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Matsuzaka Y, Yashiro R. Regulation of Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Immune Responses against Antigen-Specific Presentation. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1691. [PMID: 36298556 PMCID: PMC9607341 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10101691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced by various immune cells, including B and T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer (NK) cells, and mast cells, mediate intercellular communication and have attracted much attention owing to the novel delivery system of molecules in vivo. DCs are among the most active exosome-secreting cells of the immune system. EVs produced by cancer cells contain cancer antigens; therefore, the development of vaccine therapy that does not require the identification of cancer antigens using cancer-cell-derived EVs may have significant clinical implications. In this review, we summarise the molecular mechanisms underlying EV-based immune responses and their therapeutic effects on tumour vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunari Matsuzaka
- Division of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Center for Gene and Cell Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Administrative Section of Radiation Protection, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira 187-8551, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryu Yashiro
- Administrative Section of Radiation Protection, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira 187-8551, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka-shi 181-8611, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Deng XM, Zhao LZ, Liang XY, Li D, Yu L, Zhang FC, Zhang H, Liu ZY, Xu P. In vitro Studies and Clinical Observations Imply a Synergistic Effect Between Epstein-Barr Virus and Dengue Virus Infection. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:691008. [PMID: 34220783 PMCID: PMC8249608 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.691008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) infection can lead to a complex spectrum of clinical outcomes, ranging from asymptomatic infection to life-threatening severe dengue. The reasons for thus drastically varying manifestations of the disease remain an enigma. Herein, we reported an original discovery of the synergistic effect between preexisting Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and DENV superinfection in vitro and of a strong correlation of these two viruses in the clinical samples from dengue patients. We showed that (I) DENV-2 infection of an EBV-positive cell line (EBV + Akata cell) reactivated EBV, and it could be blocked by wortmannin treatment. (II) Examination of human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples from dengue patients revealed significantly elevated cell-associated EBV DNA copy number at the time of hospitalization vs. at the time of disease recovery in most individuals. (III) EBV infection promoted DENV propagation in both EBV-hosting B cells and indirectly in THP-1 cells, supported by the following evidence: (A) EBV + Akata cells were more permissive to DENV-2 infection compared with Akata cells harboring no EBV virus (EBV- Akata cells). (B) Low-molecular weight fraction secreted from EBV + Akata cells could enhance DENV-2 propagation in monocytic THP-1 cells. (C) While reactivation of EBV in EBV + Akata cells further increased DENV-2 yield from this cell line, pharmacological inhibition of EBV replication by acyclovir had the opposite effect. To our knowledge, this is the first investigation demonstrating a positive correlation between EBV and DENV in vitro and in human biospecimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Mei Deng
- The Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling-Zhai Zhao
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue-Ying Liang
- The Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Li
- The Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Yu
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fu-Chun Zhang
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- The Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhong-Yu Liu
- The Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei Xu
- The Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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3
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Houen G, Trier NH, Frederiksen JL. Epstein-Barr Virus and Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:587078. [PMID: 33391262 PMCID: PMC7773893 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.587078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurologic disease affecting myelinated nerves in the central nervous system (CNS). The disease often debuts as a clinically isolated syndrome, e.g., optic neuritis (ON), which later develops into relapsing-remitting (RR) MS, with temporal attacks or primary progressive (PP) MS. Characteristic features of MS are inflammatory foci in the CNS and intrathecal synthesis of immunoglobulins (Igs), measured as an IgG index, oligoclonal bands (OCBs), or specific antibody indexes. Major predisposing factors for MS are certain tissue types (e.g., HLA DRB1*15:01), vitamin D deficiency, smoking, obesity, and infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Many of the clinical signs of MS described above can be explained by chronic/recurrent EBV infection and current models of EBV involvement suggest that RRMS may be caused by repeated entry of EBV-transformed B cells to the CNS in connection with attacks, while PPMS may be caused by more chronic activity of EBV-transformed B cells in the CNS. In line with the model of EBV's role in MS, new treatments based on monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) targeting B cells have shown good efficacy in clinical trials both for RRMS and PPMS, while MAbs inhibiting B cell mobilization and entry to the CNS have shown efficacy in RRMS. Thus, these agents, which are now first line therapy in many patients, may be hypothesized to function by counteracting a chronic EBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Houen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | | | - Jette Lautrup Frederiksen
- Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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4
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Wang J, Nagy N, Masucci MG. The Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen-1 upregulates the cellular antioxidant defense to enable B-cell growth transformation and immortalization. Oncogene 2020; 39:603-616. [PMID: 31511648 PMCID: PMC6962091 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-1003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) immortalizes human B-lymphocytes and is implicated in the pathogenesis of lymphoid and epithelial cell malignancies. The EBV nuclear antigen (EBNA)-1 induces the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which enables B-cell immortalization but causes oxidative DNA damage and triggers antiproliferative DNA damage responses. By comparing pairs of EBV-negative and -positive tumor cell lines we found that, while associated with the accumulation of oxidized nucleotides, EBV carriage promotes the concomitant activation of oxo-dNTP sanitization and purging pathways, including upregulation of the nucleoside triphosphatase mut-T homolog 1 (MTH1) and the DNA glycosylases 8-oxoguanine-glycosylase-1 (OGG1) and mut-Y homolog (MUTYH). Expression of EBNA1 was reversibly associated with transcriptional activation of this cellular response. DNA damage and apoptosis were preferentially induced in EBNA1-positive cell lines by treatment with MTH1 inhibitors, suggesting that virus carriage is linked to enhanced vulnerability to oxidative stress. MTH1, OGG1, and MUTYH were upregulated upon EBV infection in primary B-cells and treatment with MTH1 inhibitors prevented B-cell immortalization. These findings highlight an important role of the cellular antioxidant response in sustaining EBV infection, and suggests that targeting this cellular defense may offer a novel approach to antiviral therapy and could reduce the burden of EBV associated cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Wang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Noemi Nagy
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria G Masucci
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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5
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Yuen KS, Wang ZM, Wong NHM, Zhang ZQ, Cheng TF, Lui WY, Chan CP, Jin DY. Suppression of Epstein-Barr virus DNA load in latently infected nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells by CRISPR/Cas9. Virus Res 2018; 244:296-303. [PMID: 28456574 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects more than 90% of the world's adult population. Once established, latent infection of nasopharyngeal epithelial cells with EBV is difficult to eradicate and might lead to the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in a small subset of individuals. In this study we explored the anti-EBV potential of CRISPR/Cas9 targeting of EBV genome in infected NPC cells. We designed gRNAs to target different regions of the EBV genome and transfected them into C666-1 cells. The levels of EBV DNA in transfected cells were decreased by about 50%. The suppressive effect on EBV DNA load lasted for weeks but could not be further enhanced by re-transfection of gRNA. Suppression of EBV by CRISPR/Cas9 did not affect survival of C666-1 cells but sensitized them to chemotherapeutic killing by cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil. Our work provides the proof-of-principle for suppressing EBV DNA load with CRISPR/Cas9 and a potential new strategy to sensitize EBV-infected NPC cells to chemotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Proteins/metabolism
- CRISPR-Associated Protein 9
- CRISPR-Cas Systems
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cisplatin/pharmacology
- Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- DNA, Viral/metabolism
- Endonucleases/genetics
- Endonucleases/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/drug effects
- Epithelial Cells/pathology
- Epithelial Cells/virology
- Fluorouracil/pharmacology
- Gene Editing/methods
- Genome, Viral
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/drug effects
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/growth & development
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/metabolism
- Humans
- Nasopharynx/drug effects
- Nasopharynx/pathology
- Nasopharynx/virology
- Plasmids/chemistry
- Plasmids/metabolism
- RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics
- RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems/metabolism
- Viral Load/drug effects
- Virus Latency/genetics
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Kit-San Yuen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Zhong-Min Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Nok-Hei Mickey Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Zhi-Qian Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Tsz-Fung Cheng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Wai-Yin Lui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Chi-Ping Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Dong-Yan Jin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
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6
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Li J, Callegari S, Masucci MG. The Epstein-Barr virus miR-BHRF1-1 targets RNF4 during productive infection to promote the accumulation of SUMO conjugates and the release of infectious virus. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006338. [PMID: 28414785 PMCID: PMC5413087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modification by the Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier (SUMO) regulates a variety of cellular functions, and is hijacked by viruses to remodel the host cell during latent and productive infection. Here we have monitored the activity of the SUMO conjugation machinery in cells productively infected with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). We found that SUMO2/3 conjugates accumulate during the late phase of the productive virus cycle, and identified several viral proteins as bone fide SUMOylation substrates. Analysis of the mechanism involved in the accumulation of SUMOylated proteins revealed upregulation of several components of the SUMO-conjugation machinery and post-transcriptional downregulation of the SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase RNF4. The latter effect was mediated by selective inhibition of RNF4 protein expression by the viral miR-BHRF1-1. Reconstitution of RNF4 in cells expressing an inducible miR-BHRF1-1 sponge or a miR-BHRF1-1 resistant RNF4 was associated with reduced levels of early and late viral proteins and impaired virus release. These findings illustrate a novel strategy for viral interference with the SUMO pathway, and identify the EBV miR-BHRF1-1 and the cellular RNF4 as regulators of the productive virus cycle. We have investigated the activity of the SUMOylation machinery in cells infected with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a human herpesvirus that infects B-lymphocytes and is associated with malignancies. We found that activation of the productive virus cycle is accompanied by accumulation of SUMO conjugates, upregulation of components of the SUMO conjugation machinery, and downregulation of the SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase RNF4. The decrease of RNF4 is due to post-transcriptional downregulation by miR-BHRF1-1, a member of the BHRF1 microRNA cluster that is upregulated during productive infection. The effect of miR-BHRF1-1 was confirmed in luciferase reported assays, by mutation of the RNF4 3’UTR seed site, by transfection of a synthetic miR-BHRF1-1 mimic, by ectopic expression of miR-BHRF1-1 and by the reversal of RNF4 downregulation in cells expressing a miR-BHRF1-1 sponge. We also found that several early and late viral proteins are bona fide SUMOylation substrates. Reconstitution of RNF4 in productively infected cells was accompanied by proteasome-dependent degradation of the SUMOylated viral protein and by a significantly reduced virus yield. These findings illustrate a new strategy for viral interference with the SUMO pathway, an unexpected contribution of miR-BHRF1-1 to the productive cycle of EBV and a previously unrecognized role of the RNF4 ligase in the regulation of virus production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlin Li
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simone Callegari
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria G. Masucci
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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7
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Antiviral activity of topoisomerase II catalytic inhibitors against Epstein-Barr virus. Antiviral Res 2014; 107:95-101. [PMID: 24821256 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Herpesviruses require several cellular proteins for their lytic DNA replication including topoisomerase II (Topo II). Thus, Topo II could be an effective drug target against herpesviral infection. In this study, we examined several Topo II catalytic inhibitors for their potentials in blocking EBV replication and becoming efficacious antiviral agents. Topo II catalytic inhibitors in general exhibited marked inhibition of EBV lytic replication and minimal cytotoxicity. In particular, (+)-rutamarin, with the best selectivity index (SI>63) among the inhibitors tested in this study, is effective in inhibiting EBV DNA replication and virion production but shows little adverse effect on cell proliferation, suggesting its potential to become an efficacious and safe drug for the treatment of human diseases associated with EBV infection.
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8
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Gastaldello S, Chen X, Callegari S, Masucci MG. Caspase-1 promotes Epstein-Barr virus replication by targeting the large tegument protein deneddylase to the nucleus of productively infected cells. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003664. [PMID: 24130483 PMCID: PMC3795028 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The large tegument proteins of herpesviruses contain N-terminal cysteine proteases with potent ubiquitin and NEDD8-specific deconjugase activities, but the function of the enzymes during virus replication remains largely unknown. Using as model BPLF1, the homologue encoded by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), we found that induction of the productive virus cycle does not affect the total level of ubiquitin-conjugation but is accompanied by a BPLF1-dependent decrease of NEDD8-adducts and accumulation of free NEDD8. Expression of BPLF1 promotes cullin degradation and the stabilization of cullin-RING ligases (CRLs) substrates in the nucleus, while cytoplasmic CRLs and their substrates are not affected. The inactivation of nuclear CRLs is reversed by the N-terminus of CAND1, which inhibits the binding of BPLF1 to cullins and prevents efficient viral DNA replication. Targeting of the deneddylase activity to the nucleus is dependent on processing of the catalytic N-terminus by caspase-1. Inhibition of caspase-1 severely impairs viral DNA synthesis and the release of infectious virus, pointing a previously unrecognized role of the cellular response to danger signals triggered by EBV reactivation in promoting virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Gastaldello
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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9
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Guerreiro-Cacais AO, Levitskaya J, Levitsky V. B cell receptor triggering sensitizes human B cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 88:937-45. [PMID: 20709941 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0510246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
TRAIL is known to cause death in tumor cells, but physiological regulation of its activity remains poorly characterized. We demonstrate that BCR triggering sensitizes transformed centroblast-like BL cells and peripheral blood memory B cells to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. The sensitization correlated with surface down-regulation and intracellular retention of TRAIL-R4, along with changes in the expression of several Bcl-2 protein family members. Although enhancing FAS-mediated cell death, CD40 activation protected B cells from TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Combination of Ig cross-linking with CD40 ligation did not prevent TRAIL-R4 down-regulation but induced changes in the mitochondria-regulated pathway of apoptosis that are known to be associated with resistance to TRAIL. Human CD5(+) B cells, presumably stimulated by reactivity to self without immunological help, exhibited very high ex vivo sensitivity to TRAIL. Our results define the first B-lymphocyte-specific physiological signal that increases cellular sensitivity to TRAIL. This may be important for our understanding of TRAIL involvement in the control of B cell responses and aid in designing TRAIL-based therapies for B cell lymphomas.
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10
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A deneddylase encoded by Epstein-Barr virus promotes viral DNA replication by regulating the activity of cullin-RING ligases. Nat Cell Biol 2010; 12:351-61. [PMID: 20190741 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The large tegument proteins of herpesviruses encode conserved cysteine proteases of unknown function. Here we show that BPLF1, the Epstein-Barr-virus-encoded member of this protease family, is a deneddylase that regulates virus production by modulating the activity of cullin-RING ligases (CRLs). BPLF1 hydrolyses NEDD8 conjugates in vitro, acts as a deneddylase in vivo, binds to cullins and stabilizes CRL substrates. Expression of BPLF1 alone or in the context of the productive virus cycle induces accumulation of the licensing factor CDT1 and deregulates S-phase DNA synthesis. Inhibition of BPLF1 during the productive virus cycle prevents cellular DNA re-replication and inhibits virus replication. Viral DNA synthesis is restored by overexpression of CDT1. Homologues encoded by other herpesviruses share the deneddylase activity. Thus, these enzymes are likely to have a key function in the virus life cycle by inducing a replication-permissive S-phase-like cellular environment.
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11
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Rowe M, Zuo J. Immune responses to Epstein-Barr virus: molecular interactions in the virus evasion of CD8+ T cell immunity. Microbes Infect 2010; 12:173-81. [PMID: 20004735 PMCID: PMC2832755 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Persistent viruses have mechanisms for modulating the host immune responses that are essential for achieving a lifelong virus–host balance while minimizing the viral pathogenicity. Here we review some of the immune-modulating mechanisms evolved by the ubiquitous but potentially oncogenic Epstein–Barr virus, with particular emphasis on the molecular mechanisms of genes interfering with HLA class I antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rowe
- Cancer Research UK Birmingham Cancer Centre, University of Birmingham, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
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12
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Ordóñez D, Sánchez AJ, Martínez-Rodríguez JE, Cisneros E, Ramil E, Romo N, Moraru M, Munteis E, López-Botet M, Roquer J, García-Merino A, Vilches C. Multiple sclerosis associates with LILRA3 deletion in Spanish patients. Genes Immun 2009; 10:579-85. [DOI: 10.1038/gene.2009.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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13
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Viral proteins interfering with antigen presentation target the major histocompatibility complex class I peptide-loading complex. J Virol 2008; 82:8246-52. [PMID: 18448533 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00207-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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14
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The DNase of gammaherpesviruses impairs recognition by virus-specific CD8+ T cells through an additional host shutoff function. J Virol 2007; 82:2385-93. [PMID: 18094150 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01946-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNase/alkaline exonuclease (AE) genes are well conserved in all herpesvirus families, but recent studies have shown that the AE proteins of gammaherpesviruses such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) exhibit an additional function which shuts down host protein synthesis. One correlate of this additional shutoff function is that levels of cell surface HLA molecules are downregulated, raising the possibility that shutoff/AE genes of gammaherpesviruses might contribute to viral immune evasion. In this study, we show that both BGLF5 (EBV) and SOX (KSHV) shutoff/AE proteins do indeed impair the ability of virus-specific CD8+ T-cell clones to recognize endogenous antigen via HLA class I. Random mutagenesis of the BGLF5 gene enabled us to genetically separate the shutoff and AE functions and to demonstrate that the shutoff function was the critical factor determining whether BGLF5 mutants can impair T-cell recognition. These data provide further evidence that EBV has multiple mechanisms to modulate HLA class I-restricted T-cell responses, thus enabling the virus to replicate and persist in the immune-competent host.
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15
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Chêne A, Donati D, Guerreiro-Cacais AO, Levitsky V, Chen Q, Falk KI, Orem J, Kironde F, Wahlgren M, Bejarano MT. A molecular link between malaria and Epstein-Barr virus reactivation. PLoS Pathog 2007; 3:e80. [PMID: 17559303 PMCID: PMC1891325 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 04/19/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although malaria and Epstein–Barr (EBV) infection are recognized cofactors in the genesis of endemic Burkitt lymphoma (BL), their relative contribution is not understood. BL, the most common paediatric cancer in equatorial Africa, is a high-grade B cell lymphoma characterized by c-myc translocation. EBV is a ubiquitous B lymphotropic virus that persists in a latent state after primary infection, and in Africa, most children have sero-converted by 3 y of age. Malaria infection profoundly affects the B cell compartment, inducing polyclonal activation and hyper-gammaglobulinemia. We recently identified the cystein-rich inter-domain region 1α (CIDR1α) of the Plasmodium falciparum membrane protein 1 as a polyclonal B cell activator that preferentially activates the memory compartment, where EBV is known to persist. Here, we have addressed the mechanisms of interaction between CIDR1α and EBV in the context of B cells. We show that CIDR1α binds to the EBV-positive B cell line Akata and increases the number of cells switching to the viral lytic cycle as measured by green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression driven by a lytic promoter. The virus production in CIDR1α-exposed cultures was directly proportional to the number of GFP-positive Akata cells (lytic EBV) and to the increased expression of the EBV lytic promoter BZLF1. Furthermore, CIDR1α stimulated the production of EBV in peripheral blood mononuclear cells derived from healthy donors and children with BL. Our results suggest that P. falciparum antigens such as CIDR1α can directly induce EBV reactivation during malaria infection that may increase the risk of BL development for children living in malaria-endemic areas. To our knowledge, this is the first report to show that a microbial protein can drive a latently infected B cell into EBV replication. Malaria and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infections are recognized cofactors in the genesis of endemic Burkitt lymphoma, the most common paediatric cancer in equatorial Africa. EBV is a ubiquitous virus residing in B lymphocytes that establishes a lifelong persistence in the host after primary infection. EBV has two lifestyles: latent infection (non-productive), and lytic replication (productive). Children living in malaria-endemic areas exhibit an elevated viral load, and acute malaria infection increases the levels of circulating EBV. The mechanisms leading to viral reactivation during Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection are not well understood. Cystein-rich inter-domain region 1α (CIDR1α) is a domain of a large protein expressed at the surface of P. falciparum–infected red blood cells. Based on previous findings showing that CIDR1α activates and expands the B cells compartment where EBV persists, we assessed the impact of CIDR1α on viral reactivation. Here, we identify CIDR1α as the first microbial protein able to drive a latently EBV-infected B cell (no virus production) into lytic replication (virus production). Our results suggest that P. falciparum–derived proteins can lead to a direct reactivation of EBV during acute malaria infection, increasing the risk of Burkitt lymphoma development for children living in malaria-endemic areas.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Protozoan/genetics
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- Antigens, Protozoan/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/complications
- Erythrocytes/parasitology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/immunology
- Humans
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/virology
- Malaria/virology
- Plasmodium falciparum/genetics
- Plasmodium falciparum/immunology
- Protozoan Proteins/genetics
- Protozoan Proteins/immunology
- Protozoan Proteins/metabolism
- Recurrence
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/metabolism
- Virus Activation/genetics
- Virus Activation/immunology
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Chêne
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daria Donati
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | | | - Victor Levitsky
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Qijun Chen
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kerstin I Falk
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Fred Kironde
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mats Wahlgren
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Teresa Bejarano
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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