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Deshmukh M, Hu Z, Mohammad M, Jin T. Utilization of In Vivo Imaging System to Study Staphylococcal Sepsis and Septic Arthritis Progression in Mouse Model. Pathogens 2024; 13:652. [PMID: 39204252 PMCID: PMC11357683 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13080652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus [S. aureus] is a leading cause of sepsis and septic arthritis, conditions that pose significant medical challenges due to their high mortality and morbidity. No studies have used an in vivo imaging system [IVIS] to monitor S. aureus sepsis and septic arthritis. Here, we employed a bioluminescent reporter strain of S. aureus, Newman AH5016, administered intravenously to induce sepsis and intra-articularly to induce local septic arthritis in mice. Disease progression was monitored using IVIS to capture bioluminescent signals from kidneys, joints, and whole mice. Cytokines in the blood and joints were measured. The efficacy of cloxacillin treatment was evaluated. In the sepsis model, bioluminescent signals from kidneys, but not from whole mice, were correlated with kidney bacterial load and abscess formation. Ex vivo kidney imaging detected increased bacterial load and abscess formation from day 3 to day 10. Antibiotic treatment significantly reduced kidney signals, correlating with decreased bacterial counts and IL-6 levels, indicating effective infection control. In the local infection model, early-phase bioluminescent signals from joints were correlated with macroscopic arthritis and bacterial burden. Thus, signal detection from kidneys using IVIS is useful for monitoring S. aureus sepsis and assessing antibiotic efficacy, though it may only be effective for early-phase monitoring of local septic arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghshree Deshmukh
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41346 Gothenburg, Sweden; (M.D.); (Z.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Zhicheng Hu
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41346 Gothenburg, Sweden; (M.D.); (Z.H.); (M.M.)
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550001, China
| | - Majd Mohammad
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41346 Gothenburg, Sweden; (M.D.); (Z.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41346 Gothenburg, Sweden; (M.D.); (Z.H.); (M.M.)
- Department of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
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TBK1 and IRF3 are potential therapeutic targets in Enterovirus A71-associated diseases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011001. [PMID: 36626364 PMCID: PMC9831319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is an important causative agent of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) associated with enormous healthcare and socioeconomic burden. Although a range of studies about EV-A71 pathogenesis have been well described, the underlying molecular mechanism in terms of innate immune response is still not fully understood, especially the roles of TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and interferon-regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here, we applied TBK1 inhibitor and IRF3 agonist, for the first time, to evaluate the antiviral activities of TBK1 and IRF3 in vivo. We found that, through regulating EV-A71-induced type I interferon (IFN) response, IRF3 agonist effectively alleviated EV-A71-induced illness, while TBK1 inhibitor aggravated disease progression. In addition, EV-A71 replication was suppressed in EVA-71-infected mice administrated with IRF3 agonist. On the other hand, more severe pathological alterations of neuronal degeneration, muscle fiber breaks, fractured or fused alveolar walls, and diffuse congestion occurred in EVA-71-infected mice treated with TBK1 inhibitor administration. Furthermore, we determined the concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-1β, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and IL-10 in both lungs and brains of mice and found that TBK1 inhibitor promoted EV-A71-induced inflammatory response, while IRF3 agonist alleviated it, which was consistent with clinical manifestations and pathological alterations. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our findings suggest that TBK1 and IRF3 are potential therapeutic targets in EV-A71-induced illness.
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3
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Wen Y, Xu H, Wan W, Shang W, Jin R, Zhou F, Mei H, Wang J, Xiao G, Chen H, Wu X, Zhang L. Visualizing lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection in cells and living mice. iScience 2022; 25:105090. [PMID: 36185356 PMCID: PMC9519613 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammarenavirus are a large family of enveloped negative-strand RNA viruses that include several agents responsible for severe hemorrhagic fevers. Until now, no FDA-licensed drug has been admitted for treating an arenavirus infection, and only few effective anti-arenavirus drugs have been tested in vivo. In this work, we designed a recombinant reporter arenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus that stably expressed nanoluciferase (LCMV-Nluc). The LCMV-Nluc was proved to share similar biological properties with wild-type LCMV and the Nluc intensity reliably reflected viral replication both in vitro and in vivo. Replication of the Nluc-encoding virus in living mice can be visualized by real-time bioluminescent imaging, and bioluminescence can be detected in a variety of organs of infected mice. This work provides a novel approach that enables real-time study of the arenavirus infection and is a convenient and valuable tool for screening of compounds that are active against arenaviruses in vitro and in living mice. LCMV-Nluc was constructed and shared similar biological properties with LCMV-WT Replication of the LCMV-Nluc can be visualized by real-time bioluminescent imaging LCMV-Nluc is a valuable tool for screening antiviral compounds in vitro LCMV-Nluc is successfully applied for screening antiviral compounds in vivo
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Wen
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Huan Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Weiwei Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Weijuan Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Runming Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Fen Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Heng Mei
- Institute of Haematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Clinical and Research Centre of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingshi Wang
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Gengfu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongbo Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Leike Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory,Wuhan 430000, China
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4
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Wang J, Hu Y, Zheng M. Enterovirus A71 antivirals: Past, present, and future. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:1542-1566. [PMID: 35847514 PMCID: PMC9279511 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is a significant human pathogen, especially in children. EV-A71 infection is one of the leading causes of hand, foot, and mouth diseases (HFMD), and can lead to neurological complications such as acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) in severe cases. Although three EV-A71 vaccines are available in China, they are not broadly protective and have reduced efficacy against emerging strains. There is currently no approved antiviral for EV-A71. Significant progress has been made in developing antivirals against EV-A71 by targeting both viral proteins and host factors. However, viral capsid inhibitors and protease inhibitors failed in clinical trials of human rhinovirus infection due to limited efficacy or side effects. This review discusses major discoveries in EV-A71 antiviral development, analyzes the advantages and limitations of each drug target, and highlights the knowledge gaps that need to be addressed to advance the field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Yanmei Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Madeleine Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Lin JY, Weng KF, Chang CK, Gong YN, Huang GJ, Lee HL, Chen YC, Huang CC, Lu JY, Huang PN, Chiang HJ, Chen CM, Shih SR. Enterovirus A71 Induces Neurological Diseases and Dynamic Variants in Oral Infection of Human SCARB2-Transgenic Weaned Mice. J Virol 2021; 95:e0089721. [PMID: 34379497 PMCID: PMC8513470 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00897-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) and many members of the Picornaviridae family are neurotropic pathogens of global concern. These viruses are primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route, and thus suitable animal models of oral infection are needed to investigate viral pathogenesis. An animal model of oral infection was developed using transgenic mice expressing human SCARB2 (hSCARB2 Tg), murine-adapted EV-A71/MP4 virus, and EV-A71/MP4 virus with an engineered nanoluciferase gene that allows imaging of viral replication and spread in infected mice. Next-generation sequencing of EV-A71 genomes in the tissues and organs of infected mice was also performed. Oral inoculation of EV-A71/MP4 or nanoluciferase-carrying MP4 virus stably induced neurological symptoms and death in infected 21-day-old weaned mice. In vivo bioluminescence imaging of infected mice and tissue immunostaining of viral antigens indicated that orally inoculated virus can spread to the central nervous system (CNS) and other tissues. Next-generating sequencing further identified diverse mutations in viral genomes that can potentially contribute to viral pathogenesis. This study presents an EV-A71 oral infection murine model that efficiently infects weaned mice and allows tracking of viral spread, features that can facilitate research into viral pathogenesis and neuroinvasion via the natural route of infection. IMPORTANCE Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71), a positive-strand RNA virus of the Picornaviridae, poses a persistent global public health problem. EV-A71 is primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route, and thus suitable animal models of oral infection are needed to investigate viral pathogenesis. We present an animal model of EV-A71 infection that enables the natural route of oral infection in weaned and nonimmunocompromised 21-day-old hSCARB2 transgenic mice. Our results demonstrate that severe disease and death could be stably induced, and viral invasion of the CNS could be replicated in this model, similar to severe real-world EV-A71 infections. We also developed a nanoluciferase-containing EV-A71 virus that can be used with this animal model to track viral spread after oral infection in real time. Such a model offers several advantages over existing animal models and can facilitate future research into viral spread, tissue tropism, and viral pathogenesis, all pressing issues that remain unaddressed for EV-A71 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yi Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Feng Weng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Kuang Chang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taoyuan Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Nong Gong
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Guo-Jen Huang
- Department and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Lan Lee
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Cheng Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chih Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Ying Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Peng-Nien Huang
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Jung Chiang
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Che-Min Chen
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Ru Shih
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
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6
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Dong HL, Wang HJ, Liu ZY, Ye Q, Qin XL, Li D, Deng YQ, Jiang T, Li XF, Qin CF. Visualization of yellow fever virus infection in mice using a bioluminescent reporter virus. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:1739-1750. [PMID: 34379047 PMCID: PMC8425728 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1967705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Yellow fever virus (YFV) is a re-emerging flavivirus, which can lead to severe clinical manifestations and high mortality, with no specific antiviral therapies available. The live-attenuated yellow fever vaccine 17D (YF17D) has been widely used for over eighty years. However, the emergence of yellow fever vaccine-associated viscerotropic disease (YFL-AVD) and yellow fever vaccine-associated neurotropic disease (YFL-AND) raised non-negligible concerns. Additionally, the attenuation mechanism of YF17D is still unclear. Thus, the development of convenient models is crucial to understand the mechanisms behind YF17D attenuation and its adverse effects. In this work, we generated a reporter YF17D expressing nano-luciferase (NLuc). In vitro and in vivo characterization demonstrated that the NLuc-YF17D shared similar biological properties with its parental strain and the NLuc activity can reflect viral infectivity reliably. Combined with in vivo bioluminescence imaging, a series of mice models of YF17D infection was established, which will be useful for the evaluation of antiviral medicines and novel vaccine candidates. Especially, we demonstrated that intraperitoneally (i.p.) infection of NLuc-YF17D in type I interferon receptor-deficient mice A129 resulted in outcomes resembling YEL-AVD and YEL-AND, evidenced by viral replication in multiple organs and invasion of the central neuronal system. Finally, in vitro and in vivo assays based on this reporter virus were established to evaluate the antiviral activities of validated antiviral agents. In conclusion, the bioluminescent reporter virus described herein provides a powerful platform to study YF17D attenuation and vaccine-associated diseases as well as to develop novel countermeasures against YFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Long Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Jiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Comprehensive Basic Experiment, The Chinese People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,The Center for Infection and Immunity Studies, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ling Qin
- Research Unit of Discovery and Tracing of Natural Focus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Medicine and Health, Guangxi Vocational and Technical Institute of industry, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Li
- The Center for Infection and Immunity Studies, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Qiang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmacology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Feng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Research Unit of Discovery and Tracing of Natural Focus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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7
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Yang H, Zhao X, Xun M, Ma C, Wang H. Reverse Genetic Approaches for the Generation of Full Length and Subgenomic Replicon of EV71 Virus. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:665879. [PMID: 34093481 PMCID: PMC8172962 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.665879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a neurotropic pathogen that causes hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and it has been consistently associated with severe neurological, cardiac, and respiratory complications. Yet there is no specific treatment for this virus and we still know little about the viral pathogenesis. In this study, we first generated an infectious cDNA clone of EV71 virus from a patient virus strain and made a full-length virus with a NanoLuc reporter gene through reverse genetic approaches. The reporter gene of this virus is genetically stable when passaging in cells and could be used for antiviral testing. In addition, we also made subgenomic replicons (SGRs) of EV71, which lacks part of the structural genes dispensable for viral replication and showed that SGR can be used for viral replication study. Overall, these reporter viral systems are useful tools for EV71 pathogenesis study and antiviral screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhao
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Meng Xun
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Chaofeng Ma
- Department of Viral Diseases Laboratory, Xi'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, China
| | - Hongliang Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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8
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Tee HK, Zainol MI, Sam IC, Chan YF. Recent advances in the understanding of enterovirus A71 infection: a focus on neuropathogenesis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2021; 19:733-747. [PMID: 33183118 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2021.1851194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Hand, foot, and mouth disease caused by enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is more frequently associated with neurological complications and deaths compared to other enteroviruses.Areas covered: The authors discuss current understanding of the neuropathogenesis of EV-A71 based on various clinical, human, and animal model studies. The authors discuss the important advancements in virus entry, virus dissemination, and neuroinvasion. The authors highlight the role of host immune system, host genetic factors, viral quasispecies, and heparan sulfate in EV-A71 neuropathogenesis.Expert opinion: Comparison of EV-A71 with EV-D68 and PV shows similarity in primary target sites and dissemination to the central nervous system. More research is needed to understand cellular tropisms, persistence of EV-A71, and other possible invasion routes. EV-A71 infection has varied clinical manifestations which may be attributed to multiple receptors usage. Future development of antivirals and vaccines should target neurotropic enteroviruses. Repurposing drug and immunomodulators used in combination could reduce the severity of EV-A71 infection. Only a few drugs have been tested in clinical trials, and in the absence of antiviral and vaccines (except China), active virus surveillance, good hand hygiene, and physical distancing should be advocated. A better understanding of EV-A71 neuropathogenesis is critical for antiviral and multivalent vaccines development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Kang Tee
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Izwan Zainol
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - I-Ching Sam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yoke Fun Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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9
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Wang T, Li P, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Tan Z, Sun J, Ke X, Miao Y, Luo D, Hu Q, Xu F, Wang H, Zheng Z. In vivo imaging of Zika virus reveals dynamics of viral invasion in immune-sheltered tissues and vertical propagation during pregnancy. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:6430-6447. [PMID: 32483462 PMCID: PMC7255039 DOI: 10.7150/thno.43177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Zika virus (ZIKV) is a pathogenic virus known to cause a wide range of congenital abnormalities, including microcephaly, Guillain-Barre syndrome, meningoencephalitis, and other neurological complications, in humans. This study investigated the noninvasive detection of ZIKV infection in vivo, which is necessary for elucidating the virus's mechanisms of viral replication and pathogenesis, as well as to accelerate the development of anti-ZIKV therapeutic strategies. Methods: In this study, a recombinant ZIKV harbouring Nluc gene (ZIKV-Nluc) was designed, recovered, and purified. The levels of bioluminescence were directly correlated with viral loads in vitro and in vivo. The dynamics of ZIKV infection in A129 (interferon (IFN)-α/β receptor deficient), AG6 (IFN-α/β and IFN-γ receptor deficient), and C57BL/6 mice were characterized. Pregnant dams were infected with ZIKV-Nluc at E10 via intra footpad injection. Then, the pooled immune sera (anti-ZIKV neutralizing antibodies) #22-1 in ZIKV-Nluc virus-infected mice were visualized. Results: ZIKV-Nluc showed a high genetic stability and replicated well in cells with similar properties to the wild-type ZIKV (ZIKVwt). Striking bioluminescence signals were consistently observed in animal organs, including spleen, intestine, testis, uterus/ovary, and kidney. The ileocecal junction was found to be the crucial visceral target. Infection of pregnant dams with ZIKV-Nluc showed that ZIKV was capable of crossing the maternal-fetal barrier to infect the fetuses via vertical transmission. Furthermore, it was visualized that treatment with the pooled immune sera was found to greatly restrict the spread of the ZIKV-Nluc virus in mice. Conclusions: This study is the first to report the real-time noninvasive tracking of the progression of ZIKV invading immune-sheltered tissues and propagating vertically during pregnancy. The results demonstrate that ZIKV-Nluc represents a powerful tool for the study of the replication, dissemination, pathogenesis, and treatment of ZIKV in vitro and in vivo.
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10
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Wang M, Yan J, Zhu L, Wang M, Liu L, Yu R, Chen M, Xun J, Zhang Y, Yi Z, Zhang S. The Establishment of Infectious Clone and Single Round Infectious Particles for Coxsackievirus A10. Virol Sin 2020; 35:426-435. [PMID: 32144688 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-020-00198-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A10 (CVA10) is one of the major etiological agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease. There are no vaccine and antiviral drugs for controlling CVA10 infection. Reverse genetic tools for CVA10 will benefit its mechanistic study and development of vaccines and antivirals. Here, two infectious clones for the prototype and a Myc-tagged CVA10 were constructed. Viable CVA10 viruses were harvested by transfecting the viral mRNA into human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells. Rescued CVA10 was further confirmed by next generation sequencing and characterized experimentally. We also constructed the vectors for CVA10 subgenomic replicon with luciferase reporter and viral capsid with EGFP reporter, respectively. Co-transfection of the viral replicon RNA and capsid expresser in human embryonic kidney 293T (HEK293T) cells led to the production of single round infectious particles (SRIPs). Based on CVA10 replicon RNA, SRIPs with either the enterovirus A71 (EVA71) capsid or the CVA10 capsid were generated. Infection by EVA71 SRIPs required SCARB2, while CVA10 SRIPs did not. Finally, we showed great improvement of the replicon activity and SRIPs production by insertion of a cis-active hammerhead ribozyme (HHRib) before the 5'-untranslated region (UTR). In summary, reverse genetic tools for prototype strain of CVA10, including both the infectious clone and the SRIPs system, were successfully established. These tools will facilitate the basic and translational study of CVA10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Jingjing Yan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Liuyao Zhu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Lizhen Liu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Rui Yu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Jingna Xun
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Yuling Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Zhigang Yi
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Shuye Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China.
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11
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Chen BS, Lee HC, Lee KM, Gong YN, Shih SR. Enterovirus and Encephalitis. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:261. [PMID: 32153545 PMCID: PMC7044131 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus-induced infection of the central nervous system (CNS) results in acute inflammation of the brain (encephalitis) and constitutes a significant global burden to human health. These viruses are thought to be highly cytolytic, therefore normal brain function could be greatly compromised following enteroviral infection of the CNS. A further layer of complexity is added by evidence showing that some enteroviruses may establish a persistent infection within the CNS and eventually lead to pathogenesis of certain neurodegenerative disorders. Interestingly, enterovirus encephalitis is particularly common among young children, suggesting a potential causal link between the development of the neuroimmune system and enteroviral neuroinvasion. Although the CNS involvement in enterovirus infections is a relatively rare complication, it represents a serious underlying cause of mortality. Here we review a selection of enteroviruses that infect the CNS and discuss recent advances in the characterization of these enteroviruses with regard to their routes of CNS infection, tropism, virulence, and immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Shiun Chen
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Hou-Chen Lee
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Ming Lee
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Nong Gong
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Ru Shih
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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12
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Dissecting complicated viral spreading of enterovirus 71 using in situ bioorthogonal fluorescent labeling. Biomaterials 2018; 181:199-209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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13
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Chen D, Tian X, Zou X, Xu S, Wang H, Zheng N, Wu Z. Harmine, a small molecule derived from natural sources, inhibits enterovirus 71 replication by targeting NF-κB pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 60:111-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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14
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A Simple and Robust Approach for Evaluation of Antivirals Using a Recombinant Influenza Virus Expressing Gaussia Luciferase. Viruses 2018; 10:v10060325. [PMID: 29899269 PMCID: PMC6024319 DOI: 10.3390/v10060325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) causes seasonal epidemics and occasional but devastating pandemics, which are major public health concerns. Because the effectiveness of seasonal vaccines is highly variable and the currently available drugs are limited in their efficacy because of the emergence of drug resistance, there is an urgent need to develop novel antivirals. In this study, we characterized a recombinant IAV-carrying Gaussia luciferase (Gluc) gene and determined its potential as a tool for evaluating therapeutics. We demonstrated that this recombinant IAV is replication-competent in tissue culture and pathogenic in mice, although it is slightly attenuated compared to the parental virus. Luciferase expression correlated well with virus propagation both in vitro and in vivo, providing a simple measure for viral replication in tissue culture and in mouse lungs. To demonstrate the utility of this virus, ribavirin and oseltamivir phosphate were used to treat the IAV-infected cells and mice, and we observed the dose-dependent inhibition of viral replication by a luciferase assay. Moreover, the decreased luciferase expression in the infected lungs could predict the protective efficacy of antiviral interventions as early as day 2 post virus challenge. In summary, this study provides a new and quantitative approach to evaluate antivirals against IAV.
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15
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Silberstein E, Serna C, Fragoso SP, Nagarkatti R, Debrabant A. A novel nanoluciferase-based system to monitor Trypanosoma cruzi infection in mice by bioluminescence imaging. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195879. [PMID: 29672535 PMCID: PMC5908157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by the intracellular protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, affects 8–10 million people worldwide and represents a major public health challenge. There is no effective treatment or vaccine to control the disease that is characterized by a mild acute phase followed by a chronic life-long infection. Approximately 30% of chronically infected individuals develop cardiac and/or digestive pathologies. T. cruzi can invade a wide variety of nucleated cells, but only persists at specific tissues in the host. However, the mechanisms that determine tissue tropism and the progression of the infection have not been fully described. Identification of infection niches in animal models has been difficult due to the limited quantity of parasite-infected cells and their focal distribution in tissues during the chronic phase. To better understand the course of chronic infections and parasite dissemination, we developed a bioluminescence imaging system based on the use of transgenic T. cruzi Colombiana strain parasites expressing nanoluciferase. Swiss Webster mice were infected with luminescent trypomastigotes and monitored for 126 days. Whole animal in vivo imaging showed parasites predominantly distributed in the abdominal cavity and surrounding areas throughout the infection. Bioluminescence signal reached a peak between 14 to 21 days post infection (dpi) and decreased progressively over time. Total animal luminescence could still be measured 126 dpi while parasites remained undetectable in blood by microscopy in most animals. Ex vivo imaging of specific tissues and organs dissected post-mortem at 126 dpi revealed a widespread parasite distribution in the skeletal muscle, heart, intestines and mesenteric fat. Parasites were also detected in lungs and liver. This noninvasive imaging model represents a novel tool to study host-parasite interactions and to identify parasite reservoirs of chronic Chagas Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Silberstein
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Carylinda Serna
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stenio Perdigão Fragoso
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Trypanosomatids, Instituto Carlos Chagas/Fiocruz, Curitiba - Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rana Nagarkatti
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alain Debrabant
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Abstract
Reproduction of RNA viruses is typically error-prone due to the infidelity of their replicative machinery and the usual lack of proofreading mechanisms. The error rates may be close to those that kill the virus. Consequently, populations of RNA viruses are represented by heterogeneous sets of genomes with various levels of fitness. This is especially consequential when viruses encounter various bottlenecks and new infections are initiated by a single or few deviating genomes. Nevertheless, RNA viruses are able to maintain their identity by conservation of major functional elements. This conservatism stems from genetic robustness or mutational tolerance, which is largely due to the functional degeneracy of many protein and RNA elements as well as to negative selection. Another relevant mechanism is the capacity to restore fitness after genetic damages, also based on replicative infidelity. Conversely, error-prone replication is a major tool that ensures viral evolvability. The potential for changes in debilitated genomes is much higher in small populations, because in the absence of stronger competitors low-fit genomes have a choice of various trajectories to wander along fitness landscapes. Thus, low-fit populations are inherently unstable, and it may be said that to run ahead it is useful to stumble. In this report, focusing on picornaviruses and also considering data from other RNA viruses, we review the biological relevance and mechanisms of various alterations of viral RNA genomes as well as pathways and mechanisms of rehabilitation after loss of fitness. The relationships among mutational robustness, resilience, and evolvability of viral RNA genomes are discussed.
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17
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Jin Y, Zhang C, Zhang R, Ren J, Chen S, Sui M, Zhou G, Dang D, Zhu J, Feng H, Xi Y, Yang H, Duan G. Pulmonary edema following central nervous system lesions induced by a non- mouse-adapted EV71 strain in neonatal BALB/c mice. Virol J 2017; 14:243. [PMID: 29282065 PMCID: PMC5745784 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0911-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enterovirus (EV) infection has been a serious health issue in Asia-Pacific region. It has been indicated that the occurrence of fatal hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD) cases following EV71 infection is mainly attributed to pulmonary edema. However, the development of pulmonary disorders after EV71 infection remains largely unknown. To establish an EV71-infected animal model and further explore the underlying association of central nervous system (CNS) invasion with pulmonary edema, we isolated a clinical source EV71 strain (ZZ1350) from a severe case in Henan Province. Methods We evaluated the cytotoxicity of ZZ1350 strain and the susceptibility in 3-day-old BALB/c mice with intraperitoneal, intracerebral and intramuscular inoculation. Various histopathological and immunohistochemical techniques were applied to determine the target organs or tissue damage after infection. Correlation analysis was used to identify the relationship between CNS injury and pulmonary disorders. Results Our experimental results suggested that ZZ1350 (C4 subtype) had high cytotoxicity against African green monkey kidney (Vero) cells and human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells and neonatal BALB/c mice were highly susceptible to the infection with ZZ1350 through three different inoculation routes (2 × 106 pfu/mouse) exhibiting severe neurological and respiratory symptoms that were similar to clinical observation. Viral replication was found in brain, spinal cord, skeletal muscle, lung, spleen, liver, heart of infected mice and these sections also showed histopathological changes. We found that brain histology score was positive correlated with lung histology score in total experimental mice and mice under the three inoculation routes (P < 0.05). At the same time, there were positive correlations between spinal cord score and lung score in total experimental mice and mice with intracerebral inoculation (P < 0.05). Conclusions ZZ1350 strain is effective to establish animal model of EV71 infection with severe neurological and respiratory symptoms. The development of pulmonary disorders after EV71 infection is associated with severity of CNS damage. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi: 10.1186/s12985-017-0911-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuefei Jin
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Rongguang Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China.,Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingchao Ren
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaiyin Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Meili Sui
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Guangyuan Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Dejian Dang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Jiehui Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Huifen Feng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanlin Xi
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Haiyan Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China.,Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangcai Duan
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China.
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