A)]) were obtained. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of corrected iPSC lines demonstrated no CRISPR/Cas modifications in 1467 potential off-target sites and no modifications in tumor suppressor genes or other genes associated with pathologies. These results demonstrate that adenoviral delivery of reprogramming factors and CRISPR/Cas provides a rapid and efficient method of deriving gene-corrected, patient-specific iPSCs for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- UAB Stem Cell Institute, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Lei Ding
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- UAB Stem Cell Institute, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Chiao-Wang Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- UAB Stem Cell Institute, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Li-Chen Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- UAB Stem Cell Institute, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Dewang Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- UAB Stem Cell Institute, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Kevin M. Pawlik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- UAB Stem Cell Institute, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Alireza Khodadadi-Jamayran
- UAB Stem Cell Institute, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Erik Westin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- UAB Stem Cell Institute, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Frederick D. Goldman
- UAB Stem Cell Institute, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Tim M. Townes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- UAB Stem Cell Institute, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Hepatocyte Heparan Sulfate Is Required for Adeno-Associated Virus 2 but Dispensable for Adenovirus 5 Liver Transduction In Vivo. J Virol 2015; 90:412-20. [PMID: 26491162 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01939-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV2) and adenovirus 5 (Ad5) are promising gene therapy vectors. Both display liver tropism and are currently thought to enter hepatocytes in vivo through cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). To test directly this hypothesis, we created mice that lack Ext1, an enzyme required for heparan sulfate biosynthesis, in hepatocytes. Ext1(HEP) mutant mice exhibit an 8-fold reduction of heparan sulfate in primary hepatocytes and a 5-fold reduction of heparan sulfate in whole liver tissue. Conditional hepatocyte Ext1 gene deletion greatly reduced AAV2 liver transduction following intravenous injection. Ad5 transduction requires blood coagulation factor X (FX); FX binds to the Ad5 capsid hexon protein and bridges the virus to HSPGs on the cell surface. Ad5.FX transduction was abrogated in primary hepatocytes from Ext1(HEP) mice. However, in contrast to the case with AAV2, Ad5 transduction was not significantly reduced in the livers of Ext1(HEP) mice. FX remained essential for Ad5 transduction in vivo in Ext1(HEP) mice. We conclude that while AAV2 requires HSPGs for entry into mouse hepatocytes, HSPGs are dispensable for Ad5 hepatocyte transduction in vivo. This study reopens the question of how adenovirus enters cells in vivo. IMPORTANCE Our understanding of how viruses enter cells, and how they can be used as therapeutic vectors to manage disease, begins with identification of the cell surface receptors to which viruses bind and which mediate viral entry. Both adeno-associated virus 2 and adenovirus 5 are currently thought to enter hepatocytes in vivo through heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). However, direct evidence for these conclusions is lacking. Experiments presented herein, in which hepatic heparan sulfate synthesis was genetically abolished, demonstrated that HSPGs are not likely to function as hepatocyte Ad5 receptors in vivo. The data also demonstrate that HSPGs are required for hepatocyte transduction by AAV2. These results reopen the question of the identity of the Ad5 receptor in vivo and emphasize the necessity of demonstrating the nature of the receptor by genetic means, both for understanding Ad5 entry into cells in vivo and for optimization of Ad5 vectors as therapeutic agents.
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5
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Gil JS, Machado HB, Campbell DO, McCracken M, Radu C, Witte O, Herschman HR. Application of a rapid, simple, and accurate adenovirus-based method to compare PET reporter gene/PET reporter probe systems. Mol Imaging Biol 2013; 15:273-81. [PMID: 23054556 PMCID: PMC3833443 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-012-0596-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to use a simple, quantitative method to compare the HSV1sr39TK/(18) F-FHBG PET reporter gene/PET reporter probe (PRG/PRP) system with PRGs derived from human nucleoside kinases. PROCEDURES The same adenovirus vector is used to express alternative PRGs. Equal numbers of vectors are injected intravenously into mice. After PRP imaging, quantitative hepatic PET signals are normalized for transduction by measuring hepatic viral genomes. RESULTS The same adenovirus vector was used to express equivalent amounts of HSV1sr39TK, mutant human thymidine kinase 2 (TK2-DM), and mutant human deoxycytidine kinase (dCK-A100VTM) in mouse liver. HSV1sr39TK expression was measured with (18) F-FHBG, TK2-DM and dCK-A100VTM with (18) F-L-FMAU. TK2-DM/(18) F-L-FMAU and HSV1sr39TK/(18) F-FHBG had equivalent sensitivities; dCK-A100VTM/(18) F-L-FMAU was twice as sensitive as HSV1sr39TK/(18) F-FHBG. CONCLUSIONS The human PRG/PRP sensitivities are comparable and/or better than HSV1sr39TK/(18) F-FHBG. However, for clinical use, identification of the best PRP substrate for each enzyme, characterization of probe distribution, and consequences of overexpressing nucleoside kinases must be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose S. Gil
- Departments of Biological Chemistry David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
| | - Hidevaldo B. Machado
- Departments of Biological Chemistry David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
| | - Dean O. Campbell
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
| | - Melissa McCracken
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
| | - Caius Radu
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
| | - Owen Witte
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
- Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics; David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
| | - Harvey R. Herschman
- Departments of Biological Chemistry David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
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Sung LY, Chen CL, Lin SY, Hwang SM, Lu CH, Li KC, Lan AS, Hu YC. Enhanced and prolonged baculovirus-mediated expression by incorporating recombinase system and in cis elements: a comparative study. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:e139. [PMID: 23716635 PMCID: PMC3737544 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Baculovirus (BV) is a promising gene vector but mediates transient expression. To prolong the expression, we developed a binary system whereby the transgene in the substrate BV was excised by the recombinase (ΦC31o, Cre or FLPo) expressed by a second BV and recombined into smaller minicircle. The recombination efficiency was lower by ΦC31o (≈40–75%), but approached ≈90–95% by Cre and FLPo in various cell lines and stem cells [e.g. human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs)]. Compared with FLPo, Cre exerted higher expression level and lower negative effects; thus, we incorporated additional cis-acting element [oriP/Epstein–Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1), scaffold/matrix attached region or human origin of replication (ori)] into the Cre-based BV system. In proliferating cells, only oriP/EBNA1 prolonged the transgene expression and maintained the episomal minicircles for 30 days without inadvertent integration, whereas BV genome was degraded in 10 days. When delivering bmp2 or vegf genes, the efficient recombination/minicircle formation prolonged and enhanced the growth factor expression in hASCs. The prolonged bone morphogenetic protein 2 expression ameliorated the osteogenesis of hASCs, a stem cell with poor osteogenesis potential. Altogether, this BV vector exploiting Cre-mediated recombination and oriP/EBNA1 conferred remarkably high recombination efficiency, which prolonged and enhanced the transgene expression in dividing and non-dividing cells, thereby broadening the applications of BV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yu Sung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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Gallaher SD, Berk AJ. A rapid Q-PCR titration protocol for adenovirus and helper-dependent adenovirus vectors that produces biologically relevant results. J Virol Methods 2013; 192:28-38. [PMID: 23624118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Adenoviruses are employed in the study of cellular processes and as expression vectors used in gene therapy. The success and reproducibility of these studies is dependent in part on having accurate and meaningful titers of replication competent and helper-dependent adenovirus stocks, which is problematic due to the use of varied and divergent titration protocols. Physical titration methods, which quantify the total number of viral particles, are used by many, but are poor at estimating activity. Biological titration methods, such as plaque assays, are more biologically relevant, but are time consuming and not applicable to helper-dependent gene therapy vectors. To address this, a protocol was developed called "infectious genome titration" in which viral DNA is isolated from the nuclei of cells ~3 h post-infection, and then quantified by Q-PCR. This approach ensures that only biologically active virions are counted as part of the titer determination. This approach is rapid, robust, sensitive, reproducible, and applicable to all forms of adenovirus. Unlike other Q-PCR-based methods, titers determined by this protocol are well correlated with biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean D Gallaher
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Young Drive, Box 157005, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1570, USA.
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9
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Huang S, Kamihira M. Development of hybrid viral vectors for gene therapy. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:208-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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A method to rapidly and accurately compare the relative efficacies of non-invasive imaging reporter genes in a mouse model and its application to luciferase reporters. Mol Imaging Biol 2012; 14:462-71. [PMID: 21850545 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-011-0515-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Our goal is to develop a simple, quantitative, robust method to compare the efficacy of imaging reporter genes in culture and in vivo. We describe an adenoviral vector-liver transduction procedure and compare the luciferase reporter efficacies. PROCEDURES Alternative reporter genes are expressed in a common adenoviral vector. Vector amounts used in vivo are based on cell culture titrations, ensuring that the same transduction efficacy is used for each vector. After imaging, in vivo and in vitro values are normalized to hepatic vector transduction using quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS We assayed standard firefly luciferase (FLuc), enhanced firefly luciferase (EFLuc), luciferase 2 (Luc2), humanized Renilla luciferase (hRLuc), Renilla luciferase 8.6-535 (RLuc8.6), and a membrane-bound Gaussia luciferase variant (extGLuc) in cell culture and in vivo. We observed greater than 100-fold increase in bioluminescent signal for both EFLuc and Luc2 when compared to FLuc and greater than 10⁶-fold increase for RLuc8.6 when compared to hRLuc. ExtGLuc was not detectable in liver. CONCLUSIONS Our findings contrast, in some cases, with conclusions drawn in prior comparisons of these reporter genes and demonstrate the need for a standardized method to evaluate alternative reporter genes in vivo. Our procedure can be adapted for reporter genes that utilize alternative imaging modalities (fluorescence, bioluminescence, MRI, SPECT, PET).
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11
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Kaufmann JK, Nettelbeck DM. Virus chimeras for gene therapy, vaccination, and oncolysis: adenoviruses and beyond. Trends Mol Med 2012; 18:365-76. [PMID: 22633438 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Several challenges need to be addressed when developing viruses for clinical applications in gene therapy, vaccination, or viral oncolysis, including specific and efficient target cell transduction, virus delivery via the blood stream, and evasion of pre-existing immunity. With rising frequency, these goals are tackled by generating chimeric viruses containing nucleic acid fragments or proteins from two or more different viruses, thus combining different beneficial features of the parental viruses. These chimeras have boosted the development of virus-based treatment regimens for major inherited and acquired diseases, including cancer. Using adenoviruses as the paradigm and prominent examples from other virus families, we review the technological and functional advances in therapeutic virus chimera development and recent successful applications that can pave the way for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna K Kaufmann
- Helmholtz University Group Oncolytic Adenoviruses, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Department of Dermatology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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12
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Badr CE, Tannous BA. Bioluminescence imaging: progress and applications. Trends Biotechnol 2011; 29:624-33. [PMID: 21788092 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2011.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Application of bioluminescence imaging has increased tremendously in the past decade and has significantly contributed to core conceptual advances in biomedical research. This technology provides valuable means for monitoring of different biological processes in immunology, oncology, virology and neuroscience. In this review, we discuss current trends in bioluminescence and its application in different fields with an emphasis on cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian E Badr
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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Abstract
Cre/loxP recombination enables cellular specificity and, in the case of inducible systems, temporal control of genomic deletions. Here we used a SM22α tamoxifen-inducible Cre line to inactivate β1 integrin in adult smooth muscle. Interestingly, analysis of two distinct β1 loxP transgenic mice revealed vastly different outcomes after β1 integrin deletion. Lethality occurred 4 weeks postinduction in one Cre/loxP line, while no apparent phenotype was seen in the other line. Genetic analysis revealed appropriate DNA excision in both cases; however, differences were found in the degree of protein loss with absolutely no change in protein levels in the model that lacked a phenotype. Seeking to understand protein persistence despite appropriate recombination, we first validated the flox allele using a constitutive Cre line and demonstrated its ability to mediate effective protein inactivation. We then examined the possibility of heterozygous cell selection, protein turnover, and deletion efficiency with no success for explaining the phenotype. Finally, we documented the presence of the Cre-recombination episomal product, which persisted in tissue samples with no protein loss. The product was only noted in cells with low proliferative capacity. These findings highlight the potential for protein expression from the products of Cre-recombinase excised genes, particularly when deletion occurs in low turnover populations.
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14
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Gil JS, Gallaher SD, Berk AJ. Delivery of an EBV episome by a self-circularizing helper-dependent adenovirus: long-term transgene expression in immunocompetent mice. Gene Ther 2010; 17:1288-93. [PMID: 20463755 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2010.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) evolved an episomal system for maintaining life-long, latent infection of human B lymphocytes. Circular episomes engineered from EBV components required for this latent form of infection have the capacity to persist in most types of replicating mammalian cells without DNA integration and the pitfalls of insertional mutagenesis. EBV episomes are typically transduced using low-efficiency methods. Here we present a method for efficient delivery of EBV episomes to nuclei of hepatocytes in living mice using a helper-dependent adenoviral vector and Cre-mediated recombination in vivo to generate circular EBV episomes following infection. Cre is transiently expressed from a hepatocyte-specific promoter so that vector generation and transgene expression are tissue specific. We show long-term persistence of the circularized vector DNA and expression of a reporter gene in hepatocytes of immunocompetent mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Gil
- Molecular Biology Institute, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California-Los Angeles, 611 Young Drive E, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1570, USA
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