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Lamontagne J, Mell JC, Bouchard MJ. Transcriptome-Wide Analysis of Hepatitis B Virus-Mediated Changes to Normal Hepatocyte Gene Expression. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005438. [PMID: 26891448 PMCID: PMC4758756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, a chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains the leading cause of primary liver cancer. The mechanisms leading to the development of HBV-associated liver cancer remain incompletely understood. In part, this is because studies have been limited by the lack of effective model systems that are both readily available and mimic the cellular environment of a normal hepatocyte. Additionally, many studies have focused on single, specific factors or pathways that may be affected by HBV, without addressing cell physiology as a whole. Here, we apply RNA-seq technology to investigate transcriptome-wide, HBV-mediated changes in gene expression to identify single factors and pathways as well as networks of genes and pathways that are affected in the context of HBV replication. Importantly, these studies were conducted in an ex vivo model of cultured primary hepatocytes, allowing for the transcriptomic characterization of this model system and an investigation of early HBV-mediated effects in a biologically relevant context. We analyzed differential gene expression within the context of time-mediated gene-expression changes and show that in the context of HBV replication a number of genes and cellular pathways are altered, including those associated with metabolism, cell cycle regulation, and lipid biosynthesis. Multiple analysis pipelines, as well as qRT-PCR and an independent, replicate RNA-seq analysis, were used to identify and confirm differentially expressed genes. HBV-mediated alterations to the transcriptome that we identified likely represent early changes to hepatocytes following an HBV infection, suggesting potential targets for early therapeutic intervention. Overall, these studies have produced a valuable resource that can be used to expand our understanding of the complex network of host-virus interactions and the impact of HBV-mediated changes to normal hepatocyte physiology on viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Lamontagne
- Graduate Program in Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Joshua C. Mell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Genomic Sciences, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Bouchard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Schaack J, Bennett ML, Shapiro GS, DeGregori J, McManaman JL, Moorhead JW. Strong foreign promoters contribute to innate inflammatory responses induced by adenovirus transducing vectors. Virology 2011; 412:28-35. [PMID: 21255815 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
E1-deleted adenovirus (FG Ad) transducing vectors are limited for use in vivo by their induction of strong innate and adaptive inflammatory responses. We have examined the contribution of the transgene cassette, particularly the foreign promoter driving transgene expression, in the induction of innate inflammation using a mouse ear model in which swelling is measured as a sensitive surrogate marker of the total innate inflammatory response. The commonly used cytomegalovirus major immediate early (CMV) promoter led to high-level swelling that was independent of transgene expression, while the Rous sarcoma virus and human ubiquitin C promoters led to intermediate levels of swelling and the Ad E1A promoter or no promoter led to equally low levels of swelling. Significant swelling was induced by a virus in which the E1A promoter directed pIX expression, supporting the possibility that activation of expression of Ad genes retained in the vector plays an important role in the inflammatory response. Taken together, our findings support the idea that strong foreign promoters likely play the limiting role in the induction of innate and adaptive immune responses that limit the duration of transgene expression after transduction by FG Ad vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Schaack
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Gregory MA, Phang TL, Neviani P, Alvarez-Calderon F, Eide CA, O’Hare T, Zaberezhnyy V, Williams RT, Druker BJ, Perrotti D, DeGregori J. Wnt/Ca2+/NFAT signaling maintains survival of Ph+ leukemia cells upon inhibition of Bcr-Abl. Cancer Cell 2010; 18:74-87. [PMID: 20609354 PMCID: PMC2904512 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2010.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2009] [Revised: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although Bcr-Abl kinase inhibitors have proven effective in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), they generally fail to eradicate Bcr-Abl(+) leukemia cells. To identify genes whose inhibition sensitizes Bcr-Abl(+) leukemias to killing by Bcr-Abl inhibitors, we performed an RNAi-based synthetic lethal screen with imatinib mesylate in CML cells. This screen identified numerous components of a Wnt/Ca(2+)/NFAT signaling pathway. Antagonism of this pathway led to impaired NFAT activity, decreased cytokine production, and enhanced sensitivity to Bcr-Abl inhibition. Furthermore, NFAT inhibition with cyclosporin A facilitated leukemia cell elimination by the Bcr-Abl inhibitor dasatinib and markedly improved survival in a mouse model of Bcr-Abl(+) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Targeting this pathway in combination with Bcr-Abl inhibition could improve treatment of Bcr-Abl(+) leukemias.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols
- Apoptosis
- Benzamides
- Blotting, Western
- Calcium/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation
- Cyclosporine/pharmacology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Dasatinib
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/antagonists & inhibitors
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/metabolism
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- NFATC Transcription Factors/genetics
- NFATC Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Philadelphia Chromosome
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction
- Thiazoles/pharmacology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Wnt Proteins/genetics
- Wnt Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Gregory
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Tzu L. Phang
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Paolo Neviani
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | | | - Christopher A. Eide
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University Knight Cancer Institute
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Thomas O’Hare
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University Knight Cancer Institute
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Vadym Zaberezhnyy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Richard T. Williams
- Department of Oncology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, CO 38105
| | - Brian J. Druker
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University Knight Cancer Institute
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Danilo Perrotti
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - James DeGregori
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
- Program in Molecular Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
- corresponding author: ; phone 303-724-3230; fax 303-724-3215
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Burkhart DL, Wirt SE, Zmoos AF, Kareta MS, Sage J. Tandem E2F binding sites in the promoter of the p107 cell cycle regulator control p107 expression and its cellular functions. PLoS Genet 2010; 6:e1001003. [PMID: 20585628 PMCID: PMC2891812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor (Rb) is a potent and ubiquitously expressed cell cycle regulator, but patients with a germline Rb mutation develop a very specific tumor spectrum. This surprising observation raises the possibility that mechanisms that compensate for loss of Rb function are present or activated in many cell types. In particular, p107, a protein related to Rb, has been shown to functionally overlap for loss of Rb in several cellular contexts. To investigate the mechanisms underlying this functional redundancy between Rb and p107 in vivo, we used gene targeting in embryonic stem cells to engineer point mutations in two consensus E2F binding sites in the endogenous p107 promoter. Analysis of normal and mutant cells by gene expression and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that members of the Rb and E2F families directly bound these two sites. Furthermore, we found that these two E2F sites controlled both the repression of p107 in quiescent cells and also its activation in cycling cells, as well as in Rb mutant cells. Cell cycle assays further indicated that activation of p107 transcription during S phase through the two E2F binding sites was critical for controlled cell cycle progression, uncovering a specific role for p107 to slow proliferation in mammalian cells. Direct transcriptional repression of p107 by Rb and E2F family members provides a molecular mechanism for a critical negative feedback loop during cell cycle progression and tumorigenesis. These experiments also suggest novel therapeutic strategies to increase the p107 levels in tumor cells. The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor Rb belongs to a family of cell cycle inhibitors along with the related proteins p107 and p130. Strong evidence indicates that the three family members have both specific and overlapping functions and expression patterns in mammalian cells, including in cancer cells. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the functional differences and similarities among Rb, p107, and p130 are still poorly understood. One proposed mechanism of compensation is a negative feedback loop involving increased p107 transcription in Rb-deficient cells. To dissect the mechanisms controlling p107 expression in both wild-type and Rb-deficient cells, we have engineered inactivating point mutations into the E2F binding sites in the endogenous p107 promoter using gene targeting in mouse embryonic stem cells. Gene expression and DNA binding assays revealed that these two sites are essential for the control of p107 transcription in wild-type and Rb mutant cells, and cell cycle assays showed their importance for normal functions of p107. These experiments identify a key node in cell cycle regulatory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L. Burkhart
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Stacey E. Wirt
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Anne-Flore Zmoos
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Kareta
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Julien Sage
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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He L, Wang H, Jin H, Guo C, Xie H, Yan K, Li X, Shen Q, Qiao T, Chen G, Chai N, Zhao L, Dong Q, Zheng Y, Liu J, Fan D. CIAPIN1 inhibits the growth and proliferation of clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2008; 276:88-94. [PMID: 19081179 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Revised: 10/25/2008] [Accepted: 10/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies indicated a direct correlation with loss of CIAPIN1 and carcinogenesis of tumor in human gastric cancer. Here we presented that the expression of CIAPIN1 was absent or significantly decreased in 102 cases of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC) tissues (P<0.05). Up-regulating CIAPIN1 by adenoviral vectors exhibited significant inhibition of CCRCC-derived cell growth in vitro and in vivo with G1 cell cycle arrest. Simultaneously, CIAPIN1-induced growth suppression was found partially to regulate various proteins, including inhibition of cyclinD1, cyclinE, cdk2, cdk4, p-Rb and VEGF, but up-regulation of p27Kip1 and Rb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie He
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, 17 Changle Western Road, Xi'an 710032, China
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Strulovici Y, Leopold PL, O'Connor TP, Pergolizzi RG, Crystal RG. Human Embryonic Stem Cells and Gene Therapy. Mol Ther 2007; 15:850-66. [PMID: 17356540 DOI: 10.1038/mt.sj.6300125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) theoretically represent an unlimited supply of normal differentiated cells to engineer diseased tissues to regain normal function. However, before hESCs can be useful as human therapeutics, technologies must be developed to provide them with the specific signals required to differentiate in a controlled fashion, to regulate and/or shut down the growth of hESCs and their progeny once they have been transferred to the recipient, and to circumvent the recognition of non-autologous hESC-derived cells as foreign. In the context that gene therapy technologies represent strategies to deliver biological signals to address all of these challenges, this review sets out a framework for combined gene transfer/hESC therapies. We discuss how hESCs are derived, characterized, and differentiated into specific cell lineages, and we summarize the characteristics of the 500 hESC lines reported to date. The successes and failures of gene transfer to hESCs are reviewed for both non-viral and viral vectors, as are the challenges to successful use of gene transfer in developing hESC therapy. We also consider gene transfer as a means of facilitating growth and isolation of genetically modified hESCs and as a mechanism for mitigating adverse effects associated with administration of hESCs or their derivatives. Finally, we evaluate the challenges that are likely to be encountered in translating the promise of hESCs to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Strulovici
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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