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Poxviral ANKR/F-box Proteins: Substrate Adapters for Ubiquitylation and More. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080875. [PMID: 36014996 PMCID: PMC9414399 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Poxviruses are double-stranded DNA viruses that infect insects and a variety of vertebrate species. The large genomes of poxviruses contain numerous genes that allow these viruses to successfully establish infection, including those that help evade the host immune response and prevent cell death. Ankyrin-repeat (ANKR)/F-box proteins are almost exclusively found in poxviruses, and they function as substrate adapters for Skp1-Cullin-1-F-box protein (SCF) multi-subunit E3 ubiquitin (Ub)-ligases. In this regard, they use their C-terminal F-box domain to bind Skp1, Cullin-1, and Roc1 to recruit cellular E2 enzymes to facilitate the ubiquitylation, and subsequent proteasomal degradation, of proteins bound to their N-terminal ANKRs. However, these proteins do not just function as substrate adapters as they also have Ub-independent activities. In this review, we examine both Ub-dependent and -independent activities of ANKR/F-box proteins and discuss how poxviruses use these proteins to counteract the host innate immune response, uncoat their genome, replicate, block cell death, and influence transcription. Finally, we consider important outstanding questions that need to be answered in order to better understand the function of this versatile protein family.
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Rahman MM, Gutierrez-Jensen AD, Glenn HL, Abrantes M, Moussatche N, McFadden G. RNA Helicase A/DHX9 Forms Unique Cytoplasmic Antiviral Granules That Restrict Oncolytic Myxoma Virus Replication in Human Cancer Cells. J Virol 2021; 95:e0015121. [PMID: 33952639 PMCID: PMC8223942 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00151-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA helicase A/DHX9 is required for diverse RNA-related essential cellular functions and antiviral responses and is hijacked by RNA viruses to support their replication. Here, we show that during the late replication stage in human cancer cells of myxoma virus (MYXV), a member of the double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) poxvirus family that is being developed as an oncolytic virus, DHX9, forms unique granular cytoplasmic structures, which we named "DHX9 antiviral granules." These DHX9 antiviral granules are not formed if MYXV DNA replication and/or late protein synthesis is blocked. When formed, DHX9 antiviral granules significantly reduced nascent protein synthesis in the MYXV-infected cancer cells. MYXV late gene transcription and translation were also significantly compromised, particularly in nonpermissive or semipermissive human cancer cells where MYXV replication is partly or completely restricted. Directed knockdown of DHX9 significantly enhanced viral late protein synthesis and progeny virus formation in normally restrictive cancer cells. We further demonstrate that DHX9 is not a component of the canonical cellular stress granules. DHX9 antiviral granules are induced by MYXV, and other poxviruses, in human cells and are associated with other known cellular components of stress granules, dsRNA and virus encoded dsRNA-binding protein M029, a known interactor with DHX9. Thus, DHX9 antiviral granules function by hijacking poxviral elements needed for the cytoplasmic viral replication factories. These results demonstrate a novel antiviral function for DHX9 that is recruited from the nucleus into the cytoplasm, and this step can be exploited to enhance oncolytic virotherapy against the subset of human cancer cells that normally restrict MYXV. IMPORTANCE The cellular DHX9 has both proviral and antiviral roles against diverse RNA and DNA viruses. In this article, we demonstrate that DHX9 can form unique antiviral granules in the cytoplasm during myxoma virus (MYXV) replication in human cancer cells. These antiviral granules sequester viral proteins and reduce viral late protein synthesis and thus regulate MYXV, and other poxviruses, that replicate in the cytoplasm. In addition, we show that in the absence of DHX9, the formation of DHX9 antiviral granules can be inhibited, which significantly enhanced oncolytic MYXV replication in human cancer cell lines where the virus is normally restricted. Our results also show that DHX9 antiviral granules are formed after viral infection but not by common nonviral cellular stress inducers. Thus, our study suggests that DHX9 has antiviral activity in human cancer cells, and this pathway can be targeted for enhanced activity of oncolytic poxviruses against even restrictive cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masmudur M. Rahman
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Ami D. Gutierrez-Jensen
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Honor L. Glenn
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mario Abrantes
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Nissin Moussatche
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Grant McFadden
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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Lu M, Mishra A, Boschetti C, Lin J, Liu Y, Huang H, Kaminski CF, Huang Z, Tunnacliffe A, Kaminski Schierle GS. Sea Cucumber-Derived Peptides Alleviate Oxidative Stress in Neuroblastoma Cells and Improve Survival in C. elegans Exposed to Neurotoxic Paraquat. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:8842926. [PMID: 33959216 PMCID: PMC8075690 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8842926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress results when the production of oxidants outweighs the capacity of the antioxidant defence mechanisms. This can lead to pathological conditions including cancer and neurodegeneration. Consequently, there is considerable interest in compounds with antioxidant activity, including those from natural sources. Here, we characterise the antioxidant activity of three novel peptides identified in protein hydrolysates from the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Under oxidative stress conditions, synthetic versions of the sea cucumber peptides significantly compensate for glutathione depletion, decrease mitochondrial superoxide levels, and alleviate mitophagy in human neuroblastoma cells. Moreover, orally supplied peptides improve survival of the Caenorhabditis elegans after treatment with paraquat, the latter of which leads to the production of excessive oxidative stress. Thus, the sea cucumber peptides exhibit antioxidant activity at both the cellular and organism levels and might prove attractive as nutritional supplements for healthy ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Lu
- Cambridge Infinitus Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, West Cambridge Site, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Ajay Mishra
- Cambridge Infinitus Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, West Cambridge Site, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Chiara Boschetti
- Cambridge Infinitus Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, West Cambridge Site, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Jing Lin
- Research Institute for Food Nutrition and Human Health, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- School of Biosciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yushuang Liu
- School of Biosciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hongliang Huang
- School of Biosciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Clemens F. Kaminski
- Cambridge Infinitus Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, West Cambridge Site, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Zebo Huang
- Research Institute for Food Nutrition and Human Health, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Alan Tunnacliffe
- Cambridge Infinitus Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, West Cambridge Site, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Gabriele S. Kaminski Schierle
- Cambridge Infinitus Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, West Cambridge Site, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
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Koganti R, Suryawanshi R, Shukla D. Heparanase, cell signaling, and viral infections. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:5059-5077. [PMID: 32462405 PMCID: PMC7252873 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03559-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase (HPSE) is a multifunctional protein endowed with many non-enzymatic functions and a unique enzymatic activity as an endo-β-D-glucuronidase. The latter allows it to serve as a key modulator of extracellular matrix (ECM) via a well-regulated cleavage of heparan sulfate side chains of proteoglycans at cell surfaces. The cleavage and associated changes at the ECM cause release of multiple signaling molecules with important cellular and pathological functions. New and emerging data suggest that both enzymatic as well as non-enzymatic functions of HPSE are important for health and illnesses including viral infections and virally induced cancers. This review summarizes recent findings on the roles of HPSE in activation, inhibition, or bioavailability of key signaling molecules such as AKT, VEGF, MAPK-ERK, and EGFR, which are known regulators of common viral infections in immune and non-immune cell types. Altogether, our review provides a unique overview of HPSE in cell-survival signaling pathways and how they relate to viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghuram Koganti
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1855 W. Taylor St, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Rahul Suryawanshi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1855 W. Taylor St, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1855 W. Taylor St, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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Bacterial Pigment Prodigiosin Demonstrates a Unique Antiherpesvirus Activity That Is Mediated through Inhibition of Prosurvival Signal Transducers. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00251-20. [PMID: 32295926 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00251-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is among the most prevalent viral infections worldwide and remains incurable. While nucleoside analogs are used to relieve symptoms of infection, they suffer from having serious adverse effects and are unable to abolish the virus from the host. Here, we demonstrate a unique antiviral effect of prodigiosin (PG), a natural secondary metabolite produced by Serratia marcescens, on HSV infection. We show that PG naturally exerts antiviral activity against HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections. PG treatment resulted in robust inhibition of viral replication in vitro and ex vivo in cultured porcine corneas. Additionally, PG protected against HSV-1 infection and disease progression in a murine model of ocular infection. In our quest to determine the molecular mechanisms of its antiviral activity, we show that PG specifically inhibits NF-κB and Akt signaling pathways and promotes accelerated cell death in HSV-infected cells. Our findings reveal novel antiviral properties of PG, suggesting its high potential as an alternative treatment for herpetic diseases. They also provide new information on antiviral effects of HSV-bacterial metabolite interactions.IMPORTANCE In this article, we provide a new role for a commonly found bacterial pigment in controlling herpes simplex virus infection, for which diverse and multimodal antiviral agents are needed to prevent drug resistance. Serratia marcescens is a red pigment (prodigiosin)-producing Gram-negative bacillus that is naturally found in soil and water. It is associated with many kinds of human infections, including wound and eye infections, and meningitis. Taking cues from previous studies on prodigiosin, including possible proapoptotic anticancer properties, we investigated how it might affect HSV infection. Interestingly, we found that it is a potent virucidal compound that disrupts host signaling pathways needed for HSV growth and survival. The mode of antiviral action suggests potentially broad activity against enveloped viruses. Our results also indicate that interactions with commensal bacteria may inhibit HSV infection, underscoring the importance of studying these microbial metabolites and their implications for viral pathogenesis and treatment.
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Rahman MM, McFadden G. Oncolytic Virotherapy with Myxoma Virus. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9010171. [PMID: 31936317 PMCID: PMC7020043 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9010171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are one of the most promising novel therapeutics for malignant cancers. They selectively infect and kill cancer cells while sparing the normal counterparts, expose cancer- specific antigens and activate the host immune system against both viral and tumor determinants. Oncolytic viruses can be used as monotherapy or combined with existing cancer therapies to become more potent. Among the many types of oncolytic viruses that have been developed thus far, members of poxviruses are the most promising candidates against diverse cancer types. This review summarizes recent advances that are made with oncolytic myxoma virus (MYXV), a member of the Leporipoxvirus genus. Unlike other oncolytic viruses, MYXV infects only rabbits in nature and causes no harm to humans or any other non-leporid animals. However, MYXV can selectively infect and kill cancer cells originating from human, mouse and other host species. This selective cancer tropism and safety profile have led to the testing of MYXV in various types of preclinical cancer models. The next stage will be successful GMP manufacturing and clinical trials that will bring MYXV from bench to bedside for the treatment of currently intractable malignancies.
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Starvation-Induced Differential Virotherapy Using an Oncolytic Measles Vaccine Virus. Viruses 2019; 11:v11070614. [PMID: 31284426 PMCID: PMC6669668 DOI: 10.3390/v11070614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Starvation sensitizes tumor cells to chemotherapy while protecting normal cells at the same time, a phenomenon defined as differential stress resistance. In this study, we analyzed if starvation would also increase the oncolytic potential of an oncolytic measles vaccine virus (MeV-GFP) while protecting normal cells against off-target lysis. Human colorectal carcinoma (CRC) cell lines as well as human normal colon cell lines were subjected to various starvation regimes and infected with MeV-GFP. The applied fasting regimes were either short-term (24 h pre-infection) or long-term (24 h pre- plus 96 h post-infection). Cell-killing features of (i) virotherapy, (ii) starvation, as well as (iii) the combination of both were analyzed by cell viability assays and virus growth curves. Remarkably, while long-term low-serum, standard glucose starvation potentiated the efficacy of MeV-mediated cell killing in CRC cells, it was found to be decreased in normal colon cells. Interestingly, viral replication of MeV-GFP in CRC cells was decreased in long-term-starved cells and increased after short-term low-glucose, low-serum starvation. In conclusion, starvation-based virotherapy has the potential to differentially enhance MeV-mediated oncolysis in the context of CRC cancer patients while protecting normal colon cells from unwanted off-target effects.
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Oncolytic virotherapy as an immunotherapeutic strategy for multiple myeloma. Blood Cancer J 2017; 7:640. [PMID: 29208938 PMCID: PMC5802552 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-017-0020-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Myeloma (MM), a clonal malignancy of antibody-producing plasma cells, is the second most common hematologic malignancy and results in significant patient morbidity and mortality. The high degree of immune dysregulation in MM, including T cell imbalances and up-regulation of immunosuppressive checkpoint proteins and myeloid derived suppressor cells, allows this malignancy to escape from host immune control. Despite advances in the therapeutic landscape of MM over the last decade, including the introduction of immunomodulatory drugs, the prognosis for this disease is poor, with less than 50% of patients surviving 5 years. Thus, novel treatment strategies are required. Oncolytic viruses (OV) are a promising new class of therapeutics that rely on tumour specific oncolysis and the generation of a potent adaptive anti-tumour immune response for efficacy. To date, a number of OV have shown efficacy in pre-clinical studies of MM with three reaching early phase clinical trials. OVs represent a rational therapeutic strategy for MM based on (1) their tumour tropism, (2) their ability to potentiate anti-tumour immunity and (3) their ability to be rationally combined with other immunotherapeutic agents to achieve a more robust clinical response.
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9
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Identification of host DEAD-box RNA helicases that regulate cellular tropism of oncolytic Myxoma virus in human cancer cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15710. [PMID: 29146961 PMCID: PMC5691082 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15941-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Myxoma virus (MYXV), a Leporipoxvirus, is being developed as an oncolytic virotherapeutic for the treatment of a variety of human cancers. MYXV tropism for human cancer cells is largely mediated by intracellular signaling networks that regulate viral replication or innate antiviral response pathways. Thus, MYXV is fully or partially permissive for the majority of human cancer cells that harbor defects in antiviral signaling, but a minority are nonpermissive because the virus infection aborts before its completion. To identify host factors relevant for MYXV tropism in human cancer cells, we performed a small interfering RNA (siRNA) library screen targeting the 58 human DEAD-box RNA helicases in two permissive human cancer cells (HeLa and A549), one semi-permissive (786-0), and one nonpermissive cell line (PANC-1). Five host RNA helicases (DDX3X, DDX5, DHX9, DHX37, DDX52) were inhibitory for optimal replication and thus classified as anti-viral, while three other cellular RNA helicases (DHX29, DHX35, RIG-I) were identified as pro-viral or pro-cellular because knockdown consistently reduced MYXV replication and/or required metabolic functions of permissive cancer cells. These findings suggest that replication of MYXV, and likely all poxviruses, is dramatically regulated positively and negatively by multiple host DEAD-box RNA helicases.
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10
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Zhang QS, Zhang M, Huang XJ, Liu XJ, Li WP. Apoptosis-inducing effect of myxoma virus on human neuroglioma cell lines. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:344-348. [PMID: 28672936 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to further evaluate the role of myxoma virus (MYXV) as an oncolytic agent against experimental human gliomas in vitro, and analyze the effect of MYXV on malignant glioma cells at different incubation periods and infected at different multiplicities of infection. Neuroglioma cell lines U251 and A172 were cultured with various infective doses of myxoma virus at different time points (0-3 days) and cellular survival rates were evaluated using an MTT assay. Cell viability and cell death rates were assessed using Annexin V/propidium iodide and applying flow cytometry. Furthermore, the expression levels of phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT) in malignant gliomas were detected by western blot analysis to investigate the possible cell signaling targets in the pathway. MYXV exhibited a dose and time-dependent cytotoxic effect on neuroglioma cells, and there was increased expression of p-AKT in malignant gliomas. The present study confirms that MYXV induces oncolysis of malignant gliomas through regulating the activation of AKT. As such, MYXV is a potential therapeutic agent against human malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Sheng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Clinical College Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Shenzhen, Guandong 518000, P.R. China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen 2nd People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 508035, P.R. China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen 2nd People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 508035, P.R. China
| | - Xian-Jian Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen 2nd People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 508035, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Jia Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen 2nd People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 508035, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Ping Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen 2nd People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 508035, P.R. China
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Fernandes J. Oncogenes: The Passport for Viral Oncolysis Through PKR Inhibition. BIOMARKERS IN CANCER 2016; 8:101-10. [PMID: 27486347 PMCID: PMC4966488 DOI: 10.4137/bic.s33378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The transforming properties of oncogenes are derived from gain-of-function mutations, shifting cell signaling from highly regulated homeostatic to an uncontrolled oncogenic state, with the contribution of the inactivating mutations in tumor suppressor genes P53 and RB, leading to tumor resistance to conventional and target-directed therapy. On the other hand, this scenario fulfills two requirements for oncolytic virus infection in tumor cells: inactivation of tumor suppressors and presence of oncoproteins, also the requirements to engage malignancy. Several of these oncogenes have a negative impact on the main interferon antiviral defense, the double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR), which helps viruses to spontaneously target tumor cells instead of normal cells. This review is focused on the negative impact of overexpression of oncogenes on conventional and targeted therapy and their positive impact on viral oncolysis due to their ability to inhibit PKR-induced translation blockage, allowing virion release and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaina Fernandes
- NUMPEX-BIO, Campus Xerém, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.; Institute for Translational Research on Health and Environment in the Amazon Region-INPeTAm, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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12
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Le Sage V, Cinti A, Amorim R, Mouland AJ. Adapting the Stress Response: Viral Subversion of the mTOR Signaling Pathway. Viruses 2016; 8:v8060152. [PMID: 27231932 PMCID: PMC4926172 DOI: 10.3390/v8060152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a central regulator of gene expression, translation and various metabolic processes. Multiple extracellular (growth factors) and intracellular (energy status) molecular signals as well as a variety of stressors are integrated into the mTOR pathway. Viral infection is a significant stress that can activate, reduce or even suppress the mTOR signaling pathway. Consequently, viruses have evolved a plethora of different mechanisms to attack and co-opt the mTOR pathway in order to make the host cell a hospitable environment for replication. A more comprehensive knowledge of different viral interactions may provide fruitful targets for new antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Le Sage
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
| | - Alessandro Cinti
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada.
| | - Raquel Amorim
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada.
| | - Andrew J Mouland
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada.
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13
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Villa NY, Rahman MM, McFadden G, Cogle CR. Therapeutics for Graft-versus-Host Disease: From Conventional Therapies to Novel Virotherapeutic Strategies. Viruses 2016; 8:85. [PMID: 27011200 PMCID: PMC4810275 DOI: 10.3390/v8030085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) has a curative potential for many hematologic malignancies and blood diseases. However, the success of allo-HSCT is limited by graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), an immunological syndrome that involves inflammation and tissue damage mediated by donor lymphocytes. Despite immune suppression, GVHD is highly incident even after allo-HSCT using human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched donors. Therefore, alternative and more effective therapies are needed to prevent or control GVHD while preserving the beneficial graft-versus-cancer (GVC) effects against residual disease. Among novel therapeutics for GVHD, oncolytic viruses such as myxoma virus (MYXV) are receiving increased attention due to their dual role in controlling GVHD while preserving or augmenting GVC. This review focuses on the molecular basis of GVHD, as well as state-of-the-art advances in developing novel therapies to prevent or control GVHD while minimizing impact on GVC. Recent literature regarding conventional and the emerging therapies are summarized, with special emphasis on virotherapy to prevent GVHD. Recent advances using preclinical models with oncolytic viruses such as MYXV to ameliorate the deleterious consequences of GVHD, while maintaining or improving the anti-cancer benefits of GVC will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Y Villa
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Masmudur M Rahman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Grant McFadden
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Christopher R Cogle
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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14
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Tong JG, Valdes YR, Barrett JW, Bell JC, Stojdl D, McFadden G, McCart JA, DiMattia GE, Shepherd TG. Evidence for differential viral oncolytic efficacy in an in vitro model of epithelial ovarian cancer metastasis. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2015; 2:15013. [PMID: 27119108 PMCID: PMC4782950 DOI: 10.1038/mto.2015.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer is unique among most carcinomas in that metastasis occurs by direct dissemination of malignant cells traversing throughout the intraperitoneal fluid. Accordingly, we test new therapeutic strategies using an in vitro three-dimensional spheroid suspension culture model that mimics key steps of this metastatic process. In the present study, we sought to uncover the differential oncolytic efficacy among three different viruses—Myxoma virus, double-deleted vaccinia virus, and Maraba virus—using three ovarian cancer cell lines in our metastasis model system. Herein, we demonstrate that Maraba virus effectively infects, replicates, and kills epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) cells in proliferating adherent cells and with slightly slower kinetics in tumor spheroids. Myxoma virus and vaccinia viruses infect and kill adherent cells to a much lesser extent than Maraba virus, and their oncolytic potential is almost completely attenuated in spheroids. Myxoma virus and vaccinia are able to infect and spread throughout spheroids, but are blocked in the final stages of the lytic cycle, and oncolytic-mediated cell killing is reactivated upon spheroid reattachment. Alternatively, Maraba virus has a remarkably reduced ability to initially enter spheroid cells, yet rapidly infects and spreads throughout spheroids generating significant cell killing effects. We show that low-density lipoprotein receptor expression in ovarian cancer spheroids is reduced and this controls efficient Maraba virus binding and entry into infected cells. Taken together, these results are the first to implicate the potential impact of differential viral oncolytic properties at key steps of ovarian cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica G Tong
- Translational Ovarian Cancer Research Program, London Regional Cancer Program, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yudith Ramos Valdes
- Translational Ovarian Cancer Research Program, London Regional Cancer Program , London, Ontario, Canada
| | - John W Barrett
- Translational Head and Neck Cancer Research Program, London Regional Cancer Program , London, Ontario, Canada
| | - John C Bell
- Department of Medicine & Biochemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Stojdl
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Grant McFadden
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - J Andrea McCart
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gabriel E DiMattia
- Translational Ovarian Cancer Research Program, London Regional Cancer Program, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Oncology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Trevor G Shepherd
- Translational Ovarian Cancer Research Program, London Regional Cancer Program, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Oncology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Haller SL, Peng C, McFadden G, Rothenburg S. Poxviruses and the evolution of host range and virulence. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2014; 21:15-40. [PMID: 24161410 PMCID: PMC3945082 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Poxviruses as a group can infect a large number of animals. However, at the level of individual viruses, even closely related poxviruses display highly diverse host ranges and virulence. For example, variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox, is human-specific and highly virulent only to humans, whereas related cowpox viruses naturally infect a broad spectrum of animals and only cause relatively mild disease in humans. The successful replication of poxviruses depends on their effective manipulation of the host antiviral responses, at the cellular-, tissue- and species-specific levels, which constitutes a molecular basis for differences in poxvirus host range and virulence. A number of poxvirus genes have been identified that possess host range function in experimental settings, and many of these host range genes target specific antiviral host pathways. Herein, we review the biology of poxviruses with a focus on host range, zoonotic infections, virulence, genomics and host range genes as well as the current knowledge about the function of poxvirus host range factors and how their interaction with the host innate immune system contributes to poxvirus host range and virulence. We further discuss the evolution of host range and virulence in poxviruses as well as host switches and potential poxvirus threats for human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry L Haller
- Laboratory for Host-Specific Virology, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, KS 66506, USA
| | - Chen Peng
- Laboratory for Host-Specific Virology, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, KS 66506, USA
| | - Grant McFadden
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Stefan Rothenburg
- Laboratory for Host-Specific Virology, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, KS 66506, USA.
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16
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Chan WM, Rahman MM, McFadden G. Oncolytic myxoma virus: the path to clinic. Vaccine 2013; 31:4252-8. [PMID: 23726825 PMCID: PMC3755036 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Many common neoplasms are still noncurative with current standards of cancer therapy. More therapeutic modalities need to be developed to significantly prolong the lives of patients and eventually cure a wider spectrum of cancers. Oncolytic virotherapy is one of the promising new additions to clinical cancer therapeutics. Successful oncolytic virotherapy in the clinic will be those strategies that best combine tumor cell oncolysis with enhanced immune responses against tumor antigens. The current candidate oncolytic viruses all share the common property that they are relatively nonpathogenic to humans, yet they have the ability to replicate selectively in human cancer cells and induce cancer regression by direct oncolysis and/or induction of improved anti-tumor immune responses. Many candidate oncolytic viruses are in various stages of clinical and preclinical development. One such preclinical candidate is myxoma virus (MYXV), a member of the Poxviridae family that, in its natural setting, exhibits a very restricted host range and is only pathogenic to European rabbits. Despite its narrow host range in nature, MYXV has been shown to productively infect various classes of human cancer cells. Several preclinical in vivo modeling studies have demonstrated that MYXV is an attractive and safe candidate oncolytic virus, and hence, MYXV is currently being developed as a potential therapeutic for several cancers, such as pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma, ovarian cancer, melanoma, and hematologic malignancies. This review highlights the preclinical cancer models that have shown the most promise for translation of MYXV into human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winnie M. Chan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Masmudur M. Rahman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Grant McFadden
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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17
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Wennier ST, Liu J, McFadden G. Bugs and drugs: oncolytic virotherapy in combination with chemotherapy. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2013; 13:1817-33. [PMID: 21740354 DOI: 10.2174/138920112800958850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Single agent therapies are rarely successful in treating cancer, particularly at metastatic or end stages, and survival rates with monotherapies alone are generally poor. The combination of multiple therapies to treat cancer has already driven significant improvements in the standard of care treatments for many types of cancers. The first combination treatments exploited for cancer therapy involved the use of several cytotoxic chemotherapy agents. Later, with the development of more targeted agents, the use of novel, less toxic drugs, in combination with the more classic cytotoxic drugs has proven advantageous for certain cancer types. Recently, the combination of oncolytic virotherapy with chemotherapy has shown that the use of these two therapies with very distinct anti-tumor mechanisms may also lead to synergistic interactions that ultimately result in increased therapeutic effects not achievable by either therapy alone. The mechanisms of synergy between oncolytic viruses (OVs) and chemotherapeutic agents are just starting to be elucidated. It is evident, however, that the success of these OV-drug combinations depends greatly on the particular OV, the drug(s) selected, and the cancer type targeted. This review summarizes the different OV-drug combinations investigated to date, including the use of second generation armed OVs, which have been studied with the specific purpose of generating synergistic interactions with particular chemotherapy agents. The known mechanisms of synergy between these OV-drug combinations are also summarized. The importance of further investigating these mechanisms of synergy will be critical in order to maximize the therapeutic efficacy of OV-drug combination therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Tusell Wennier
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Rd, P.O. Box 100266 Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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18
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Abstract
Myxoma virus (MYXV) and vaccinia virus (VACV), two distinct members of the family Poxviridae, are both currently being developed as oncolytic virotherapeutic agents. Recent studies have demonstrated that ex vivo treatment with MYXV can selectively recognize and kill contaminating cancerous cells from autologous bone marrow transplants without perturbing the engraftment of normal CD34(+) hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. However, the mechanism(s) by which MYXV specifically recognizes and eliminates the cancer cells in the autografts is not understood. While little is known about the cellular attachment factor(s) exploited by MYXV for entry into any target cells, VACV has been shown to utilize cell surface glycosaminoglycans such as heparan sulfate (HS), the extracellular matrix protein laminin, and/or integrin β1. We have constructed MYXV and VACV virions tagged with the Venus fluorescent protein and compared their characteristics of binding to various human cancer cell lines as well as to primary human leukocytes. We report that the binding of MYXV or VACV to some adherent cell lines could be partially inhibited by heparin, but laminin blocked only VACV binding. In contrast to cultured fibroblasts, the binding of MYXV and VACV to a wide spectrum of primary human leukocytes could not be competed by either HS or laminin. Additionally, MYXV and VACV exhibited very different binding characteristics against certain select human leukocytes, suggesting that the two poxviruses utilize different cell surface determinants for the attachment to these cells. These results indicate that VACV and MYXV can exhibit very different oncolytic tropisms against some cancerous human leukocytes.
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19
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Carr JM, Mahalingam S, Bonder CS, Pitson SM. Sphingosine kinase 1 in viral infections. Rev Med Virol 2012; 23:73-84. [PMID: 22639116 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) is an enzyme that phosphorylates the lipid sphingosine to generate sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). S1P can act intracellularly as a signaling molecule and extracellularly as a receptor ligand. The SphK1/S1P axis has well-described roles in cell signaling, the cell death/survival decision, the production of a pro-inflammatory response, immunomodulation, and control of vascular integrity. Agents targeting the SphK1/S1P axis are being actively developed as therapeutics for cancer and immunological and inflammatory disorders. Control of cell death/survival and pro-inflammatory immune responses is central to the pathology of infectious disease, and we can capitalize on the knowledge provided by investigations of SphK1/S1P in cancer and immunology to assess its application to selected human infections. We have herein reviewed the growing literature relating viral infections to changes in SphK1 and S1P. SphK1 activity is reportedly increased following human cytomegalovirus and respiratory syncytial virus infections, and elevated SphK1 enhances influenza virus infection. In contrast, SphK1 activity is reduced in bovine viral diarrhea virus and dengue virus infections. Sphingosine analogs that modulate S1P receptors have proven useful in animal models in alleviating influenza virus infection but have shown no benefit in simian human immunodeficiency virus and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infections. We have rationalized a role for SphK1/S1P in dengue virus, chikungunya virus, and Ross River virus infections, on the basis of the biology and the pathology of these diseases. The increasing number of effective SphK1 and S1P modulating agents currently in development makes it timely to investigate these roles with the potential for developing modulators of SphK1 and S1P for novel anti-viral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian M Carr
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Flinders Medical Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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20
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Lawson KA, Morris DG. Oncolytic virotherapy for renal cell carcinoma: a novel treatment paradigm? Expert Opin Biol Ther 2012; 12:891-903. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2012.685713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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21
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Myxoma virus-mediated oncolysis of ascites-derived human ovarian cancer cells and spheroids is impacted by differential AKT activity. Gynecol Oncol 2012; 125:441-50. [PMID: 22306204 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2012.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We propose that metastatic epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is a potential therapeutic target for the oncolytic agent, Myxoma virus (MYXV). METHODS Primary EOC cells were isolated from patient ascites and cultured as adherent cells or in suspension using Ultra Low-Attachment dishes. MYXV expressing green fluorescent protein was used to infect cells and spheroids. Infection was monitored by fluorescence microscopy, viral titering and immunoblotting for M-T7 and M130 virus protein expression, and cell viability by alamarBlue assay. Akti-1/2 (5 μM) and rapamycin (20 nM) were used to assay the role of PI3K-AKT signaling in mediating MYXV infection. RESULTS Ascites-derived EOC cells grown in adherent culture are effectively killed by MYXV infection. EOC cells grown in suspension to form three-dimensional EOC spheroids readily permit MYXV entry into cells, yet are protected from the cytopathic effects of late MYXV infection. Upon reattachment (to model secondary metastasis), EOC spheroids are re-sensitized to MYXV-mediated oncolysis. The critical determinant that facilitates efficient MYXV infection is the presence of an activated PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. Treatment with the specific AKT inhibitor Akti-1/2 reduces infection of monolayer EOC cells and spheroids. Direct infection of freshly-collected ascites demonstrated that 54.5% of patient samples were sensitive to MYXV-mediated oncolytic cell killing. We also demonstrate that factor(s) present in ascites may negatively impact MYXV infection and oncolysis of EOC cells, which may be due to a down-regulation in endogenous AKT activity. CONCLUSIONS Differential activity of AKT serves as the mechanistic basis for regulating MYXV-mediated oncolysis of EOC spheroids during key steps of the metastatic program. In addition, we provide the first evidence that MYXV oncolytic therapy may be efficacious for a significant proportion of ovarian cancer patients with metastatic disease.
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