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Bertzbach LD, Ip WH, von Stromberg K, Dobner T, Grand RJ. A comparative review of adenovirus A12 and C5 oncogenes. Curr Opin Virol 2024; 67:101413. [PMID: 38865835 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2024.101413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Oncogenic viruses contribute to 15% of global human cancers. To achieve that, virus-encoded oncoproteins deregulate cellular transcription, antagonize common cellular pathways, and thus drive cell transformation. Notably, adenoviruses were the first human viruses proven to induce cancers in diverse animal models. Over the past decades, human adenovirus (HAdV)-mediated oncogenic transformation has been pivotal in deciphering underlying molecular mechanisms. Key adenovirus oncoproteins, encoded in early regions 1 (E1) and 4 (E4), co-ordinate these processes. Among the different adenovirus species, the most extensively studied HAdV-C5 displays lower oncogenicity than HAdV-A12. A complete understanding of the different HAdV-A12 and HAdV-C5 oncoproteins in virus-mediated cell transformation, as summarized here, is relevant for adenovirus research and offers broader insights into viral transformation and oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca D Bertzbach
- Department of Viral Transformation, Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wing-Hang Ip
- Department of Viral Transformation, Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Konstantin von Stromberg
- Department of Viral Transformation, Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Dobner
- Department of Viral Transformation, Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Roger J Grand
- Institute for Cancer and Genomic Sciences, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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2
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Göttig L, Schreiner S. E4orf1: The triple agent of adenovirus - Unraveling its roles in oncogenesis, infectious obesity and immune responses in virus replication and vector therapy. Tumour Virus Res 2024; 17:200277. [PMID: 38428735 PMCID: PMC10937242 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2024.200277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Human Adenoviruses (HAdV) are nearly ubiquitous pathogens comprising numerous sub-types that infect various tissues and organs. Among many encoded proteins that facilitate viral replication and subversion of host cellular processes, the viral E4orf1 protein has emerged as an intriguing yet under-investigated player in the complex interplay between the virus and its host. E4orf1 has gained attention as a metabolism activator and oncogenic agent, while recent research is showing that E4orf1 may play a more important role in modulating cellular pathways such as PI3K-Akt-mTOR, Ras, the immune response and further HAdV replication stages than previously anticipated. In this review, we aim to explore the structure, molecular mechanisms, and biological functions of E4orf1, shedding light on its potentially multifaceted roles during HAdV infection, including metabolic diseases and oncogenesis. Furthermore, we discuss the role of functional E4orf1 in biotechnological applications such as Adenovirus (AdV) vaccine vectors and oncolytic AdV. By dissecting the intricate relationships between HAdV types and E4orf1 proteins, this review provides valuable insights into viral pathogenesis and points to promising areas of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Göttig
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Sabrina Schreiner
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Cluster of Excellence RESIST (Resolving Infection Susceptibility; EXC 2155), Hannover, Germany; Institute of Virology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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3
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Leikas AJ, Ylä-Herttuala S, Hartikainen JEK. Adenoviral Gene Therapy Vectors in Clinical Use-Basic Aspects with a Special Reference to Replication-Competent Adenovirus Formation and Its Impact on Clinical Safety. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16519. [PMID: 38003709 PMCID: PMC10671366 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenoviral vectors are commonly used in clinical gene therapy. Apart from oncolytic adenoviruses, vector replication is highly undesired as it may pose a safety risk for the treated patient. Thus, careful monitoring for the formation of replication-competent adenoviruses (RCA) during vector manufacturing is required. To render adenoviruses replication deficient, their genomic E1 region is deleted. However, it has been known for a long time that during their propagation, some viruses will regain their replication capability by recombination in production cells, most commonly HEK293. Recently developed RCA assays have revealed that many clinical batches contain more RCA than previously assumed and allowed by regulatory authorities. The clinical significance of the higher RCA content has yet to be thoroughly evaluated. In this review, we summarize the biology of adenovirus vectors, their manufacturing methods, and the origins of RCA formed during HEK293-based vector production. Lastly, we share our experience using minimally RCA-positive serotype 5 adenoviral vectors based on observations from our clinical cardiovascular gene therapy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksi J. Leikas
- Heart Center, Kuopio University Hospital, 70200 Kuopio, Finland; (S.Y.-H.); (J.E.K.H.)
- Gene Therapy Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, 70200 Kuopio, Finland
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- Heart Center, Kuopio University Hospital, 70200 Kuopio, Finland; (S.Y.-H.); (J.E.K.H.)
- Gene Therapy Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, 70200 Kuopio, Finland
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juha E. K. Hartikainen
- Heart Center, Kuopio University Hospital, 70200 Kuopio, Finland; (S.Y.-H.); (J.E.K.H.)
- Gene Therapy Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, 70200 Kuopio, Finland
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
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Baldassarri S, Benati D, D’Alessio F, Patrizi C, Cattin E, Gentile M, Raggioli A, Recchia A. Engineered Sleeping Beauty Transposon as Efficient System to Optimize Chimp Adenoviral Production. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147538. [PMID: 35886882 PMCID: PMC9316264 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleeping Beauty (SB) is the first DNA transposon employed for efficient transposition in vertebrate cells, opening new applications for genetic engineering and gene therapies. A transposon-based gene delivery system holds the favourable features of non-viral vectors and an attractive safety profile. Here, we employed SB to engineer HEK293 cells for optimizing the production of a chimpanzee Adenovector (chAd) belonging to the Human Mastadenovirus C species. To date, chAd vectors are employed in several clinical settings for infectious diseases, last but not least COVID-19. A robust, efficient and quick viral vector production could advance the clinical application of chAd vectors. To this aim, we firstly swapped the hAd5 E1 with chAd-C E1 gene by using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. We demonstrated that in the absence of human Ad5 E1, chimp Ad-C E1 gene did not support HEK293 survival. To improve chAd-C vector production, we engineered HEK293 cells to stably express the chAd-C precursor terminal protein (ch.pTP), which plays a crucial role in chimpanzee Adenoviral DNA replication. The results indicate that exogenous ch.pTP expression significantly ameliorate the packaging and amplification of recombinant chAd-C vectors thus, the engineered HEK293ch.pTP cells could represent a superior packaging cell line for the production of these vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Baldassarri
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy; (S.B.); (D.B.); (C.P.); (E.C.)
| | - Daniela Benati
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy; (S.B.); (D.B.); (C.P.); (E.C.)
| | - Federica D’Alessio
- ReiThera S.r.l., 00128 Rome, Italy; (F.D.); (M.G.); (A.R.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Clarissa Patrizi
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy; (S.B.); (D.B.); (C.P.); (E.C.)
| | - Eleonora Cattin
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy; (S.B.); (D.B.); (C.P.); (E.C.)
| | | | | | - Alessandra Recchia
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy; (S.B.); (D.B.); (C.P.); (E.C.)
- Correspondence:
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5
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Cimolai N. Preliminary concerns with vaccine vectors. Mutagenesis 2021; 35:359-360. [PMID: 32785590 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geaa020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nevio Cimolai
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Children's and Women's Health Centre of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Differential Regulation of Cellular FAM111B by Human Adenovirus C Type 5 E1 Oncogenes. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061015. [PMID: 34071532 PMCID: PMC8227810 DOI: 10.3390/v13061015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenovirus type 5 (HAdV-C5) E1 transcription unit encodes regulatory proteins that are essential for viral replication and transformation. Among these, E1A and E1B-55K act as key multifunctional HAdV-C5 proteins involved in various steps of the viral replication cycle and in virus-induced cell transformation. In this context, HAdV-C5-mediated dysregulations of cellular factors such as the tumor suppressors p53 and pRB have been intensively investigated. However, cellular components of downstream events that could affect infection and viral transformation are widely unknown. We recently observed that cellular FAM111B is highly regulated in an E1A-dependent fashion. Intriguingly, previous reports suggest that FAM111B might play roles in tumorigenesis, but its exact functions are not known to date. Here, we set out to investigate the role of FAM111B in HAdV-C5 infections. We found that (i) FAM111B levels are upregulated early and downregulated late during infection, that (ii) FAM111B expression is differentially regulated, that (iii) FAM111B expression levels depend on the presence of E1B-55K and E4orf6 and that (iv) a FAM111B knockdown increases HAdV-C5 replication. Our data indicate that FAM111B acts as an anti-adenoviral host factor that is involved in host cell defense mechanisms in productive HAdV-C5 infection. Moreover, these findings suggest that FAM111B might play an important role in the host antiviral immune response that is counteracted by HAdV-C5 E1B-55K and E4orf6 oncoproteins.
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Ip WH, Dobner T. Cell transformation by the adenovirus oncogenes E1 and E4. FEBS Lett 2019; 594:1848-1860. [PMID: 31821536 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Extensive studies on viral-mediated oncogenic transformation by human adenoviruses have revealed much of our current understanding on the molecular mechanisms that are involved in the process. To date, these studies have shown that cell transformation is a multistep process regulated by the cooperation of several adenoviral gene products encoded in the early regions 1 (E1) and 4 (E4). Early region 1A immortalizes primary rodent cells, whereas co-expression of early region protein 1B induces full manifestation of the transformed phenotype. Beside E1 proteins, also some E4 proteins have partial transforming activities through regulating many cellular pathways. Here, we summarize recent data of how adenoviral oncoproteins may contribute to viral transformation and discuss the challenge of pinpointing the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Hang Ip
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Dobner
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
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Miyamoto T, Akutsu SN, Matsuura S. Updated summary of genome editing technology in human cultured cells linked to human genetics studies. J Hum Genet 2017; 63:133-143. [PMID: 29167553 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-017-0349-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Current deep-sequencing technology provides a mass of nucleotide variations associated with human genetic disorders to accelerate the identification of causative mutations. To understand the etiology of genetic disorders, reverse genetics in human cultured cells is a useful approach for modeling a disease in vitro. However, gene targeting in human cultured cells is difficult because of their low activity of homologous recombination. Engineered endonucleases enable enhancement of the local activation of DNA repair pathways at the human genome target site to rewrite the desired sequence, thereby efficiently generating disease-modeling cultured cell clones. These edited cells can be used to explore the molecular functions of a causative gene product to uncover the etiological mechanisms. The correction of mutations in patient cells using genome editing technology could contribute to the development of unique gene therapies. This technology can also be applied to screening causative mutations. Rare genetic disorders and non-exonic mutation-caused diseases remain frontier in the field of human genetics as it is difficult to validate whether the extracted nucleotide variants are mutation or polymorphism. When isogenic human cultured cells with a candidate variant reproduce the pathogenic phenotypes, it is confirmed that the variant is a causative mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Miyamoto
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Silvia Natsuko Akutsu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shinya Matsuura
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Marongiu L. Proportion of transcriptionally active DNA virus integrants: a meta-analysis. Future Virol 2017. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2017-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Oncoviruses are collectively responsible for over 1,000,000 new cases of cancer per year; some can integrate into the host's chromosomes. The present work was aimed at assessing the proportion of transcriptionally active viral integrants through a systematic review of the scientific publications present on the MedLine database. From the articles screened, 628 viral integrants overall were retrieved, of which 530.84 were transcriptionally active (84.53%); among the clinical samples, 264 of 323 integrants were active (81.73%). The causes for the silencing were not addressed in the articles analyzed. These findings might highlight a possible risk factor for the insurgence of cancer since some oncovirus integrants could be reactivated by stimuli of disparate nature. Further studies should address such possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Marongiu
- Roslin Institute, the University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush campus, EH25 9RG Edinburgh, Scotland
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