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Chen L, Su H, Tao Z, Liang C, Liu Z, Dong Y, Zheng P, Liu Y. DUSP22 Ameliorates Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in HUVECs through Smad2/3 and MAPK Signaling Pathways. Cardiovasc Ther 2024; 2024:5583961. [PMID: 38495810 PMCID: PMC10942825 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5583961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) is the process by which endothelial cells lose their endothelial properties and acquire mesenchymal characteristics. Dual-specific protein phosphatase 22 (DUSP22) inactivates various protein kinases and transcription factors by dephosphorylating serine/threonine residues: hence, it plays a key role in many diseases. The aim of this study was to explore the functional role of DUSP22 in EndMT. In the transforming growth factor-β-induced EndMT model in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), we observed a downregulation of DUSP22 expression. This DUSP22 deficiency could aggravate EndMT. Conversely, the overexpression of DUSP22 could ameliorate EndMT. We used signaling pathway inhibitors to verify our results and found that DUSP22 could regulate EndMT through the smad2/3 and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. In summary, DUSP22 ameliorates EndMT in HUVECs in vitro through the smad2/3 and MAPK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongyu Su
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zekai Tao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Cui Liang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhongzhao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yiming Dong
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Peipei Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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2
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Maroto-García J, Martínez-Escribano A, Delgado-Gil V, Mañez M, Mugueta C, Varo N, García de la Torre Á, Ruiz-Galdón M. Biochemical biomarkers for multiple sclerosis. Clin Chim Acta 2023; 548:117471. [PMID: 37419300 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most frequent demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Although there is currently no definite cure for MS, new therapies have recently been developed based on a continuous search for new biomarkers. DEVELOPMENT MS diagnosis relies on the integration of clinical, imaging and laboratory findings as there is still no singlepathognomonicclinical feature or diagnostic laboratory biomarker. The most commonly laboratory test used is the presence of immunoglobulin G oligoclonal bands (OCB) in cerebrospinal fluid of MS patients. This test is now included in the 2017 McDonald criteria as a biomarker of dissemination in time. Nevertheless, there are other biomarkers currently in use such as kappa free light chain, which has shown higher sensitivity and specificity for MS diagnosis than OCB. In addition, other potential laboratory tests involved in neuronal damage, demyelination and/or inflammation could be used for detecting MS. CONCLUSIONS CSF and serum biomarkers have been reviewed for their use in MS diagnosis and prognosis to stablish an accurate and prompt MS diagnosis, crucial to implement an adequate treatment and to optimize clinical outcomes over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Maroto-García
- Biochemistry Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Faculty of Medicine. University of Malaga, Spain.
| | - Ana Martínez-Escribano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Faculty of Medicine. University of Malaga, Spain; Laboratory Medicine, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-ARRIXACA, Murcia, Spain
| | - Virginia Delgado-Gil
- Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain
| | - Minerva Mañez
- Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain
| | - Carmen Mugueta
- Biochemistry Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Spain
| | - Nerea Varo
- Biochemistry Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Spain
| | - Ángela García de la Torre
- Clinical Analysis Service, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain; The Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga (IBIMA), Malaga, Spain
| | - Maximiliano Ruiz-Galdón
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Faculty of Medicine. University of Malaga, Spain; Clinical Analysis Service, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain; The Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga (IBIMA), Malaga, Spain
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3
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Kashyap D, Rele S, Bagde PH, Saini V, Chatterjee D, Jain AK, Pandey RK, Jha HC. Comprehensive insight into altered host cell-signaling cascades upon Helicobacter pylori and Epstein-Barr virus infections in cancer. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:262. [PMID: 37310490 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03598-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is characterized by mutagenic events that lead to disrupted cell signaling and cellular functions. It is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Literature suggests that pathogens, mainly Helicobacter pylori and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), have been associated with the etiology of human cancer. Notably, their co-infection may lead to gastric cancer. Pathogen-mediated DNA damage could be the first and crucial step in the carcinogenesis process that modulates numerous cellular signaling pathways. Altogether, it dysregulates the metabolic pathways linked with cell growth, apoptosis, and DNA repair. Modulation in these pathways leads to abnormal growth and proliferation. Several signaling pathways such RTK, RAS/MAPK, PI3K/Akt, NFκB, JAK/STAT, HIF1α, and Wnt/β-catenin are known to be altered in cancer. Therefore, this review focuses on the oncogenic roles of H. pylori, EBV, and its associated signaling cascades in various cancers. Scrutinizing these signaling pathways is crucial and may provide new insights and targets for preventing and treating H. pylori and EBV-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmendra Kashyap
- Lab No. POD 1B 602, Infection Bio-Engineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, India
| | - Samiksha Rele
- Lab No. POD 1B 602, Infection Bio-Engineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, India
| | - Pranit Hemant Bagde
- Lab No. POD 1B 602, Infection Bio-Engineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, India
| | - Vaishali Saini
- Lab No. POD 1B 602, Infection Bio-Engineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, India
| | | | | | - Rajan Kumar Pandey
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 17177, Solna, Sweden
| | - Hem Chandra Jha
- Lab No. POD 1B 602, Infection Bio-Engineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, India.
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, Indore, India.
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4
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Zhao JZ, Xu LM, Ren GM, Shao YZ, Liu Q, Teng CB, Lu TY. Comparative transcriptome analysis of rainbow trout gonadal cells (RTG-2) infected with U and J genogroup infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1109606. [PMID: 36733771 PMCID: PMC9887044 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1109606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is the causative pathogen of infectious hematopoietic necrosis, outbreaks of which are responsible for significant losses in rainbow trout aquaculture. Strains of IHNV isolated worldwide have been classified into five major genogroups, J, E, L, M, and U. To date, comparative transcriptomic analysis has only been conducted individually for the J and M genogroups. In this study, we compared the transcriptome profiles in U genogroup and J genogroup IHNV-infected RTG-2 cells with mock-infected RTG-2 cells. The RNA-seq results revealed 17,064 new genes, of which 7,390 genes were functionally annotated. Differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis between U and J IHNV-infected cells revealed 2,238 DEGs, including 1,011 downregulated genes and 1,227 upregulated genes. Among the 2,238 DEGs, 345 new genes were discovered. The DEGs related to immune responses, cellular signal transduction, and viral diseases were further analyzed. RT-qPCR validation confirmed that the changes in expression of the immune response-related genes trpm2, sting, itgb7, ripk2, and irf1, cellular signal transduction-related genes irl, cacnb2, bmp2l, gadd45α, and plk2, and viral disease-related genes mlf1, mtor, armc5, pik3r1, and c-myc were consistent with the results of transcriptome analysis. Taken together, our findings provide a comprehensive transcriptional analysis of the differential virulence of the U and J genogroups of IHNV, and shed new light on the pathogenic mechanisms of IHNV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Zhuang Zhao
- Cell Biology Laboratory, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China,Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China,Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Li-Ming Xu
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Guang-Ming Ren
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yi-Zhi Shao
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Chun-Bo Teng
- Cell Biology Laboratory, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Tong-Yan Lu
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China,*Correspondence: Tong-Yan Lu, ✉
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5
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Serquiña AKP, Tagawa T, Oh D, Mahesh G, Ziegelbauer JM. 25-Hydroxycholesterol Inhibits Kaposi's Sarcoma Herpesvirus and Epstein-Barr Virus Infections and Activates Inflammatory Cytokine Responses. mBio 2021; 12:e0290721. [PMID: 34781692 PMCID: PMC8593836 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02907-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic gammaherpesviruses express viral products during latent and lytic infection that block the innate immune response. Previously, we found that Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV/human herpesvirus-8) viral microRNAs (miRNAs) downregulate cholesterol biogenesis, and we hypothesized that this prevents the production of 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC), a cholesterol derivative. 25HC blocks KSHV de novo infection of primary endothelial cells at a postentry step and decreases viral gene expression of LANA (latency-associated nuclear antigen) and RTA. Herein we expanded on this observation by determining transcriptomic changes associated with 25HC treatment of primary endothelial cells using RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). We found that 25HC treatment inhibited KSHV gene expression and induced interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) and several inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 8 [IL-8], IL-1α). Some 25HC-induced genes were partially responsible for the broadly antiviral effect of 25HC against several viruses. Additionally, we found that 25HC inhibited infection of primary B cells by a related oncogenic virus, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV/human herpesvirus-4) by suppressing key viral genes such as LMP-1 and inducing apoptosis. RNA-Seq analysis revealed that IL-1 and IL-8 pathways were induced by 25HC in both primary endothelial cells and B cells. We also found that the gene encoding cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H), which converts cholesterol to 25HC, can be induced by type I interferon (IFN) in human B cell-enriched peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). We propose a model wherein viral miRNAs target the cholesterol pathway to prevent 25HC production and subsequent induction of antiviral ISGs. Together, these results answer some important questions about a widely acting antiviral (25HC), with implications for multiple viral and bacterial infections. IMPORTANCE A cholesterol derivative, 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC), has been demonstrated to inhibit infections from widely different bacteria and viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, its mechanism of activity is still not fully understood. In this work, we look at gene expression changes in the host and virus after 25HC treatment to find clues about its antiviral activity. We likewise demonstrate that 25HC is also antiviral against EBV, a common cancer-causing virus. We compared our results with previous data from antiviral screening assays and found the same pathways resulting in antiviral activity. Together, these results bring us closer to understanding how a modified form of cholesterol works against several viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K. P. Serquiña
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Takanobu Tagawa
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel Oh
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Guruswamy Mahesh
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph M. Ziegelbauer
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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6
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Vemulapalli V, Donovan KA, Seegar TCM, Rogers JM, Bae M, Lumpkin RJ, Cao R, Henke MT, Ray SS, Fischer ES, Cuny GD, Blacklow SC. Targeted Degradation of the Oncogenic Phosphatase SHP2. Biochemistry 2021; 60:2593-2609. [PMID: 34411482 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
SHP2 is a protein tyrosine phosphatase that plays a critical role in the full activation of the Ras-MAPK pathway upon stimulation of receptor tyrosine kinases, which are frequently amplified or mutationally activated in human cancer. In addition, activating mutations in SHP2 result in developmental disorders and hematologic malignancies. Several allosteric inhibitors have been developed for SHP2 and are currently in clinical trials. Here, we report the development and evaluation of a SHP2 PROTAC created by conjugating RMC-4550 with pomalidomide using a PEG linker. This molecule is highly selective for SHP2, induces degradation of SHP2 in leukemic cells at submicromolar concentrations, inhibits MAPK signaling, and suppresses cancer cell growth. SHP2 PROTACs serve as an alternative strategy for targeting ERK-dependent cancers and are useful tools alongside allosteric inhibitors for dissecting the mechanisms by which SHP2 exerts its oncogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidyasiri Vemulapalli
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.,Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Katherine A Donovan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Tom C M Seegar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, United States
| | - Julia M Rogers
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Munhyung Bae
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Ryan J Lumpkin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Ruili Cao
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Matthew T Henke
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Soumya S Ray
- RA Capital, 200 Berkeley Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02116, United States
| | - Eric S Fischer
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.,Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Gregory D Cuny
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Stephen C Blacklow
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.,Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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7
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Khogali MK, Wen K, Jauregui D, Liu L, Zhao M, Gong D, Geng T. Uterine structure and function contributes to the formation of the sandpaper-shelled eggs in laying hens. Anim Reprod Sci 2021; 232:106826. [PMID: 34403835 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The avian eggshell is formed in the uterus, and eggshell quality usually decreases markedly in the late phase of hen laying cycles. Production of sandpaper-shelled eggs (SE), a category of eggs with relatively less eggshell quality, causes a great economic loss. Underlying mechanisms of SE formation, however, remain unclear. For the present study, it was hypothesized that alterations in uterine structure and function contribute to SE formation. To test this hypothesis, uterine samples were collected from 450-day-old hens that produced normal eggs (NE) and SE (based on 2-week-long assessments, n = 10) for histomorphological and transcriptome analyses. Compared with the NE group, uteri of the SE group were apparently atrophied. Furthermore, a total of 211 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the uteri of hens of the two groups. These DEGs were clustered into 145 gene ontology terms (FDR < 0.05) and enriched in 12 KEGG pathways (P < 0.10), which are primarily related to organ morphogenesis and development, cell growth, differentiation and death, ion transport, endocrine and cell communication, immune response, and corticotropin-releasing hormones. In particular, corticotropin may be an important factor in SE formation because of effects on ion transport. Furthermore, as indicated by lesser abundances of relevant mRNA transcripts, the lesser expression of genes related to ion transport and matrix proteins also contribute to SE production because of effects on eggshell formation. In conclusion, results from this study revealed there were structural and functional differences in the hen uterus in NE and SE groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mawahib K Khogali
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, PR China; Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Animal Production, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, 13314, Sudan
| | - Kang Wen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Diego Jauregui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Long Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Minmeng Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Daoqing Gong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
| | - Tuoyu Geng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
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8
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Ten Bosch GJA, Bolk J, 't Hart BA, Laman JD. Multiple sclerosis is linked to MAPK ERK overactivity in microglia. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:1033-1042. [PMID: 33948692 PMCID: PMC8313465 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02080-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Reassessment of published observations in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) suggests a microglial malfunction due to inappropriate (over)activity of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway ERK (MAPKERK). These observations regard biochemistry as well as epigenetics, and all indicate involvement of this pathway. Recent preclinical research on neurodegeneration already pointed towards a role of MAPK pathways, in particular MAPKERK. This is important as microglia with overactive MAPK have been identified to disturb local oligodendrocytes which can lead to locoregional demyelination, hallmark of MS. This constitutes a new concept on pathophysiology of MS, besides the prevailing view, i.e., autoimmunity. Acknowledged risk factors for MS, such as EBV infection, hypovitaminosis D, and smoking, all downregulate MAPKERK negative feedback phosphatases that normally regulate MAPKERK activity. Consequently, these factors may contribute to inappropriate MAPKERK overactivity, and thereby to neurodegeneration. Also, MAPKERK overactivity in microglia, as a factor in the pathophysiology of MS, could explain ongoing neurodegeneration in MS patients despite optimized immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory treatment. Currently, for these patients with progressive disease, no effective treatment exists. In such refractory MS, targeting the cause of overactive MAPKERK in microglia merits further investigation as this phenomenon may imply a novel treatment approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J A Ten Bosch
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Jolande Bolk
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Bert A 't Hart
- Department Anatomy and Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center (VUmc), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jon D Laman
- Department Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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9
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Luo Y, Liu Y, Wang C, Gan R. Signaling pathways of EBV-induced oncogenesis. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:93. [PMID: 33549103 PMCID: PMC7868022 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-01793-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is closely associated with multiple human cancers. EBV-associated cancers are mainly lymphomas derived from B cells and T cells (Hodgkin lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, NK/T-cell lymphoma, and posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD)) and carcinomas derived from epithelial cells (nasopharyngeal carcinoma and gastric carcinoma). EBV can induce oncogenesis in its host cell by activating various signaling pathways, such as nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), phosphoinositide-3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT), Janus kinase/signal transducer and transcription activator (JAK/STAT), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and Wnt/β-catenin, which are regulated by EBV-encoded proteins and noncoding RNA. In this review, we focus on the oncogenic roles of EBV that are mediated through the aforementioned signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Luo
- Cancer Research Institute, Medical School, University of South China, Chang Sheng Xi Avenue 28, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yitong Liu
- Cancer Research Institute, Medical School, University of South China, Chang Sheng Xi Avenue 28, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengkun Wang
- Cancer Research Institute, Medical School, University of South China, Chang Sheng Xi Avenue 28, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Runliang Gan
- Cancer Research Institute, Medical School, University of South China, Chang Sheng Xi Avenue 28, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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