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Suetsugu K, Shigematsu T, Nakamura T, Hirota T, Ieiri I. Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Letermovir in Allogenic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. Clin Pharmacokinet 2024:10.1007/s40262-024-01392-1. [PMID: 39012618 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-024-01392-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Letermovir is a newly developed antiviral agent used for the prophylaxis of human cytomegalovirus infections in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. This novel anti-cytomegalovirus drug, used for the prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus reactivation until approximately 200 days after transplantation, effectively reduces the risk of clinically significant cytomegalovirus infection. No human counterpart exists for the terminase complex; letermovir is virus specific and lacks some toxicities previously observed with other anti-cytomegalovirus drugs, such as cytopenia and nephrotoxicity. The absolute bioavailability of letermovir in healthy individuals is estimated to be 94% based on a population-pharmacokinetic analysis. In contrast, oral administration of letermovir to patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation results in lower exposure than that in healthy individuals. Renal or hepatic impairment does not influence the intrinsic clearance of letermovir. Co-administration of letermovir may alter the plasma concentrations of other drugs, including itself, as it acts as a substrate and inhibitor/inducer of several drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters. In particular, attention should be paid to the drug-drug interactions between letermovir and calcineurin inhibitors or azole antifungal agents, which are commonly used in patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation. This article reviews and summarizes the clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of letermovir, focusing on patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation, healthy individuals, and specific patient subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimitaka Suetsugu
- Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Shigematsu
- Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nakamura
- Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hirota
- Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ichiro Ieiri
- Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
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Piret J, Boivin G. Management of Cytomegalovirus Infections in the Era of the Novel Antiviral Players, Letermovir and Maribavir. Infect Dis Rep 2024; 16:65-82. [PMID: 38247977 PMCID: PMC10801527 DOI: 10.3390/idr16010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections may increase morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. Until recently, standard antiviral drugs against CMV were limited to viral DNA polymerase inhibitors (val)ganciclovir, foscarnet and cidofovir with a risk for cross-resistance. These drugs may also cause serious side effects. This narrative review provides an update on new antiviral agents that were approved for the prevention and treatment of CMV infections in transplant recipients. Letermovir was approved in 2017 for CMV prophylaxis in CMV-seropositive adults who received an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Maribavir followed four years later, with an indication in the treatment of adult and pediatric transplant patients with refractory/resistant CMV disease. The target of letermovir is the CMV terminase complex (constituted of pUL56, pUL89 and pUL51 subunits). Letermovir prevents the cleavage of viral DNA and its packaging into capsids. Maribavir is a pUL97 kinase inhibitor, which interferes with the assembly of capsids and the egress of virions from the nucleus. Both drugs have activity against most CMV strains resistant to standard drugs and exhibit favorable safety profiles. However, high-level resistance mutations may arise more rapidly in the UL56 gene under letermovir than low-grade resistance mutations. Some mutations emerging in the UL97 gene under maribavir can be cross-resistant with ganciclovir. Thus, letermovir and maribavir now extend the drug arsenal available for the management of CMV infections and their respective niches are currently defined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guy Boivin
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada;
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Iwaisako Y, Fujimuro M. The Terminase Complex of Each Human Herpesvirus. Biol Pharm Bull 2024; 47:912-916. [PMID: 38692868 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b23-00717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The human herpesviruses (HHVs) are classified into the following three subfamilies: Alphaherpesvirinae, Betaherpesvirinae, and Gammaherpesvirinae. These HHVs have distinct pathological features, while containing a highly conserved viral replication pathway. Among HHVs, the basic viral particle structure and the sequential processes of viral replication are nearly identical. In particular, the capsid formation mechanism has been proposed to be highly similar among herpesviruses, because the viral capsid-organizing proteins are highly conserved at the structural and functional levels. Herpesviruses form capsids containing the viral genome in the nucleus of infected cells during the lytic phase, and release infectious virus (i.e., virions) to the cell exterior. In the capsid formation process, a single-unit-length viral genome is encapsidated into a preformed capsid. The single-unit-length viral genome is produced by cleavage from a viral genome precursor in which multiple unit-length viral genomes are tandemly linked. This encapsidation and cleavage is carried out by the terminase complex, which is composed of viral proteins. Since the terminase complex-mediated encapsidation and cleavage is a virus-specific mechanism that does not exist in humans, it may be an excellent inhibitory target for anti-viral drugs with high virus specificity. This review provides an overview of the functions of the terminase complexes of HHVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Iwaisako
- Department of Cell Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
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Li WW, Zhang YM, Shen MZ, Mo XD. Efficacy and safety of letermovir prophylaxis for cytomegalovirus infection after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. BLOOD SCIENCE 2024; 6:e00178. [PMID: 38213825 PMCID: PMC10781138 DOI: 10.1097/bs9.0000000000000178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Letermovir is a specific inhibitor of cytomegalovirus (CMV) terminase complex. Several studies have reported that letermovir can effectively prevent CMV activation after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). We aimed to identify the efficacy and safety of letermovir prophylaxis for CMV infection after allo-HSCT with a systemic review and meta-analysis. A literature search was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses statement. PubMed and Embase databases were searched. A total of 28 studies were included. The incidence of CMV activation at 14 weeks after HSCT was 0.10 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.06-0.18), which was 0.10 (95% CI, 0.04-0.21) and 0% in adult and children (2 studies were included and both of them were 0%). In addition, the incidence of CMV activation at 14 weeks after allo-HSCT was 0.11 (95% CI, 0.06-0.21) and 0.07 (only 1 study included), respectively, in retrospective and prospective studies. The incidence of CMV activation at 100 and 200 days after HSCT was 0.23 (95% CI, 0.16-0.33) and 0.49 (95% CI, 0.32-0.67), respectively. The incidence of CMV disease at 14 weeks and at 6 months after HSCT was 0.01 (95% CI, 0.01-0.02) and 0.03 (95% CI, 0.01-0.09), respectively. Thus, our systemic review and meta-analysis suggested that letermovir prophylaxis was safe and effective for CMV activation after allo-HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Wen Li
- Peking University People’s Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
- Department of Hematology, Qingdao Women and Children’s Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Yong-Mei Zhang
- Peking University People’s Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
- Department of Hematology, Shijiazhuang People’s Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Meng-Zhu Shen
- Peking University People’s Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Mo
- Peking University People’s Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Key Technique for Diagnosis and Treatments of Hematologic Malignancies (2019RU029), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Nho D, Lee R, Cho SY, Lee DG, Kim EJ, Park S, Lee SE, Cho BS, Kim YJ, Lee S, Kim HJ. Cytomegalovirus Infection after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation under 100-Day Letermovir Prophylaxis: A Real-World 1-Year Follow-Up Study. Viruses 2023; 15:1884. [PMID: 37766290 PMCID: PMC10536589 DOI: 10.3390/v15091884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevention and management of cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation is important to improve the outcomes of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) recipients. The aim of this study was to analyze real-world data regarding the incidence and characteristics of CMV infections until 1 year after allo-HCT under 100-day letermovir prophylaxis. A single-center retrospective study was conducted between November 2020 and October 2021. During the study period, 358 patients underwent allo-HCT, 306 of whom received letermovir prophylaxis. Cumulative incidence of clinically significant CMV infection (CS-CMVi) was 11.4%, 31.7%, and 36.9% at 14 weeks, 24 weeks, and 1 year post-HCT, respectively. Through multivariate analysis, the risk of CS-CMVi increased with graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) ≥ grade 2 (adjusted odds ratio 3.640 [2.036-6.510]; p < 0.001). One-year non-relapse mortality was significantly higher in letermovir breakthrough CS-CMVi patients than those with subclinical CMV reactivation who continued receiving letermovir (p = 0.002). There were 18 (15.9%) refractory CMV infection cases in this study population. In summary, letermovir prophylaxis is effective at preventing CS-CMVi until day 100, which increased after the cessation of letermovir. GVHD is still a significant risk factor in the era of letermovir prophylaxis. Further research is needed to establish individualized management strategies, especially in patients with significant GVHD or letermovir breakthrough CS-CMVi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dukhee Nho
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (D.N.); (R.L.); (D.-G.L.)
- Vaccine Bio Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
- Catholic Hematology Hospital, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.K.); (S.P.); (S.-E.L.); (B.-S.C.); (Y.-J.K.); (S.L.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Raeseok Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (D.N.); (R.L.); (D.-G.L.)
- Vaccine Bio Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
- Catholic Hematology Hospital, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.K.); (S.P.); (S.-E.L.); (B.-S.C.); (Y.-J.K.); (S.L.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Sung-Yeon Cho
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (D.N.); (R.L.); (D.-G.L.)
- Vaccine Bio Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
- Catholic Hematology Hospital, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.K.); (S.P.); (S.-E.L.); (B.-S.C.); (Y.-J.K.); (S.L.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Dong-Gun Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (D.N.); (R.L.); (D.-G.L.)
- Vaccine Bio Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
- Catholic Hematology Hospital, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.K.); (S.P.); (S.-E.L.); (B.-S.C.); (Y.-J.K.); (S.L.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Eun-Jin Kim
- Catholic Hematology Hospital, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.K.); (S.P.); (S.-E.L.); (B.-S.C.); (Y.-J.K.); (S.L.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Silvia Park
- Catholic Hematology Hospital, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.K.); (S.P.); (S.-E.L.); (B.-S.C.); (Y.-J.K.); (S.L.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Sung-Eun Lee
- Catholic Hematology Hospital, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.K.); (S.P.); (S.-E.L.); (B.-S.C.); (Y.-J.K.); (S.L.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Byung-Sik Cho
- Catholic Hematology Hospital, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.K.); (S.P.); (S.-E.L.); (B.-S.C.); (Y.-J.K.); (S.L.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Yoo-Jin Kim
- Catholic Hematology Hospital, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.K.); (S.P.); (S.-E.L.); (B.-S.C.); (Y.-J.K.); (S.L.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Seok Lee
- Catholic Hematology Hospital, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.K.); (S.P.); (S.-E.L.); (B.-S.C.); (Y.-J.K.); (S.L.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Hee-Je Kim
- Catholic Hematology Hospital, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.K.); (S.P.); (S.-E.L.); (B.-S.C.); (Y.-J.K.); (S.L.); (H.-J.K.)
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Muller C, Alain S, Hantz S. Identification of a leucine-zipper motif in pUL51 essential for HCMV replication and potential target for antiviral development. Antiviral Res 2023; 217:105673. [PMID: 37478917 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) can cause serious diseases in immunocompromised patients. Use of current antivirals is limited by their adverse effects and emergence of drug resistance mutations. Thus, new drugs are an urgent need. The terminase complex (pUL56-pUL89-pUL51) represents a target of choice for new antivirals development. pUL51 was shown to be crucial for the cleavage of concatemeric HCMV DNA and viral replication. Its C-terminal part plays a critical role for the terminase complex assembly. However, no interaction domain is clearly identified. Sequence comparison of herpesvirus homologs and protein modelling were performed on pUL51. Importance of a putative interaction domain is validated by the generation of recombinant viruses with specific alanine substitutions of amino acids implicated in the domain. We identified a Leucine-Zipper (LZ) domain involving the leucine residues L126-X6-L133-X6-L140-X6-L147 in C-terminal part of pUL51. These leucines are crucial for viral replication, suggesting the significance for pUL51 structure and function. A mimetic-peptide approach has been used and tested in antiviral assays to validate the interaction domain as a new therapeutic target. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by LDH release measurement. The peptide TAT-HK29, homologous to the pUL51-LZ domain, inhibits HCMV replication by 27% ± 9% at 1.25 μM concentration without cytotoxicity. Our results highlight the importance of a leucine zipper domain in the C-terminal part of pUL51 involving leucines L126, L133, L140 and L147. We also confirm the potential of mimetic peptides to inhibit HCMV replication and the importance to target interaction domains to develop antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clotilde Muller
- Univ. Limoges, INSERM, CHU Limoges, RESINFIT, U1092, F-87000, Limoges, France
| | - Sophie Alain
- Univ. Limoges, INSERM, CHU Limoges, RESINFIT, U1092, F-87000, Limoges, France; CHU Limoges, Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie-Hygiène, National Reference Center for Herpesviruses (NRCHV), F-87000, Limoges, France
| | - Sébastien Hantz
- Univ. Limoges, INSERM, CHU Limoges, RESINFIT, U1092, F-87000, Limoges, France; CHU Limoges, Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie-Hygiène, National Reference Center for Herpesviruses (NRCHV), F-87000, Limoges, France.
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Zeng J, Cao D, Yang S, Jaijyan DK, Liu X, Wu S, Cruz-Cosme R, Tang Q, Zhu H. Insights into the Transcriptome of Human Cytomegalovirus: A Comprehensive Review. Viruses 2023; 15:1703. [PMID: 37632045 PMCID: PMC10458407 DOI: 10.3390/v15081703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a widespread pathogen that poses significant risks to immunocompromised individuals. Its genome spans over 230 kbp and potentially encodes over 200 open-reading frames. The HCMV transcriptome consists of various types of RNAs, including messenger RNAs (mRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and microRNAs (miRNAs), with emerging insights into their biological functions. HCMV mRNAs are involved in crucial viral processes, such as viral replication, transcription, and translation regulation, as well as immune modulation and other effects on host cells. Additionally, four lncRNAs (RNA1.2, RNA2.7, RNA4.9, and RNA5.0) have been identified in HCMV, which play important roles in lytic replication like bypassing acute antiviral responses, promoting cell movement and viral spread, and maintaining HCMV latency. CircRNAs have gained attention for their important and diverse biological functions, including association with different diseases, acting as microRNA sponges, regulating parental gene expression, and serving as translation templates. Remarkably, HCMV encodes miRNAs which play critical roles in silencing human genes and other functions. This review gives an overview of human cytomegalovirus and current research on the HCMV transcriptome during lytic and latent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Zeng
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 070101, USA
| | - Di Cao
- Department of Pain Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Shaomin Yang
- Department of Pain Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Dabbu Kumar Jaijyan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 070101, USA
| | - Xiaolian Liu
- Institute of Pathogenic Organisms, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Songbin Wu
- Department of Pain Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Ruth Cruz-Cosme
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W Street NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Qiyi Tang
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W Street NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 070101, USA
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Iwaisako Y, Watanabe T, Suzuki Y, Nakano T, Fujimuro M. Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus ORF67.5 Functions as a Component of the Terminase Complex. J Virol 2023; 97:e0047523. [PMID: 37272800 PMCID: PMC10308961 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00475-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) gammaherpesvirus with a poorly characterized lytic replication cycle. However, the lytic replication cycle of the alpha- and betaherpesviruses are well characterized. During lytic infection of alpha- and betaherpesviruses, the viral genome is replicated as a precursor form, which contains tandem genomes linked via terminal repeats (TRs). One genomic unit of the precursor form is packaged into a capsid and is cleaved at the TR by the terminase complex. While the alpha- and betaherpesvirus terminases are well characterized, the KSHV terminase remains poorly understood. KSHV open reading frame 7 (ORF7), ORF29, and ORF67.5 are presumed to be components of the terminase complex based on their homology to other terminase proteins. We previously reported that ORF7-deficient KSHV formed numerous immature soccer ball-like capsids and failed to cleave the TRs. ORF7 interacted with ORF29 and ORF67.5; however, ORF29 and ORF67.5 did not interact with each other. While these results suggested that ORF7 is important for KSHV terminase function and capsid formation, the function of ORF67.5 was completely unknown. Therefore, to analyze the function of ORF67.5, we constructed ORF67.5-deficient BAC16. ORF67.5-deficient KSHV failed to produce infectious virus and cleave the TRs, and numerous soccer ball-like capsids were observed in ORF67.5-deficient KSHV-harboring cells. Furthermore, ORF67.5 promoted the interaction between ORF7 and ORF29, and ORF29 increased the interaction between ORF67.5 and ORF7. Thus, our data indicated that ORF67.5 functions as a component of the KSHV terminase complex by contributing to TR cleavage, terminase complex formation, capsid formation, and virus production. IMPORTANCE Although the formation and function of the alpha- and betaherpesvirus terminase complexes are well understood, the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) terminase complex is still largely uncharacterized. This complex presumably contains KSHV open reading frame 7 (ORF7), ORF29, and ORF67.5. We were the first to report the presence of soccer ball-like capsids in ORF7-deficient KSHV-harboring lytic-induced cells. Here, we demonstrated that ORF67.5-deficient KSHV also formed soccer ball-like capsids in lytic-induced cells. Moreover, ORF67.5 was required for terminal repeat (TR) cleavage, infectious virus production, and enhancement of the interaction between ORF7 and ORF29. ORF67.5 has several highly conserved regions among its human herpesviral homologs. These regions were necessary for virus production and for the interaction of ORF67.5 with ORF7, which was supported by the artificial intelligence (AI)-predicted structure model. Importantly, our results provide the first evidence showing that ORF67.5 is essential for terminase complex formation and TR cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Iwaisako
- Department of Cell Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tadashi Watanabe
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Youichi Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakano
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Fujimuro
- Department of Cell Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
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Yang Q, Liu Y, Wang M, Wu Y, Bin T, Ou X, Mao S, Huang J, Sun D, Gao Q, Zhao X, Zhang S, Chen S, Liu M, Zhu D, Jia R, Cheng A. Duck plague virus pUL15 performs a nonspecial cleavage activity through its C terminal nuclease domain in vitro. Vet Microbiol 2023; 279:109671. [PMID: 36731190 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Duck plague virus (DPV), also known as anatid herpesvirus, is a double-stranded DNA virus and a member of α herpesvirus. DPV pUL15 is a homolog of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) pUL15, a terminase large subunit, and plays a key role in the cleavage and packaging of the viral concatemeric genome. However, the sequence similarity between DPV pUL15 and its homologs is low, and it is not sure if DPV pUL15 has the potential to cleave the concatemeric genome as same as its homologs. Here, we expressed the C terminal domain of DPV pUL15 to explore the nuclease function of DPV pUL15. The main results showed that (Ⅰ) DPV pUL15 C-terminal domain possesses nonspecific nuclease activity and lacks the DNA binding ability. (Ⅱ) DPV pUL15 nuclease activity needs to coordinate with divalent metal ions and tends to be more active at high temperatures. (Ⅲ) Even though the structure of DPV pUL15 nuclease domain is relatively conserved, the mutations of conserved amino acids on the nuclease domain do not significantly inhibit the nuclease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Yiheng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Tian Bin
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Sai Mao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Di Sun
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Qun Gao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China.
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10
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Perchetti GA, Biernacki MA, Xie H, Castor J, Joncas-Schronce L, Ueda Oshima M, Kim Y, Jerome KR, Sandmaier BM, Martin PJ, Boeckh M, Greninger AL, Zamora D. Cytomegalovirus breakthrough and resistance during letermovir prophylaxis. Bone Marrow Transplant 2023; 58:430-436. [PMID: 36693927 DOI: 10.1038/s41409-023-01920-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Letermovir is a relatively new antiviral for prophylaxis against cytomegalovirus (CMV) after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). CMV-seropositive HCT recipients who received letermovir prophylaxis from 2018 to 2020 at our center were evaluated for letermovir resistance and breakthrough CMV reactivation. Two-hundred twenty-six letermovir recipients were identified and 7/15 (47%) with CMV DNAemia ≥200 IU/mL were successfully genotyped for UL56 resistance. A single C325Y resistance mutation was identified in an umbilical cord blood recipient. Ninety-five (42%), 43 (19%), and 15 (7%) patients had breakthrough CMV at any level, ≥150 IU/mL, and ≥500 IU/mL, respectively. Risk factors for breakthrough CMV reactivation at each viral threshold were examined. Cumulative steroid exposure was the strongest risk factor for CMV at all evaluated viral thresholds. Graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis with post-transplantation cyclophosphamide (aHR 2.34, 95% CI 1.28-4.28, p = 0.001) or calcineurin inhibitors plus mycophenolate (aHR 2.24, 95% CI 1.30-3.86, p = 0.004) were also associated with an increased risk of CMV reactivation at any level. De novo letermovir resistance is rare and can be successfully treated using other antivirals. Letermovir effectively prevents clinically significant CMV, however, subclinical CMV reactivation occurs frequently at our center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett A Perchetti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Melinda A Biernacki
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hu Xie
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jared Castor
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Laurel Joncas-Schronce
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Masumi Ueda Oshima
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - YoungJun Kim
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Keith R Jerome
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brenda M Sandmaier
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paul J Martin
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael Boeckh
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alexander L Greninger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Danniel Zamora
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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11
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Hansen SG, Womack JL, Perez W, Schmidt KA, Marshall E, Iyer RF, Cleveland Rubeor H, Otero CE, Taher H, Vande Burgt NH, Barfield R, Randall KT, Morrow D, Hughes CM, Selseth AN, Gilbride RM, Ford JC, Caposio P, Tarantal AF, Chan C, Malouli D, Barry PA, Permar SR, Picker LJ, Früh K. Late gene expression-deficient cytomegalovirus vectors elicit conventional T cells that do not protect against SIV. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e164692. [PMID: 36749635 PMCID: PMC10070102 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.164692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhesus cytomegalovirus-based (RhCMV-based) vaccine vectors induce immune responses that protect ~60% of rhesus macaques (RMs) from SIVmac239 challenge. This efficacy depends on induction of effector memory-based (EM-biased) CD8+ T cells recognizing SIV peptides presented by major histocompatibility complex-E (MHC-E) instead of MHC-Ia. The phenotype, durability, and efficacy of RhCMV/SIV-elicited cellular immune responses were maintained when vector spread was severely reduced by deleting the antihost intrinsic immunity factor phosphoprotein 71 (pp71). Here, we examined the impact of an even more stringent attenuation strategy on vector-induced immune protection against SIV. Fusion of the FK506-binding protein (FKBP) degradation domain to Rh108, the orthologue of the essential human CMV (HCMV) late gene transcription factor UL79, generated RhCMV/SIV vectors that conditionally replicate only when the FK506 analog Shield-1 is present. Despite lacking in vivo dissemination and reduced innate and B cell responses to vaccination, Rh108-deficient 68-1 RhCMV/SIV vectors elicited high-frequency, durable, EM-biased, SIV-specific T cell responses in RhCMV-seropositive RMs at doses of ≥ 1 × 106 PFU. Strikingly, elicited CD8+ T cells exclusively targeted MHC-Ia-restricted epitopes and failed to protect against SIVmac239 challenge. Thus, Rh108-dependent late gene expression is required for both induction of MHC-E-restricted T cells and protection against SIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott G. Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Jennie L. Womack
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Wilma Perez
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Emily Marshall
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Ravi F. Iyer
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Hillary Cleveland Rubeor
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Claire E. Otero
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Husam Taher
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Nathan H. Vande Burgt
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Richard Barfield
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kurt T. Randall
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - David Morrow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Colette M. Hughes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Andrea N. Selseth
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Roxanne M. Gilbride
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Julia C. Ford
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Patrizia Caposio
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Alice F. Tarantal
- California National Primate Research Center, UCD, Davis, California, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, UCD, Davis, California, USA
| | - Cliburn Chan
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Daniel Malouli
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Peter A. Barry
- California National Primate Research Center, UCD, Davis, California, USA
| | - Sallie R. Permar
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Louis J. Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Klaus Früh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
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12
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He T, Edwards TC, Majima R, Jung E, Kankanala J, Xie J, Geraghty RJ, Wang Z. Repurposing N-hydroxy thienopyrimidine-2,4-diones (HtPD) as inhibitors of human cytomegalovirus pUL89 endonuclease: Synthesis and biological characterization. Bioorg Chem 2022; 129:106198. [PMID: 36265353 PMCID: PMC9643671 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The terminase complex of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is required for viral genome packaging and cleavage. Critical to the terminase functions is a metal-dependent endonuclease at the C-terminus of pUL89 (pUL89-C). We have previously reported metal-chelating N-hydroxy thienopyrimidine-2,4-diones (HtPD) as inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) RNase H. In the current work, we have synthesized new analogs and resynthesized known analogs of two isomeric HtPD subtypes, anti-HtPD (13), and syn-HtPD (14), and characterized them as inhibitors of pUL89-C. Remarkably, the vast majority of analogs strongly inhibited pUL89-C in the biochemical endonuclease assay, with IC50 values in the nM range. In the cell-based antiviral assay, a few analogs inhibited HCMV in low μM concentrations. Selected analogs were further characterized in a biophysical thermal shift assay (TSA) and in silico molecular docking, and the results support pUL89-C as the protein target of these inhibitors. Collectively, the biochemical, antiviral, biophysical, and in silico data reported herein indicate that the isomeric HtPD chemotypes 13-14 can serve as valuable chemical platforms for designing improved inhibitors of HCMV pUL89-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu He
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Tiffany C Edwards
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ryuichi Majima
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Eunkyung Jung
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jayakanth Kankanala
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jiashu Xie
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Robert J Geraghty
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Zhengqiang Wang
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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13
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Turner DL, Mathias RA. The human cytomegalovirus decathlon: Ten critical replication events provide opportunities for restriction. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1053139. [PMID: 36506089 PMCID: PMC9732275 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1053139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous human pathogen that can cause severe disease in immunocompromised individuals, transplant recipients, and to the developing foetus during pregnancy. There is no protective vaccine currently available, and with only a limited number of antiviral drug options, resistant strains are constantly emerging. Successful completion of HCMV replication is an elegant feat from a molecular perspective, with both host and viral processes required at various stages. Remarkably, HCMV and other herpesviruses have protracted replication cycles, large genomes, complex virion structure and complicated nuclear and cytoplasmic replication events. In this review, we outline the 10 essential stages the virus must navigate to successfully complete replication. As each individual event along the replication continuum poses as a potential barrier for restriction, these essential checkpoints represent potential targets for antiviral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Declan L. Turner
- Department of Microbiology, Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rommel A. Mathias
- Department of Microbiology, Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,*Correspondence: Rommel A. Mathias,
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14
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Borst EM, Harmening S, Sanders S, Caragliano E, Wagner K, Lenac Roviš T, Jonjić S, Bosse JB, Messerle M. A Unique Role of the Human Cytomegalovirus Small Capsid Protein in Capsid Assembly. mBio 2022; 13:e0100722. [PMID: 36066102 PMCID: PMC9600257 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01007-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphogenesis of herpesvirus particles is highly conserved; however, the capsid assembly and genome packaging of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) exhibit unique features. Examples of these include the essential role of the small capsid protein (SCP) and the existence of the β-herpesvirus-specific capsid-associated protein pp150. SCP and pp150, as well as the UL77 and UL93 proteins, are important capsid constituents, yet their precise mechanism of action is elusive. Here, we analyzed how deletion of the open reading frames (ORFs) encoding pUL77, pUL93, pp150, or SCP affects the protein composition of nuclear capsids. This was achieved by generating HCMV genomes lacking the respective genes, combined with a highly efficient transfection technique that allowed us to directly analyze these mutants in transfected cells. While no obvious effects were observed when pUL77, pUL93, or pp150 was missing, the absence of SCP impeded capsid assembly due to strongly reduced amounts of major capsid protein (MCP). Vice versa, when MCP was lacking, SCP became undetectable, indicating a mutual dependence of SCP and MCP for establishing appropriate protein levels. The SCP domain mediating stable MCP levels could be narrowed down to a C-terminal helix known to convey MCP binding. Interestingly, an SCP-EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) fusion protein which also impaired the production of infectious progeny acted in a different manner, as capsid assembly was not abolished; however, SCP-EGFP-harboring capsids were devoid of DNA and trapped in paracrystalline nuclear structures. These results indicate that SCP is essential in HCMV because of its impact on MCP levels and reveal SCP as a potential target for antiviral inhibitors. IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous pathogen causing life-threatening disease in immunocompromised individuals. Virus-specific processes such as capsid assembly and genome packaging can be exploited to design new antiviral strategies. Here, we report on a novel function of the HCMV small capsid protein (SCP), namely, ensuring stable levels of major capsid protein (MCP), thereby governing capsid assembly. Furthermore, we discovered a mutual dependence of the small and major capsid proteins to guarantee appropriate levels of the other respective protein and were able to pin down the SCP domain responsible for this effect to a region previously shown to mediate binding to the major capsid protein. In summary, our data contribute to the understanding of how SCP plays an essential part in the HCMV infection cycle. Moreover, disrupting the SCP-MCP interface may provide a starting point for the development of novel antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Maria Borst
- Department of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sarah Harmening
- Department of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Saskia Sanders
- Department of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Enrico Caragliano
- Department of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Karen Wagner
- Department of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tihana Lenac Roviš
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Stipan Jonjić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Jens Bernhard Bosse
- Department of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Messerle
- Department of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Hannover Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
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15
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Broad-spectrum antiviral diazadispiroalkane core molecules block attachment and cell-to-cell spread of herpesviruses. Antiviral Res 2022; 206:105402. [PMID: 36007600 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Regarding the problems with the current available drugs many research studies deal with the class of the dispirotripiperazine (DSTP)-based compounds. These are small molecules consisting of polycyclic saturated ring systems with positively charged nitrogen atoms. These compounds can interact with negatively charged HSPGs and thus block viral attachment. In a previous paper by Adfeldt et al. (2021), we have shown that the diazadispiroalkane derivatives 11826091 and 11826236 exhibit dose-dependent antiviral activity against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and pseudorabies virus (PrV). In the present study, these two small molecules are evaluated against two other herpesvirus species, murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), as well as a HCMV clinical isolate. They exhibit potent antiherpetic activity against these herpesviruses with a high selectivity index. The low cytotoxicity was underlined by the LD50 determination in mice. We have shown that inhibition occurs at an early stage of infection. Interestingly, 11826091 and 11826236 reduced immediate early gene expression in HCMV and HSV-1 infected cells in a dose-dependent manner. Both small molecules probably interact electrostatically with sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) of proteoglycans on target cells resulting in blockage of adsorption sites for herpesvirus glycoprotein. Moreover, both compounds showed significant effects against the cell-associated viral spread of HSV-1 and HCMV. Overall, this study shows that 11826091 and 11826236 represent two promising candidates for a new approach of a broad antiviral therapy.
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16
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First clinical description of letermovir resistance mutation in cytomegalovirus UL51 gene and potential impact on the terminase complex structure. Antiviral Res 2022; 204:105361. [PMID: 35690130 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Letermovir (LMV) is a human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) terminase inhibitor indicated as prophylaxis for HCMV-positive stem-cell recipients. Its mechanism of action involves at least the viral terminase proteins pUL56, pUL89 and pUL51. Despite its efficiency, resistance mutations were characterized in vitro and in vivo, largely focused on pUL56. To date, mutations in pUL51 in clinical resistance remain to be demonstrated. METHODS The pUL51 natural polymorphism was described by sequencing 54 LMV-naive strains and was compared to UL51 HCMV genes from 16 patients non-responding to LMV therapy (prophylaxis or curative). Recombinant viruses were built by «en-passant» mutagenesis to measure the impact of the new mutations on antiviral activity and viral growth. Structure prediction was performed by homology modeling. The pUL51 final-model was analyzed and aligned with the atomic coordinates of the monomeric HSV-1 terminase complex (PDB:6M5R). RESULTS Among the 16 strains from treated-patients with LMV, 4 never described substitutions in pUL51 (D12E, 17del, A95V, V113L) were highlighted. These substitutions had no impact on viral fitness. Only UL51-A95V conferred 13.8-fold increased LMV resistance level by itself (IC50 = 29.246 ± 0.788). CONCLUSION As an isolated mutation in pUL51 in a clinical isolate can lead to LMV resistance, genotyping for resistance should involve sequencing of the pUL51, pUL56 and pUL89 genes. With terminase modelling, we make the hypothesis that LMV could bind to domains were UL56-L257I and UL51-A95V mutations were localized.
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17
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UL34 Deletion Restricts Human Cytomegalovirus Capsid Formation and Maturation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105773. [PMID: 35628580 PMCID: PMC9143689 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Over 50% of the world’s population is infected with Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV). HCMV is responsible for serious complications in the immuno-compromised and is a leading cause of congenital birth defects. The molecular function of many HCMV proteins remains unknown, and a deeper understanding of the viral effectors that modulate virion maturation is required. In this study, we observed that UL34 is a viral protein expressed with leaky late kinetics that localises to the nucleus during infection. Deletion of UL34 from the HCMV genome (ΔUL34) did not abolish the spread of HCMV. Instead, over >100-fold fewer infectious virions were produced, so we report that UL34 is an augmenting gene. We found that ΔUL34 is dispensable for viral DNA replication, and its absence did not alter the expression of IE1, MCP, gB, UL26, UL83, or UL99 proteins. In addition, ΔUL34 infections were able to progress through the replication cycle to form a viral assembly compartment; however, virion maturation in the cytoplasm was abrogated. Further examination of the nucleus in ΔUL34 infections revealed replication compartments with aberrant morphology, containing significantly less assembled capsids, with almost none undergoing subsequent maturation. Therefore, this work lays the foundation for UL34 to be further investigated in the context of nuclear organization and capsid maturation during HCMV infection.
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Risk factors for late cytomegalovirus infection after completing letermovir prophylaxis. Int J Hematol 2022; 116:258-265. [PMID: 35524024 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-022-03348-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Prophylactic use of letermovir (LMV) markedly reduces the incidence of early clinically significant cytomegalovirus (csCMV) infection within the first 100 days after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT), which improves transplant outcomes. However, some patients eventually develop late-csCMV infection (beyond day 100) after completing LMV prophylaxis. To assess the incidence of late-csCMV infection as well as its risk factors and impacts on transplant outcome, a total of 81 allo-HCT recipients who had not developed early csCMV infection during LMV prophylaxis were retrospectively analyzed. Among them, 23 (28.4%) patients developed late-csCMV infection (until day 180) at a median time of 131 days after transplantation and 30 days after LMV discontinuation, respectively. Late-csCMV infection was correlated with apparent delayed immune reconstitution: patients transplanted from HLA-mismatched donors (hazard ratio [HR] = 13.0, p = 0.011) or CMV-IgG-negative donors (HR = 2.39, p = 0.043) had a significantly higher risk. In this study, transplant outcomes did not differ between patients with and without late-csCMV infection. This suggests a need to clarify the efficacy of extended administration of LMV for preventing late-csCMV infection in a larger number of allo-HCT recipients, especially those with "high-risk" donors.
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Beauvais D, Robin C, Thiebaut A, Alain S, Coiteux V, Ducastelle-Lepretre S, Marçais A, Ceballos P, Xhaard A, Redjoul R, Nguyen S, Brissot E, Joris M, Turlure P, Rubio MT, Chevallier P, Bénard N, Liautard C, Yakoub-Agha I. Effective Letermovir Prophylaxis of CMV infection post allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation: Results from the French temporary authorization of use compassionate program. J Clin Virol 2022; 148:105106. [PMID: 35182958 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2022.105106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We report the results of the French Temporary Authorization of Use (ATU) compassionate program of letermovir for primary prophylaxis conducted in 21 transplant centers. Patients were CMV seropositive allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation recipients and at high risk for CMV infection. Primary prophylaxis was defined as initiation of letermovir between day 0 and day +28 post-transplant. Between November 2017 and January 2019, 96 patients with a median age of 56 years received letermovir and follow-up data were available for 78 patients. The median time from transplant to letermovir initiation was 4 days, and the median duration of exposure to letermovir was 78 days, with 57 patients still on treatment at the cutoff date. Letermovir was temporarily discontinued in 4 patients (5.1%) and stopped in 39 patients (50.0%), in most cases due to planned end of treatment (n = 16, 20.5%). Fifteen patients (19.2%) each presented one positive CMV PCR, in median 13 days after letermovir initiation. Clinically significant CMV infection was reported in 5 patients (6.4%). No CMV disease was reported. At least one adverse drug reaction was reported for 12 patients (15.4%). In this early access program, letermovir was effective with comparable results of the phase 3 study with a low rate of clinically significant CMV infection, including in patients who were at high-risk for CMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Beauvais
- Univ Lille, CHU Lille, Hematology Department, Inserm, Infinite U1286, Lille, France.
| | - Christine Robin
- University Paris-Est-Créteil, Hematology Department, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil, France
| | - Anne Thiebaut
- Hematology Department, CHU Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Sophie Alain
- INSERM, CHU Limoges, RESINFIT, U1092, National Reference Center for Herpesviruses, Limoges University, Limoges, France
| | - Valérie Coiteux
- Univ Lille, CHU Lille, Hematology Department, Inserm, Infinite U1286, Lille, France
| | | | - Ambroise Marçais
- Department of adult hematology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, university hospital Necker, Paris, France
| | - Patrice Ceballos
- Hematology Department, Saint-Eloi University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Alienor Xhaard
- Hematology and transplantation unit, Saint Louis Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Rabah Redjoul
- University Paris-Est-Créteil, Hematology Department, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil, France
| | - Stéphanie Nguyen
- Department of Hematology, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpétrière, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Eolia Brissot
- Service d'Hématologie Clinique et Thérapie Cellulaire, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMRs 938, Paris, France
| | - Magalie Joris
- Department of Haematology, Amiens University Medical Center, Amiens, France
| | - Pascal Turlure
- CHU Limoges, Univ. Limoges, Department of Hematology, Limoges, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Ibrahim Yakoub-Agha
- Univ Lille, CHU Lille, Hematology Department, Inserm, Infinite U1286, Lille, France
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20
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Muller C, Alain S, Gourin C, Baumert TF, Ligat G, Hantz S. New Insights into Human Cytomegalovirus pUL52 Structure. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081638. [PMID: 34452502 PMCID: PMC8402748 DOI: 10.3390/v13081638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) can cause serious diseases in immunocompromised patients. Current antiviral inhibitors all target the viral DNA polymerase. They have adverse effects, and prolonged treatment can select for drug resistance mutations. Thus, new drugs targeting other stages of replication are an urgent need. The terminase complex (pUL56-pUL89-pUL51) is highly specific, has no counterpart in the human organism, and thus represents a target of choice for new antivirals development. This complex is required for DNA processing and packaging. pUL52 was shown to be essential for the cleavage of concatemeric HCMV DNA and crucial for viral replication, but its functional domains are not yet identified. Polymorphism analysis was performed by sequencing UL52 from 61 HCMV naive strains and from 14 HCMV strains from patients treated with letermovir. Using sequence alignment and homology modeling, we identified conserved regions and potential functional motifs within the pUL52 sequence. Recombinant viruses were generated with specific serine or alanine substitutions in these putative patterns. Within conserved regions, we identified residues essential for viral replication probably involved in CXXC-like or zinc finger motifs. These results suggest that they are essential for pUL52 structure/function. Thus, these patterns represent potential targets for the development of new antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clotilde Muller
- INSERM, CHU Limoges, University of Limoges, RESINFIT, U1092, F-87000 Limoges, France; (C.M.); (S.A.); (C.G.)
| | - Sophie Alain
- INSERM, CHU Limoges, University of Limoges, RESINFIT, U1092, F-87000 Limoges, France; (C.M.); (S.A.); (C.G.)
- CHU Limoges, Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie-Hygiène, National Reference Center for Herpesviruses (NRCHV), F-87000 Limoges, France
| | - Claire Gourin
- INSERM, CHU Limoges, University of Limoges, RESINFIT, U1092, F-87000 Limoges, France; (C.M.); (S.A.); (C.G.)
| | - Thomas F. Baumert
- Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France;
| | - Gaëtan Ligat
- Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France;
- Correspondence: (G.L.); (S.H.)
| | - Sébastien Hantz
- INSERM, CHU Limoges, University of Limoges, RESINFIT, U1092, F-87000 Limoges, France; (C.M.); (S.A.); (C.G.)
- CHU Limoges, Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie-Hygiène, National Reference Center for Herpesviruses (NRCHV), F-87000 Limoges, France
- Correspondence: (G.L.); (S.H.)
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21
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Small Molecules-Prospective Novel HCMV Inhibitors. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030474. [PMID: 33809292 PMCID: PMC8000834 DOI: 10.3390/v13030474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), a member of the betaherpesvirinae, can cause life-threatening diseases. HCMV is globally widespread, with a seroprevalence in adults varying from 50 to 100%. HCMV infection is rarely of significant consequence in immunocompetent individuals. However, although immune control is efficient, it cannot achieve the clearance of the virus. HCMV persists lifelong in the infected host and reactivates in certain circumstances. In neonates and in immunocompromised adults, HCMV is a serious pathogen that can cause fatal organ damage. Different antiviral compounds alone or in combination have been used for the treatment of HCMV diseases. In clinical use, mutations in the viral DNA polymerase or the terminase confer resistance to ganciclovir, foscarnet, cidofovir, and letermovir. There is an urgent need to find new well-tolerated compounds supporting different modes of action. The list of novel small molecules that might have anti-HCMV activity has grown in recent years. In this short review, a selection of compounds in clinical trials and novel inhibitors targeting host-cell factors or viral proteins is presented, and their modes of action, described.
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22
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Muller C, Alain S, Baumert TF, Ligat G, Hantz S. Structures and Divergent Mechanisms in Capsid Maturation and Stabilization Following Genome Packaging of Human Cytomegalovirus and Herpesviruses. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11020150. [PMID: 33669389 PMCID: PMC7920273 DOI: 10.3390/life11020150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses are the causative agents of several diseases. Infections are generally mild or asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals. In contrast, herpesvirus infections continue to contribute to significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. Few drugs are available for the treatment of human herpesvirus infections, mainly targeting the viral DNA polymerase. Moreover, no successful therapeutic options are available for the Epstein–Barr virus or human herpesvirus 8. Most licensed drugs share the same mechanism of action of targeting the viral polymerase and thus blocking DNA polymerization. Resistances to antiviral drugs have been observed for human cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus. A new terminase inhibitor, letermovir, recently proved effective against human cytomegalovirus. However, the letermovir has no significant activity against other herpesviruses. New antivirals targeting other replication steps, such as capsid maturation or DNA packaging, and inducing fewer adverse effects are therefore needed. Targeting capsid assembly or DNA packaging provides additional options for the development of new drugs. In this review, we summarize recent findings on capsid assembly and DNA packaging. We also described what is known about the structure and function of capsid and terminase proteins to identify novels targets for the development of new therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clotilde Muller
- INSERM, CHU Limoges, University of Limoges, RESINFIT, U1092, 87000 Limoges, France; (C.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Sophie Alain
- INSERM, CHU Limoges, University of Limoges, RESINFIT, U1092, 87000 Limoges, France; (C.M.); (S.A.)
- CHU Limoges, Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie-Hygiène, National Reference Center for Herpesviruses (NRCHV), 87000 Limoges, France
| | - Thomas F. Baumert
- Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France;
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Pôle Hépato-Digestif, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Gaëtan Ligat
- Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France;
- Correspondence: (G.L.); (S.H.)
| | - Sébastien Hantz
- INSERM, CHU Limoges, University of Limoges, RESINFIT, U1092, 87000 Limoges, France; (C.M.); (S.A.)
- CHU Limoges, Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie-Hygiène, National Reference Center for Herpesviruses (NRCHV), 87000 Limoges, France
- Correspondence: (G.L.); (S.H.)
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23
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Piret J, Boivin G. Antiviral Drugs Against Herpesviruses. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1322:1-30. [PMID: 34258735 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-0267-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of the nucleoside analogue, acyclovir, represented a milestone in the management of infections caused by herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus. Ganciclovir, another nucleoside analogue, was then used for the management of systemic and organ-specific human cytomegalovirus diseases. The pyrophosphate analogue, foscarnet, and the nucleotide analogue, cidofovir, have been approved subsequently and constitute the second-line antiviral drugs. However, the viral DNA polymerase is the ultimate target of all these antiviral agents with a possible emergence of cross-resistance between these drugs. Recently, letermovir that targets the viral terminase complex was approved for the prophylaxis of human cytomegalovirus infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Other viral targets such as the protein kinase and the helicase-primase complex are also evaluated for the development of novel potent inhibitors against herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guy Boivin
- CHU de Québec-Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
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Abstract
Purpose of Review CMV DNA polymerase inhibitors such as ganciclovir and foscarnet have dramatically reduced the burden of CMV infection in the HCT recipient. However, their use is often limited by toxicities and resistance. Agents with novel mechanisms and favorable toxicity profiles are critically needed. We review recent developments in CMV antivirals and immune-based approaches to mitigating CMV infection. Recent Findings Letermovir, an inhibitor of the CMV terminase complex, was approved in 2017 for primary CMV prophylaxis in adult seropositive allogeneic HCT recipients. Maribavir, an inhibitor of the CMV UL97 kinase, is currently in two phase 3 treatment studies. Adoptive immunotherapy using third-party T cells has proven safe and effective in preliminary studies. Vaccine development continues, with several promising candidates currently under study. Summary No longer limited to DNA polymerase inhibitors, the prevention and treatment of CMV infections in the HCT recipient is a rapidly evolving field which should translate into improvements in CMV-related outcomes.
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25
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Efficacy of prophylactic letermovir for cytomegalovirus reactivation in hematopoietic cell transplantation: a multicenter real-world data. Bone Marrow Transplant 2020; 56:853-862. [DOI: 10.1038/s41409-020-01082-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Resistant or refractory cytomegalovirus infections after hematopoietic cell transplantation: diagnosis and management. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2020; 32:565-574. [PMID: 31567572 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Refractory or resistant cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections are challenging complications after hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Most refractory or resistant CMV infections are associated with poor outcomes and increased mortality. Prompt recognition of resistant or refractory CMV infections, understanding the resistance pathways, and the treatment options in HCT recipients are imperative. RECENT FINDINGS New definitions for refractory and resistant CMV infections in HCT recipients have been introduced for future clinical trials. Interestingly, refractory CMV infections are more commonly encountered in HCT recipients when compared with resistant CMV infections. CMV terminase complex mutations in UL56, UL89, and UL51 could be associated with letermovir resistance; specific mutations in UL56 are the most commonly encountered in clinical practice. Finally, brincidofovir, maribavir, letermovir, and CMV-specific cytotoxic T-cell therapy expanded our treatment options for refractory or resistant CMV infections. SUMMARY Many advances have been made to optimize future clinical trials for management of refractory or resistant CMV infections, and to better understand new resistance mechanisms to novel drugs. New drugs or strategies with limited toxicities are needed to improve outcomes of difficult to treat CMV infections in HCT recipients.
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Shigle TL, Handy VW, Chemaly RF. Letermovir and its role in the prevention of cytomegalovirus infection in seropositive patients receiving an allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant. Ther Adv Hematol 2020; 11:2040620720937150. [PMID: 32637057 PMCID: PMC7318821 DOI: 10.1177/2040620720937150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation is one of the most common infections affecting allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant recipients. Although available anti-CMV therapies have been evaluated for the prevention of CMV reactivation, their toxicity profile makes them unfavorable for use as primary prophylaxis; thus, they are routinely reserved for the treatment of CMV viremia or CMV end-organ disease. Pre-emptive CMV monitoring strategies have been widely accepted, and although they have been helpful in early detection, they have not affected the overall morbidity and mortality associated with CMV. Letermovir is a novel agent that was approved for primary prophylaxis in CMV-seropositive adult allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant recipients. This review focuses on letermovir’s novel mechanism; clinical trials supporting its United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval and subsequent follow-up analyses; clinical considerations, with an emphasis on pharmacology; and lessons learned from solid organ transplant recipients, as well as potential future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terri Lynn Shigle
- Division of Pharmacy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Victoria Wehr Handy
- Division of Pharmacy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Roy F Chemaly
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control, and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030-4000, USA
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28
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Ligat G, Muller C, Alain S, Hantz S. [The terminase complex, a relevant target for the treatment of HCMV infection]. Med Sci (Paris) 2020; 36:367-375. [PMID: 32356713 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2020063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an important ubiquitous opportunistic pathogen that belongs to the betaherpesviridae. Primary HCMV infection is generally asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals. In contrast, HCMV infection causes serious disease in immunocompromised patients and is the leading cause of congenital viral infection. Although they are effective, the use of conventional molecules is limited by the emergence of resistance and by their toxicity. New antivirals targeting other replication steps and inducing fewer adverse effects are therefore needed. During HCMV replication, DNA packaging is performed by the terminase complex, which cleaves DNA to package the virus genome into the capsid. With no counterpart in mammalian cells, these terminase proteins are ideal targets for highly specific antivirals. A new terminase inhibitor, letermovir, recently proved effective against HCMV in phase III clinical trials. However, its mechanism of action is unclear and it has no significant activity against other herpesvirus or non-human CMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëtan Ligat
- Univ. Limoges, Inserm, CHU Limoges, RESINFIT, U1092, 87000 Limoges, France - CHU Limoges, Laboratoire de bactériologie-virologie-hygiène, Centre national de référence des Herpèsvirus (NRCHV), 87000 Limoges, France - Adresse actuelle : Inserm U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg, 3 rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Clotilde Muller
- Univ. Limoges, Inserm, CHU Limoges, RESINFIT, U1092, 87000 Limoges, France - CHU Limoges, Laboratoire de bactériologie-virologie-hygiène, Centre national de référence des Herpèsvirus (NRCHV), 87000 Limoges, France
| | - Sophie Alain
- Univ. Limoges, Inserm, CHU Limoges, RESINFIT, U1092, 87000 Limoges, France - CHU Limoges, Laboratoire de bactériologie-virologie-hygiène, Centre national de référence des Herpèsvirus (NRCHV), 87000 Limoges, France
| | - Sébastien Hantz
- Univ. Limoges, Inserm, CHU Limoges, RESINFIT, U1092, 87000 Limoges, France - CHU Limoges, Laboratoire de bactériologie-virologie-hygiène, Centre national de référence des Herpèsvirus (NRCHV), 87000 Limoges, France
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29
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Theiß J, Sung MW, Holzenburg A, Bogner E. Full-length human cytomegalovirus terminase pUL89 adopts a two-domain structure specific for DNA packaging. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008175. [PMID: 31809525 PMCID: PMC6897398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A key step in replication of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in the host cell is the generation and packaging of unit-length genomes into preformed capsids. The enzymes involved in this process are the terminases. The HCMV terminase complex consists of two terminase subunits, the ATPase pUL56 and the nuclease pUL89. A potential third component pUL51 has been proposed. Even though the terminase subunit pUL89 has been shown to be essential for DNA packaging and interaction with pUL56, it is not known how pUL89 mechanistically achieves sequence-specific DNA binding and nicking. To identify essential domains and invariant amino acids vis-a-vis nuclease activity and DNA binding, alanine substitutions of predicted motifs were analyzed. The analyses indicated that aspartate 463 is an invariant amino acid for the nuclease activity, while argine 544 is an invariant aa for DNA binding. Structural analysis of recombinant protein using electron microscopy in conjunction with single particle analysis revealed a curvilinear monomer with two distinct domains connected by a thinner hinge-like region that agrees well with the predicted structure. These results allow us to model how the terminase subunit pUL89’s structure may mediate its function. HCMV is a member of the herpesvirus family and represents a major human pathogen causing severe disease in newborns and immunocompromised patients for which the development of new non-nucleosidic antiviral agents are highly important. This manuscript focuses on DNA packaging, which is a target for development of new antivirals. The terminase subunit pUL89 is involved in this process. The paper presents the identification of DNA binding and nuclease motifs with invariant amino acids and highlights its first 3-D surface structure at approx. 3 nm resolution. At this resolution, the calculated 3-D surface structure matches well with the predicted structure. In conjunction with earlier studies it was possible to define structure-function relationships for the HCMV terminase subunit pUL89.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Theiß
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Min Woo Sung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Andreas Holzenburg
- Department of Molecular Science, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville-Edinburg-Harlingen, Texas, United States of America
| | - Elke Bogner
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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30
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Liu J, Jaijyan DK, Tang Q, Zhu H. Promising Cytomegalovirus-Based Vaccine Vector Induces Robust CD8 + T-Cell Response. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4457. [PMID: 31510028 PMCID: PMC6770317 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination has had great success in combating diseases, especially infectious diseases. However, traditional vaccination strategies are ineffective for several life-threatening diseases, including acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), tuberculosis, malaria, and cancer. Viral vaccine vectors represent a promising strategy because they can efficiently deliver foreign genes and enhance antigen presentation in vivo. However, several limitations, including pre-existing immunity and packaging capacity, block the application of viral vectors. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been demonstrated as a new type of viral vector with additional advantages. CMV could systematically elicit and maintain high frequencies of effector memory T cells through the "memory inflation" mechanism. Studies have shown that CMV can be genetically modified to induce distinct patterns of CD8+ T-cell responses, while some unconventional CD8+ T-cell responses are rarely induced through conventional vaccine strategies. CMV has been used as a vaccine vector to deliver many disease-specific antigens, and the efficacy of these vaccines was tested in different animal models. Promising results demonstrated that the robust and unconventional T-cell responses elicited by the CMV-based vaccine vector are essential to control these diseases. These accumulated data and evidence strongly suggest that a CMV-based vaccine vector represents a promising approach to develop novel prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines against some epidemic pathogens and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China.
- College of Life Sciences, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Dabbu Kumar Jaijyan
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
| | - Qiyi Tang
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, USA.
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
- College of Life Sciences, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Production Strategies for Pentamer-Positive Subviral Dense Bodies as a Safe Human Cytomegalovirus Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7030104. [PMID: 31480520 PMCID: PMC6789746 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) are associated with severe clinical manifestations in children following prenatal transmission and after viral reactivation in immunosuppressed individuals. The development of an HCMV vaccine has long been requested but there is still no licensed product available. Subviral dense bodies (DB) are immunogenic in pre-clinical models and are thus a promising HCMV vaccine candidate. Recently, we established a virus based on the laboratory strain Towne that synthesizes large numbers of DB containing the pentameric protein complex gH/gL/UL128-131 (Towne-UL130repΔGFP). The work presented here focuses on providing strategies for the production of a safe vaccine based on that strain. A GMP-compliant protocol for DB production was established. Furthermore, the DB producer strain Towne-UL130rep was attenuated by deleting the UL25 open reading frame. Additional genetic modifications aim to abrogate its capacity to replicate in vivo by conditionally expressing pUL51 using the Shield-1/FKBP destabilization system. We further show that the terminase inhibitor letermovir can be used to reduce infectious virus contamination of a DB vaccine by more than two orders of magnitude. Taken together, strategies are provided here that allow for the production of a safe and immunogenic DB vaccine for clinical testing.
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Komatsu TE, Hodowanec AC, Colberg-Poley AM, Pikis A, Singer ME, O'Rear JJ, Donaldson EF. In-depth genomic analyses identified novel letermovir resistance-associated substitutions in the cytomegalovirus UL56 and UL89 gene products. Antiviral Res 2019; 169:104549. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Daniels K, Clemmons A. Letermovir for Cytomegalovirus Prevention in Patients Undergoing Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. J Adv Pract Oncol 2019; 10:730-735. [PMID: 33391856 PMCID: PMC7517777 DOI: 10.6004/jadpro.2019.10.7.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a double-stranded DNA virus that infects (seropositive on screening) more than half of adults by age 40. However, reactivation of detectable viral load (CMV reactivation) typically occurs only in immunocompromised patients. Notably, CMV reactivation after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) can increase treatment-related mortality almost 2-fold compared to patients who do not have reactivation. Historically, prevention of CMV reactivation mainly included the preemptive strategy of serial monitoring of viral load and initiating an antiviral once the viral load became elevated in an effort to prevent end-organ disease. The major limitations of the antiviral agents utilized in preemptive therapy are myelosuppression and renal toxicity. In 2017, a first-in-class viral terminase complex subunit inhibitor, letermovir, became the only U.S. Food & Drug Administration–approved medication to prevent CMV reactivation after allogeneic HCT (e.g., as prophylaxis). In a phase III trial, patients who were randomized to letermovir prophylactically had decreased rates of CMV viremia leading to preemptive therapy. The purpose of this article is to describe the need for safe and effective medication to prevent CMV reactivation, the clinical efficacy of letermovir, and the impact oncology advanced practitioners can play in reducing CMV reactivation in patients undergoing allogeneic HCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kori Daniels
- Augusta University Health System, Augusta, Georgia
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34
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Abstract
Congenital human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection and HCMV infection of the immunosuppressed patients cause significant morbidity and mortality, and vaccine development against HCMV is a major public health priority. Efforts to develop HCMV vaccines have been ongoing for 50 y, though no HCMV vaccine has been licensed; encouraging and promising results have obtained from both preclinical and clinical trials. HCMV infection induces a wide range of humoral and T cell-mediated immune responses, and both branches of immunity are correlated with protection. In recent years, there have been novel approaches toward the development of HCMV vaccines and demonstrated that vaccine candidates could potentially provide superior protection over natural immunity acquired following HCMV infection. Further, rationally designed HCMV protein antigens that express native conformational epitopes could elicit optimal immune response. HCMV vaccine candidates, using a multi-antigen approach, to maximize the elicited protective immunity will most likely be successful in development of HCMV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinle Cui
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Clifford M Snapper
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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35
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Ogawa M, Eto T. [Pharmacological and clinical effects of letermovir (Prevymis ®), a novel anti-human cytomegalovirus prophylactic drug]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2019; 153:192-198. [PMID: 30971660 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.153.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Letermovir is an anti-human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) drug with a novel mechanism of action. Virological characterization and sequence analysis of resistant viruses indicate that the viral DNA terminase complex is the target of this compound. Unlike currently marketed anti-HCMV drugs, which act via inhibition of the viral DNA polymerase, the terminase inhibitor interferes with viral DNA cleavage and packaging of monomeric genome units into capsids. Letermovir has potent anti-HCMV activity, with 50% effective concentration of single-digit nanomolar against most clinical HCMV isolates in cell-culture models of infection. Besides its excellent in vitro inhibitory activity against laboratory and clinical HCMV isolates, letermovir exhibits activity against virus strains resistant to the currently approved anti-HCMV drugs. Letermovir is specific for human cytomegalovirus but lacks inhibitory activity against major pathogenic viruses including other Herpesviridae. In a xenograft mouse infection model, the 50% and 90% effective doses of the letermovir were 3 and 8 mg/kg/day, respectively. HCMV infection and disease in recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) is a serious disease leading to significant morbidity and mortality. In the Phase 3 trial, the preventive effect of clinically significant HCMV infection by oral or intravenous administration of letermovir in allogeneic HSCT patients was confirmed, and letermovir was well tolerated with no suggestions of myelotoxicity or nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masami Ogawa
- Non-clinical Development, Japan Development, MSD K.K
| | - Toshiko Eto
- Clinical Research, Japan Development, MSD K.K
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36
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Yang L, Yang Q, Wang M, Jia R, Chen S, Zhu D, Liu M, Wu Y, Zhao X, Zhang S, Liu Y, Yu Y, Zhang L, Chen X, Cheng A. Terminase Large Subunit Provides a New Drug Target for Herpesvirus Treatment. Viruses 2019; 11:v11030219. [PMID: 30841485 PMCID: PMC6466031 DOI: 10.3390/v11030219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesvirus infection is an orderly, regulated process. Among these viruses, the encapsidation of viral DNA is a noteworthy link; the entire process requires a powered motor that binds to viral DNA and carries it into the preformed capsid. Studies have shown that this power motor is a complex composed of a large subunit, a small subunit, and a third subunit, which are collectively known as terminase. The terminase large subunit is highly conserved in herpesvirus. It mainly includes two domains: the C-terminal nuclease domain, which cuts the viral concatemeric DNA into a monomeric genome, and the N-terminal ATPase domain, which hydrolyzes ATP to provide energy for the genome cutting and transfer activities. Because this process is not present in eukaryotic cells, it provides a reliable theoretical basis for the development of safe and effective anti-herpesvirus drugs. This article reviews the genetic characteristics, protein structure, and function of the herpesvirus terminase large subunit, as well as the antiviral drugs that target the terminase large subunit. We hope to provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of herpesvirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yunya Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yanling Yu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Ling Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xiaoyue Chen
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
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37
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Piret J, Boivin G. Clinical development of letermovir and maribavir: Overview of human cytomegalovirus drug resistance. Antiviral Res 2019; 163:91-105. [PMID: 30690043 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The prevention and treatment of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infections is based on the use of antiviral agents that currently target the viral DNA polymerase and that may cause serious side effects. The search for novel inhibitors against HCMV infection led to the discovery of new molecular targets, the viral terminase complex and the viral pUL97 kinase. The most advanced compounds consist of letermovir (LMV) and maribavir (MBV). LMV inhibits the cleavage of viral DNA and its packaging into capsids by targeting the HCMV terminase complex. LMV is safe and well tolerated and exhibits pharmacokinetic properties that allow once daily dosing. LMV showed efficacy in a phase III prophylaxis study in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients seropositive for HCMV. LMV was recently approved under the trade name Prevymis™ for prophylaxis of HCMV infection in adult seropositive recipients of an allogeneic HSCT. Amino acid substitutions conferring resistance to LMV selected in vitro map primarily to the pUL56 and rarely to the pUL89 and pUL51 subunits of the HCMV terminase complex. MBV is an inhibitor of the viral pUL97 kinase activity and interferes with the morphogenesis and nuclear egress of nascent viral particles. MBV is safe and well tolerated and has an excellent oral bioavailability. MBV was effective for the treatment of HCMV infections (including those that are refractory or drug-resistant) in transplant recipients in two phase II studies and is further evaluated in two phase III trials. Mutations conferring resistance to MBV map to the UL97 gene and can cause cross-resistance to ganciclovir. MBV-resistant mutations also emerged in the UL27 gene in vitro and could compensate for the inhibition of pUL97 kinase activity by MBV. Thus, LMV and probably MBV will broaden the armamentarium of antiviral drugs available for the prevention and treatment of HCMV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyne Piret
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases, CHU of Quebec and Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Guy Boivin
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases, CHU of Quebec and Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
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38
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Ligat G, Cazal R, Hantz S, Alain S. The human cytomegalovirus terminase complex as an antiviral target: a close-up view. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 42:137-145. [PMID: 29361041 PMCID: PMC5972660 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuy004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is responsible for life-threatening infections in immunocompromised individuals and can cause serious congenital malformations. Available antivirals target the viral polymerase but are subject to cross-resistance and toxicity. New antivirals targeting other replication steps and inducing fewer adverse effects are therefore needed. During HCMV replication, DNA maturation and packaging are performed by the terminase complex, which cleaves DNA to package the genome into the capsid. Identified in herpesviruses and bacteriophages, and with no counterpart in mammalian cells, these terminase proteins are ideal targets for highly specific antivirals. A new terminase inhibitor, letermovir, recently proved effective against HCMV in phase III clinical trials, but the mechanism of action is unclear. Letermovir has no significant activity against other herpesvirus or non-human CMV. This review focuses on the highly conserved mechanism of HCMV DNA-packaging and the potential of the terminase complex to serve as an antiviral target. We describe the intrinsic mechanism of DNA-packaging, highlighting the structure-function relationship of HCMV terminase complex components.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ligat
- Université Limoges, INSERM, CHU Limoges, UMR 1092, 2 rue Dr Marcland, 87000 Limoges, France.,CHU Limoges, Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie-Hygiène, National Reference Center for Herpesviruses (NRHV), 2 avenue Martin Luther King, 87000 Limoges, France
| | - R Cazal
- Université Limoges, INSERM, CHU Limoges, UMR 1092, 2 rue Dr Marcland, 87000 Limoges, France.,CHU Limoges, Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie-Hygiène, National Reference Center for Herpesviruses (NRHV), 2 avenue Martin Luther King, 87000 Limoges, France
| | - S Hantz
- Université Limoges, INSERM, CHU Limoges, UMR 1092, 2 rue Dr Marcland, 87000 Limoges, France.,CHU Limoges, Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie-Hygiène, National Reference Center for Herpesviruses (NRHV), 2 avenue Martin Luther King, 87000 Limoges, France
| | - S Alain
- Université Limoges, INSERM, CHU Limoges, UMR 1092, 2 rue Dr Marcland, 87000 Limoges, France.,CHU Limoges, Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie-Hygiène, National Reference Center for Herpesviruses (NRHV), 2 avenue Martin Luther King, 87000 Limoges, France
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Deleenheer B, Spriet I, Maertens J. Pharmacokinetic drug evaluation of letermovir prophylaxis for cytomegalovirus in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2018; 14:1197-1207. [PMID: 30479172 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2018.1550485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Letermovir is a new antiviral approved to prevent cytomegalovirus infection in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. It has a distinct mechanism of action as it acts as a terminase complex inhibitor, and shows some advantages compared to the current treatment options for cytomegalovirus infection. Areas covered: This review focuses on the efficacy, safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and drug-drug interactions of letermovir. Expert opinion: Letermovir is a new antiviral to prevent cytomegalovirus infection. Unlike the currently used polymerase inhibitors, it has a distinct mechanism of action with better safety, limited resistance, and no cross-resistance. Although a lot of research on pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interactions has already been performed, it might be useful to clarify the effect of letermovir on voriconazole exposure, the drug-drug interaction between caspofungine and letermovir and the effect of statins on letermovir exposure. Also, the lack of an exposure-response relationship should be confirmed in large real-life post-marketing studies in order to be able to lower the intravenous dose of letermovir.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabel Spriet
- a Pharmacy Department , University Hospitals Leuven , Leuven , Belgium.,b KU Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Johan Maertens
- c Department of Microbiology and Immunology , KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium.,d Clinical Department of Haematology , University Hospitals Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
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40
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Gentry BG, Bogner E, Drach JC. Targeting the terminase: An important step forward in the treatment and prophylaxis of human cytomegalovirus infections. Antiviral Res 2018; 161:116-124. [PMID: 30472161 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A key step in the replication of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in the host cell is the generation and packaging of unit-length genomes into preformed capsids. Enzymes required for this process are so-called terminases, first described for double-stranded DNA bacteriophages. The HCMV terminase consists of the two subunits, the ATPase pUL56 and the nuclease pUL89, and a potential third component pUL51. The terminase subunits are essential for virus replication and are highly conserved throughout the Herpesviridae family. Together with the portal protein pUL104 they form a powerful biological nanomotor. It has been shown for tailed dsDNA bacteriophages that DNA translocation into preformed capsid needs an extraordinary amount of energy. The HCMV terminase subunit pUL56 provides the required ATP hydrolyzing activity. The necessary nuclease activity to cleave the concatemers into unit-length genomes is mediated by the terminase subunit pUL89. Whether this cleavage is mediated by site-specific duplex nicking has not been demonstrated, however, it is required for packaging. Binding to the portal is a prerequisite for DNA translocation. To date, it is a common view that during translocation the terminase moves along some domains of the DNA by a binding and release mechanism. These critical structures have proven to be outstanding targets for drugs to treat HCMV infections because corresponding structures do not exist in mammalian cells. Herein we examine the HCMV terminase as a target for drugs and review several inhibitors discovered by both lead-directed medicinal chemistry and by target-specific design. In addition to producing clinically active compounds the research also has furthered the understanding of the role and function of the terminase itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G Gentry
- Drake University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 2507 University Ave., Des Moines, 50311, IA, USA.
| | - Elke Bogner
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - John C Drach
- University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1101 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA.
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41
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Miller JT, Zhao H, Masaoka T, Varnado B, Cornejo Castro EM, Marshall VA, Kouhestani K, Lynn AY, Aron KE, Xia A, Beutler JA, Hirsch DR, Tang L, Whitby D, Murelli RP, Le Grice SFJ. Sensitivity of the C-Terminal Nuclease Domain of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus ORF29 to Two Classes of Active-Site Ligands. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:e00233-18. [PMID: 30061278 PMCID: PMC6153795 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00233-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), the etiological agent of Kaposi's sarcoma, belongs to the Herpesviridae family, whose members employ a multicomponent terminase to resolve nonparametric viral DNA into genome-length units prior to their packaging. Homology modeling of the ORF29 C-terminal nuclease domain (pORF29C) and bacteriophage Sf6 gp2 have suggested an active site clustered with four acidic residues, D476, E550, D661, and D662, that collectively sequester the catalytic divalent metal (Mn2+) and also provided important insight into a potential inhibitor binding mode. Using this model, we have expressed, purified, and characterized the wild-type pORF29C and variants with substitutions at the proposed active-site residues. Differential scanning calorimetry demonstrated divalent metal-induced stabilization of wild-type (WT) and D661A pORF29C, consistent with which these two enzymes exhibited Mn2+-dependent nuclease activity, although the latter mutant was significantly impaired. Thermal stability of WT and D661A pORF29C was also enhanced by binding of an α-hydroxytropolone (α-HT) inhibitor shown to replace divalent metal at the active site. For the remaining mutants, thermal stability was unaffected by divalent metal or α-HT binding, supporting their role in catalysis. pORF29C nuclease activity was also inhibited by two classes of small molecules reported to inhibit HIV RNase H and integrase, both of which belong to the superfamily of nucleotidyltransferases. Finally, α-HT inhibition of KSHV replication suggests ORF29 nuclease function as an antiviral target that could be combined with latency-activating compounds as a shock-and-kill antiviral strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer T Miller
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Haiyan Zhao
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Takashi Masaoka
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Brittany Varnado
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Elena M Cornejo Castro
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Vickie A Marshall
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Kaivon Kouhestani
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Anna Y Lynn
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Keith E Aron
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Anqi Xia
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - John A Beutler
- Molecular Targets Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Danielle R Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA
- Molecular Targets Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Liang Tang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Denise Whitby
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Ryan P Murelli
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of The City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stuart F J Le Grice
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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42
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Foolad F, Aitken SL, Chemaly RF. Letermovir for the prevention of cytomegalovirus infection in adult cytomegalovirus-seropositive hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2018; 11:931-941. [PMID: 30004790 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2018.1500897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplants (allo-HCT) recipients are at the high-risk of reactivation of cytomegalovirus (CMV), and reactivation is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Although available anti-CMV therapies may be effective for the prevention of CMV, they are plagued by unacceptable toxicities that prohibit their use in the post-transplant period. Recently studied CMV-active agents, such as maribavir and brincidofovir, failed to reduce the incidence of CMV infection in HCT recipients. Letermovir represents the first agent in the non-nucleoside 3,4 dihydro-quinazoline class of CMV viral terminase complex inhibitors, with activity solely against CMV. The positive results from the recently published Phase III study of letermovir for prevention of CMV infection in CMV-seropositive allo-HCT recipients led to its approval as a prophylactic agent for CMV in multiple countries. Areas covered: In this review, we will evaluate this novel agent with a focus on letermovir mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics and metabolism, clinical efficacy, and safety and toxicities. Expert commentary: With the introduction of letermovir, prevention of CMV infection in allo-HCT recipients may shift considerably, from a predominantly preemptive strategy to one that utilizes this novel therapy for prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Foolad
- a Division of Pharmacy , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , Texas , USA
| | - Samuel L Aitken
- a Division of Pharmacy , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , Texas , USA.,b Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Genomics , UTHealth McGovern Medical School , Houston , Texas , USA
| | - Roy F Chemaly
- c Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control, and Employee Health , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , Texas , USA
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Britt WJ, Prichard MN. New therapies for human cytomegalovirus infections. Antiviral Res 2018; 159:153-174. [PMID: 30227153 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The recent approval of letermovir marks a new era of therapy for human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infections, particularly for the prevention of HCMV disease in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. For almost 30 years ganciclovir has been the therapy of choice for these infections and by today's standards this drug exhibits only modest antiviral activity that is often insufficient to completely suppress viral replication, and drives the selection of drug-resistant variants that continue to replicate and contribute to disease. While ganciclovir remains the therapy of choice, additional drugs that inhibit novel molecular targets, such as letermovir, will be required as highly effective combination therapies are developed not only for the treatment of immunocompromised hosts, but also for congenitally infected infants. Sustained efforts, largely in the biotech industry and academia, have identified additional highly active lead compounds that have progressed into clinical studies with varying levels of success and at least two have the potential to be approved in the near future. Some of the new drugs in the pipeline inhibit new molecular targets, remain effective against isolates that have developed resistance to existing therapies, and promise to augment existing therapeutic regimens. Here, we will describe some of the unique features of HCMV biology and discuss their effect on therapeutic needs. Existing drugs will also be discussed and some of the more promising candidates will be reviewed with an emphasis on those progressing through clinical studies. The in vitro and in vivo antiviral activity, spectrum of antiviral activity, and mechanism of action of new compounds will be reviewed to provide an update on potential new therapies for HCMV infections that have progressed significantly in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Britt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham AL 35233-1711, USA
| | - Mark N Prichard
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham AL 35233-1711, USA.
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Bongarzone S, Nadal M, Kaczmarska Z, Machón C, Álvarez M, Albericio F, Coll M. Structure-Driven Discovery of α,γ-Diketoacid Inhibitors Against UL89 Herpesvirus Terminase. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:8497-8505. [PMID: 31458978 PMCID: PMC6645139 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an opportunistic pathogen causing a variety of severe viral infections, including irreversible congenital disabilities. Nowadays, HCMV infection is treated by inhibiting the viral DNA polymerase. However, DNA polymerase inhibitors have several drawbacks. An alternative strategy is to use compounds against the packaging machinery or terminase complex, which is essential for viral replication. Our discovery that raltegravir (1), a human immunodeficiency virus drug, inhibits the nuclease function of UL89, one of the protein subunits of the complex, prompted us to further develop terminase inhibitors. On the basis of the structure of 1, a library of diketoacid (α,γ-DKA and β,δ-DKA) derivatives were synthesized and tested for UL89-C nuclease activity. The mode of action of α,γ-DKA derivatives on the UL89 active site was elucidated by using X-ray crystallography, molecular docking, and in vitro experiments. Our studies identified α,γ-DKA derivative 14 able to inhibit UL89 in vitro in the low micromolar range, making 14 an optimal candidate for further development and virus-infected cell assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Bongarzone
- Institute
for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Molecular
Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB—CSIC), Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Nadal
- Institute
for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Molecular
Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB—CSIC), Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zuzanna Kaczmarska
- Institute
for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Molecular
Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB—CSIC), Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Machón
- Institute
for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Molecular
Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB—CSIC), Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Álvarez
- Institute
for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-BBN,
Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Institute
for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-BBN,
Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Coll
- Institute
for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Molecular
Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB—CSIC), Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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45
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Poole CL, James SH. Antiviral Therapies for Herpesviruses: Current Agents and New Directions. Clin Ther 2018; 40:1282-1298. [PMID: 30104016 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this review was to summarize the recent literature describing the current burden of disease due to herpesviruses in the antiviral and transplant era; describe mechanisms of action of antiviral agents and the development of resistance; summarize the literature of recent antiviral agents brought to market as well as agents under development; and to present literature on future strategies for herpesvirus therapeutics. METHODS An extensive search of the medical literature related to antiherpesviral therapy was conducted to compose this narrative review. Literature searches were performed via PubMed and ultimately 137 articles were included as most relevant to the scope of this article. FINDINGS Herpesviruses are a family of DNA viruses that are ubiquitous throughout human populations and share the feature of establishing lifelong infections in a latent phase with the potential of periodic reactivation. With the exception of herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus, and Epstein-Barr virus, which have a significant disease burden in individuals with normal immune function, the morbidity and mortality of the remaining viruses are primarily associated with the immunocompromised host. Over the last half-century, several agents have been tested in large randomized, placebo-controlled trials that have resulted in safe and effective antiviral agents for the treatment of many of these infections. IMPLICATIONS With increasing use of antiherpesviral agents for extended periods, particularly in immunocompromised hosts, the emergence of resistant viruses has necessitated the development of newer agents with novel targets and better side-effect profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudette L Poole
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Scott H James
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
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A Guinea pig cytomegalovirus resistant to the DNA maturation inhibitor BDCRB. Antiviral Res 2018; 154:44-50. [PMID: 29649495 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Herpesvirus DNA packaging is an essential step in virion morphogenesis and an important target for antiviral development. The halogenated benzimidazole 2-bromo-5,6-dichloro-1-β-d-ribofuranosyl-1H-benzimidazole (BDCRB) was the first compound found to selectively disrupt DNA packaging. It has activity against human cytomegalovirus as well as guinea pig cytomegalovirus. The latter provides a useful small animal model for congenital cytomegalovirus infection. To better understand the mechanism by which BDCRB acts, a guinea pig cytomegalovirus resistant to BDCRB was derived and characterized. An L406P substitution occurred within GP89, a subunit of the complex that cleaves and packages DNA, but transfer of this mutation to an otherwise wild type genetic background did not confer significant BDCRB resistance. The resistant virus also had a 13.4-kb deletion that also appeared to be unrelated to BDCRB-resistance as a virus with a similar spontaneous deletion was sensitive to BDCRB. Lastly, the BDCRB-resistant virus exhibited a dramatic increase in the number of reiterated terminal repeats at both genomic termini. The mechanism that underlies this change in genome structure is not known but may relate to the duplication of terminal repeats that is associated with DNA cleavage and packaging. A model is presented in which BDCRB impairs the ability of terminase to recognize cleavage site sequences, but repeat arrays overcome this impairment by presenting terminase with multiple opportunities to recognize the correct cleavage site sequences that lie within the repeats. Further elucidation of this phenomenon should prove valuable for understanding the molecular basis of herpesvirus DNA maturation and the mechanism of action of this class of drugs.
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Guo G, Ye S, Xie S, Ye L, Lin C, Yang M, Shi X, Wang F, Li B, Li M, Chen C, Zhang L, Zhang H, Xue X. The cytomegalovirus protein US31 induces inflammation through mono-macrophages in systemic lupus erythematosus by promoting NF-κB2 activation. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:104. [PMID: 29367719 PMCID: PMC5833803 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0122-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection, especially in monocyte and CD34 (+) myeloid cells, acts as a important regulator of immune system to promote inflammation in multiple autoimmune diseases. The aim of this study was to elucidate the HCMV gene expression profiles in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of SLE patients and demonstrate the effect and mechanism of viral gene associated with SLE in mono-macrophages functions. Using two RNA-Seq techniques in combination with RT-PCR, 11 viral genes mainly associated with latent HCMV infection were identified in the PBMCs of SLE patients. Among these viral genes, US31 with previously unknown function was highly expressed in the PBMCs of SLE patients compared to healthy controls. Analysis of function indicated that US31 expression could induce inflammation in monocyte and macrophage and stimulate macrophage differentiation toward an M1 macrophage phenotype. Screening via protein chips in combination with bioinformatic analysis and consequent detection of mono-macrophages function indicates that the direct interaction between US31 and NF-κB2 contributed the NF-kB2 activation. Consequent analysis indicated US31 directly interacted with NF-κB2, contribute to the polyubiquitination of the phosphorylated p100 and consequent activation of NF-κB2. Taken together, our data uncovered a previously unknown role of the HCMV protein US31 in inducing NF-κB-mediated mono-macrophage inflammation in the pathogenesis and development of SLE. Our findings provide a foundation for the continued investigation of novel therapeutic targets for SLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangqiang Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of molecular virology and immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Sisi Ye
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of molecular virology and immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shangdan Xie
- Second Clinical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lele Ye
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of molecular virology and immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Cong Lin
- Second Clinical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Min Yang
- Second Clinical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Shi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of molecular virology and immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fangyan Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Baoqing Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ming Li
- Cardiac regeneration research institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chaosheng Chen
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lifang Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of molecular virology and immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huidi Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Xiangyang Xue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of molecular virology and immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
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Close WL, Anderson AN, Pellett PE. Betaherpesvirus Virion Assembly and Egress. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1045:167-207. [PMID: 29896668 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-7230-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Virions are the vehicle for cell-to-cell and host-to-host transmission of viruses. Virions need to be assembled reliably and efficiently, be released from infected cells, survive in the extracellular environment during transmission, recognize and then trigger entry of appropriate target cells, and disassemble in an orderly manner during initiation of a new infection. The betaherpesvirus subfamily includes four human herpesviruses (human cytomegalovirus and human herpesviruses 6A, 6B, and 7), as well as viruses that are the basis of important animal models of infection and immunity. Similar to other herpesviruses, betaherpesvirus virions consist of four main parts (in order from the inside): the genome, capsid, tegument, and envelope. Betaherpesvirus genomes are dsDNA and range in length from ~145 to 240 kb. Virion capsids (or nucleocapsids) are geometrically well-defined vessels that contain one copy of the dsDNA viral genome. The tegument is a collection of several thousand protein and RNA molecules packed into the space between the envelope and the capsid for delivery and immediate activity upon cellular entry at the initiation of an infection. Betaherpesvirus envelopes consist of lipid bilayers studded with virus-encoded glycoproteins; they protect the virion during transmission and mediate virion entry during initiation of new infections. Here, we summarize the mechanisms of betaherpesvirus virion assembly, including how infection modifies, reprograms, hijacks, and otherwise manipulates cellular processes and pathways to produce virion components, assemble the parts into infectious virions, and then transport the nascent virions to the extracellular environment for transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L Close
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, & Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ashley N Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, & Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Philip E Pellett
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, & Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
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Neuber S, Wagner K, Messerle M, Borst EM. The C-terminal part of the human cytomegalovirus terminase subunit pUL51 is central for terminase complex assembly. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:119-134. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Neuber
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Karen Wagner
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Messerle
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Eva Maria Borst
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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50
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Marty FM, Ljungman P, Chemaly RF, Maertens J, Dadwal SS, Duarte RF, Haider S, Ullmann AJ, Katayama Y, Brown J, Mullane KM, Boeckh M, Blumberg EA, Einsele H, Snydman DR, Kanda Y, DiNubile MJ, Teal VL, Wan H, Murata Y, Kartsonis NA, Leavitt RY, Badshah C. Letermovir Prophylaxis for Cytomegalovirus in Hematopoietic-Cell Transplantation. N Engl J Med 2017; 377:2433-2444. [PMID: 29211658 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1706640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 709] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection remains a common complication after allogeneic hematopoietic-cell transplantation. Letermovir is an antiviral drug that inhibits the CMV-terminase complex. METHODS In this phase 3, double-blind trial, we randomly assigned CMV-seropositive transplant recipients, 18 years of age or older, in a 2:1 ratio to receive letermovir or placebo, administered orally or intravenously, through week 14 after transplantation; randomization was stratified according to trial site and CMV disease risk. Letermovir was administered at a dose of 480 mg per day (or 240 mg per day in patients taking cyclosporine). Patients in whom clinically significant CMV infection (CMV disease or CMV viremia leading to preemptive treatment) developed discontinued the trial regimen and received anti-CMV treatment. The primary end point was the proportion of patients, among patients without detectable CMV DNA at randomization, who had clinically significant CMV infection through week 24 after transplantation. Patients who discontinued the trial or had missing end-point data at week 24 were imputed as having a primary end-point event. Patients were followed through week 48 after transplantation. RESULTS From June 2014 to March 2016, a total of 565 patients underwent randomization and received letermovir or placebo beginning a median of 9 days after transplantation. Among 495 patients with undetectable CMV DNA at randomization, fewer patients in the letermovir group than in the placebo group had clinically significant CMV infection or were imputed as having a primary end-point event by week 24 after transplantation (122 of 325 patients [37.5%] vs. 103 of 170 [60.6%], P<0.001). The frequency and severity of adverse events were similar in the two groups overall. Vomiting was reported in 18.5% of the patients who received letermovir and in 13.5% of those who received placebo; edema in 14.5% and 9.4%, respectively; and atrial fibrillation or flutter in 4.6% and 1.0%, respectively. The rates of myelotoxic and nephrotoxic events were similar in the letermovir group and the placebo group. All-cause mortality at week 48 after transplantation was 20.9% among letermovir recipients and 25.5% among placebo recipients. CONCLUSIONS Letermovir prophylaxis resulted in a significantly lower risk of clinically significant CMV infection than placebo. Adverse events with letermovir were mainly of low grade. (Funded by Merck; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02137772 ; EudraCT number, 2013-003831-31 .).
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco M Marty
- From the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital (F.M.M.) and Tufts Medical Center and Tufts University School of Medicine (D.R.S.), Boston; Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (P.L.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.F.C.); Universitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (J.M.); City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte (S.S.D.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.B.) - both in California; Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid (R.F.D.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Center, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.H.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (A.J.U., H.E.); Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital and Atomic-Bomb Survivors Hospital, Hiroshima (Y. Katayama), and Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama (Y. Kanda) - both in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (K.M.M.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (M.B.); Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.A.B.); and Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (M.J.D., V.L.T., H.W., Y.M., N.A.K., R.Y.L., C.B.)
| | - Per Ljungman
- From the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital (F.M.M.) and Tufts Medical Center and Tufts University School of Medicine (D.R.S.), Boston; Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (P.L.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.F.C.); Universitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (J.M.); City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte (S.S.D.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.B.) - both in California; Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid (R.F.D.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Center, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.H.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (A.J.U., H.E.); Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital and Atomic-Bomb Survivors Hospital, Hiroshima (Y. Katayama), and Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama (Y. Kanda) - both in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (K.M.M.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (M.B.); Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.A.B.); and Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (M.J.D., V.L.T., H.W., Y.M., N.A.K., R.Y.L., C.B.)
| | - Roy F Chemaly
- From the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital (F.M.M.) and Tufts Medical Center and Tufts University School of Medicine (D.R.S.), Boston; Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (P.L.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.F.C.); Universitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (J.M.); City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte (S.S.D.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.B.) - both in California; Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid (R.F.D.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Center, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.H.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (A.J.U., H.E.); Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital and Atomic-Bomb Survivors Hospital, Hiroshima (Y. Katayama), and Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama (Y. Kanda) - both in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (K.M.M.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (M.B.); Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.A.B.); and Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (M.J.D., V.L.T., H.W., Y.M., N.A.K., R.Y.L., C.B.)
| | - Johan Maertens
- From the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital (F.M.M.) and Tufts Medical Center and Tufts University School of Medicine (D.R.S.), Boston; Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (P.L.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.F.C.); Universitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (J.M.); City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte (S.S.D.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.B.) - both in California; Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid (R.F.D.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Center, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.H.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (A.J.U., H.E.); Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital and Atomic-Bomb Survivors Hospital, Hiroshima (Y. Katayama), and Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama (Y. Kanda) - both in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (K.M.M.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (M.B.); Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.A.B.); and Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (M.J.D., V.L.T., H.W., Y.M., N.A.K., R.Y.L., C.B.)
| | - Sanjeet S Dadwal
- From the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital (F.M.M.) and Tufts Medical Center and Tufts University School of Medicine (D.R.S.), Boston; Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (P.L.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.F.C.); Universitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (J.M.); City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte (S.S.D.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.B.) - both in California; Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid (R.F.D.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Center, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.H.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (A.J.U., H.E.); Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital and Atomic-Bomb Survivors Hospital, Hiroshima (Y. Katayama), and Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama (Y. Kanda) - both in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (K.M.M.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (M.B.); Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.A.B.); and Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (M.J.D., V.L.T., H.W., Y.M., N.A.K., R.Y.L., C.B.)
| | - Rafael F Duarte
- From the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital (F.M.M.) and Tufts Medical Center and Tufts University School of Medicine (D.R.S.), Boston; Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (P.L.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.F.C.); Universitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (J.M.); City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte (S.S.D.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.B.) - both in California; Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid (R.F.D.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Center, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.H.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (A.J.U., H.E.); Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital and Atomic-Bomb Survivors Hospital, Hiroshima (Y. Katayama), and Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama (Y. Kanda) - both in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (K.M.M.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (M.B.); Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.A.B.); and Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (M.J.D., V.L.T., H.W., Y.M., N.A.K., R.Y.L., C.B.)
| | - Shariq Haider
- From the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital (F.M.M.) and Tufts Medical Center and Tufts University School of Medicine (D.R.S.), Boston; Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (P.L.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.F.C.); Universitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (J.M.); City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte (S.S.D.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.B.) - both in California; Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid (R.F.D.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Center, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.H.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (A.J.U., H.E.); Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital and Atomic-Bomb Survivors Hospital, Hiroshima (Y. Katayama), and Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama (Y. Kanda) - both in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (K.M.M.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (M.B.); Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.A.B.); and Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (M.J.D., V.L.T., H.W., Y.M., N.A.K., R.Y.L., C.B.)
| | - Andrew J Ullmann
- From the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital (F.M.M.) and Tufts Medical Center and Tufts University School of Medicine (D.R.S.), Boston; Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (P.L.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.F.C.); Universitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (J.M.); City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte (S.S.D.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.B.) - both in California; Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid (R.F.D.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Center, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.H.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (A.J.U., H.E.); Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital and Atomic-Bomb Survivors Hospital, Hiroshima (Y. Katayama), and Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama (Y. Kanda) - both in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (K.M.M.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (M.B.); Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.A.B.); and Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (M.J.D., V.L.T., H.W., Y.M., N.A.K., R.Y.L., C.B.)
| | - Yuta Katayama
- From the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital (F.M.M.) and Tufts Medical Center and Tufts University School of Medicine (D.R.S.), Boston; Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (P.L.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.F.C.); Universitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (J.M.); City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte (S.S.D.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.B.) - both in California; Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid (R.F.D.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Center, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.H.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (A.J.U., H.E.); Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital and Atomic-Bomb Survivors Hospital, Hiroshima (Y. Katayama), and Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama (Y. Kanda) - both in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (K.M.M.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (M.B.); Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.A.B.); and Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (M.J.D., V.L.T., H.W., Y.M., N.A.K., R.Y.L., C.B.)
| | - Janice Brown
- From the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital (F.M.M.) and Tufts Medical Center and Tufts University School of Medicine (D.R.S.), Boston; Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (P.L.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.F.C.); Universitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (J.M.); City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte (S.S.D.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.B.) - both in California; Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid (R.F.D.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Center, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.H.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (A.J.U., H.E.); Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital and Atomic-Bomb Survivors Hospital, Hiroshima (Y. Katayama), and Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama (Y. Kanda) - both in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (K.M.M.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (M.B.); Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.A.B.); and Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (M.J.D., V.L.T., H.W., Y.M., N.A.K., R.Y.L., C.B.)
| | - Kathleen M Mullane
- From the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital (F.M.M.) and Tufts Medical Center and Tufts University School of Medicine (D.R.S.), Boston; Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (P.L.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.F.C.); Universitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (J.M.); City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte (S.S.D.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.B.) - both in California; Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid (R.F.D.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Center, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.H.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (A.J.U., H.E.); Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital and Atomic-Bomb Survivors Hospital, Hiroshima (Y. Katayama), and Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama (Y. Kanda) - both in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (K.M.M.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (M.B.); Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.A.B.); and Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (M.J.D., V.L.T., H.W., Y.M., N.A.K., R.Y.L., C.B.)
| | - Michael Boeckh
- From the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital (F.M.M.) and Tufts Medical Center and Tufts University School of Medicine (D.R.S.), Boston; Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (P.L.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.F.C.); Universitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (J.M.); City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte (S.S.D.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.B.) - both in California; Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid (R.F.D.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Center, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.H.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (A.J.U., H.E.); Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital and Atomic-Bomb Survivors Hospital, Hiroshima (Y. Katayama), and Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama (Y. Kanda) - both in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (K.M.M.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (M.B.); Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.A.B.); and Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (M.J.D., V.L.T., H.W., Y.M., N.A.K., R.Y.L., C.B.)
| | - Emily A Blumberg
- From the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital (F.M.M.) and Tufts Medical Center and Tufts University School of Medicine (D.R.S.), Boston; Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (P.L.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.F.C.); Universitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (J.M.); City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte (S.S.D.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.B.) - both in California; Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid (R.F.D.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Center, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.H.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (A.J.U., H.E.); Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital and Atomic-Bomb Survivors Hospital, Hiroshima (Y. Katayama), and Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama (Y. Kanda) - both in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (K.M.M.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (M.B.); Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.A.B.); and Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (M.J.D., V.L.T., H.W., Y.M., N.A.K., R.Y.L., C.B.)
| | - Hermann Einsele
- From the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital (F.M.M.) and Tufts Medical Center and Tufts University School of Medicine (D.R.S.), Boston; Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (P.L.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.F.C.); Universitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (J.M.); City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte (S.S.D.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.B.) - both in California; Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid (R.F.D.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Center, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.H.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (A.J.U., H.E.); Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital and Atomic-Bomb Survivors Hospital, Hiroshima (Y. Katayama), and Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama (Y. Kanda) - both in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (K.M.M.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (M.B.); Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.A.B.); and Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (M.J.D., V.L.T., H.W., Y.M., N.A.K., R.Y.L., C.B.)
| | - David R Snydman
- From the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital (F.M.M.) and Tufts Medical Center and Tufts University School of Medicine (D.R.S.), Boston; Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (P.L.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.F.C.); Universitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (J.M.); City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte (S.S.D.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.B.) - both in California; Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid (R.F.D.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Center, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.H.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (A.J.U., H.E.); Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital and Atomic-Bomb Survivors Hospital, Hiroshima (Y. Katayama), and Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama (Y. Kanda) - both in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (K.M.M.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (M.B.); Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.A.B.); and Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (M.J.D., V.L.T., H.W., Y.M., N.A.K., R.Y.L., C.B.)
| | - Yoshinobu Kanda
- From the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital (F.M.M.) and Tufts Medical Center and Tufts University School of Medicine (D.R.S.), Boston; Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (P.L.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.F.C.); Universitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (J.M.); City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte (S.S.D.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.B.) - both in California; Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid (R.F.D.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Center, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.H.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (A.J.U., H.E.); Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital and Atomic-Bomb Survivors Hospital, Hiroshima (Y. Katayama), and Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama (Y. Kanda) - both in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (K.M.M.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (M.B.); Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.A.B.); and Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (M.J.D., V.L.T., H.W., Y.M., N.A.K., R.Y.L., C.B.)
| | - Mark J DiNubile
- From the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital (F.M.M.) and Tufts Medical Center and Tufts University School of Medicine (D.R.S.), Boston; Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (P.L.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.F.C.); Universitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (J.M.); City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte (S.S.D.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.B.) - both in California; Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid (R.F.D.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Center, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.H.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (A.J.U., H.E.); Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital and Atomic-Bomb Survivors Hospital, Hiroshima (Y. Katayama), and Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama (Y. Kanda) - both in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (K.M.M.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (M.B.); Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.A.B.); and Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (M.J.D., V.L.T., H.W., Y.M., N.A.K., R.Y.L., C.B.)
| | - Valerie L Teal
- From the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital (F.M.M.) and Tufts Medical Center and Tufts University School of Medicine (D.R.S.), Boston; Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (P.L.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.F.C.); Universitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (J.M.); City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte (S.S.D.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.B.) - both in California; Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid (R.F.D.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Center, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.H.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (A.J.U., H.E.); Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital and Atomic-Bomb Survivors Hospital, Hiroshima (Y. Katayama), and Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama (Y. Kanda) - both in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (K.M.M.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (M.B.); Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.A.B.); and Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (M.J.D., V.L.T., H.W., Y.M., N.A.K., R.Y.L., C.B.)
| | - Hong Wan
- From the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital (F.M.M.) and Tufts Medical Center and Tufts University School of Medicine (D.R.S.), Boston; Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (P.L.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.F.C.); Universitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (J.M.); City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte (S.S.D.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.B.) - both in California; Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid (R.F.D.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Center, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.H.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (A.J.U., H.E.); Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital and Atomic-Bomb Survivors Hospital, Hiroshima (Y. Katayama), and Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama (Y. Kanda) - both in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (K.M.M.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (M.B.); Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.A.B.); and Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (M.J.D., V.L.T., H.W., Y.M., N.A.K., R.Y.L., C.B.)
| | - Yoshihiko Murata
- From the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital (F.M.M.) and Tufts Medical Center and Tufts University School of Medicine (D.R.S.), Boston; Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (P.L.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.F.C.); Universitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (J.M.); City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte (S.S.D.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.B.) - both in California; Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid (R.F.D.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Center, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.H.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (A.J.U., H.E.); Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital and Atomic-Bomb Survivors Hospital, Hiroshima (Y. Katayama), and Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama (Y. Kanda) - both in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (K.M.M.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (M.B.); Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.A.B.); and Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (M.J.D., V.L.T., H.W., Y.M., N.A.K., R.Y.L., C.B.)
| | - Nicholas A Kartsonis
- From the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital (F.M.M.) and Tufts Medical Center and Tufts University School of Medicine (D.R.S.), Boston; Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (P.L.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.F.C.); Universitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (J.M.); City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte (S.S.D.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.B.) - both in California; Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid (R.F.D.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Center, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.H.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (A.J.U., H.E.); Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital and Atomic-Bomb Survivors Hospital, Hiroshima (Y. Katayama), and Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama (Y. Kanda) - both in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (K.M.M.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (M.B.); Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.A.B.); and Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (M.J.D., V.L.T., H.W., Y.M., N.A.K., R.Y.L., C.B.)
| | - Randi Y Leavitt
- From the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital (F.M.M.) and Tufts Medical Center and Tufts University School of Medicine (D.R.S.), Boston; Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (P.L.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.F.C.); Universitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (J.M.); City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte (S.S.D.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.B.) - both in California; Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid (R.F.D.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Center, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.H.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (A.J.U., H.E.); Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital and Atomic-Bomb Survivors Hospital, Hiroshima (Y. Katayama), and Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama (Y. Kanda) - both in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (K.M.M.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (M.B.); Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.A.B.); and Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (M.J.D., V.L.T., H.W., Y.M., N.A.K., R.Y.L., C.B.)
| | - Cyrus Badshah
- From the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital (F.M.M.) and Tufts Medical Center and Tufts University School of Medicine (D.R.S.), Boston; Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (P.L.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.F.C.); Universitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (J.M.); City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte (S.S.D.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.B.) - both in California; Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid (R.F.D.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Center, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.H.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (A.J.U., H.E.); Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital and Atomic-Bomb Survivors Hospital, Hiroshima (Y. Katayama), and Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama (Y. Kanda) - both in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (K.M.M.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (M.B.); Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.A.B.); and Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (M.J.D., V.L.T., H.W., Y.M., N.A.K., R.Y.L., C.B.)
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