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Turner DL, Mathias RA. The human cytomegalovirus decathlon: Ten critical replication events provide opportunities for restriction. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1053139. [PMID: 36506089 PMCID: PMC9732275 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1053139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous human pathogen that can cause severe disease in immunocompromised individuals, transplant recipients, and to the developing foetus during pregnancy. There is no protective vaccine currently available, and with only a limited number of antiviral drug options, resistant strains are constantly emerging. Successful completion of HCMV replication is an elegant feat from a molecular perspective, with both host and viral processes required at various stages. Remarkably, HCMV and other herpesviruses have protracted replication cycles, large genomes, complex virion structure and complicated nuclear and cytoplasmic replication events. In this review, we outline the 10 essential stages the virus must navigate to successfully complete replication. As each individual event along the replication continuum poses as a potential barrier for restriction, these essential checkpoints represent potential targets for antiviral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Declan L. Turner
- Department of Microbiology, Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rommel A. Mathias
- Department of Microbiology, Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,*Correspondence: Rommel A. Mathias,
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Ma XH, Yao YX, Wang XZ, Zhou YP, Huang SN, Li D, Mei MJ, Wu JP, Pan YT, Cheng S, Jiang X, Sun JY, Zeng WB, Gong S, Cheng H, Luo MH, Yang B. MORC3 restricts human cytomegalovirus infection by suppressing the major immediate-early promoter activity. J Med Virol 2022; 94:5492-5506. [PMID: 35879101 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
During the long coevolution of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and humans, the host has formed a defense system of multiple layers to eradicate the invader, and the virus has developed various strategies to evade host surveillance programs. The intrinsic immunity primarily orchestrated by promyelocytic leukemia (PML) nuclear bodies (PML-NBs) represents the first line of defense against HCMV infection. Here, we demonstrate that microrchidia family CW-type zinc finger 3 (MORC3), a PML-NBs component, is a restriction factor targeting HCMV infection. We show that depletion of MORC3 through knockdown by RNA interference or knockout by CRISPR-Cas9 augmented immediate-early protein 1 (IE1) gene expression and subsequent viral replication, and overexpressing MORC3 inhibited HCMV replication by suppressing IE1 gene expression. To relief the restriction, HCMV induces transient reduction of MORC3 protein level via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway during the immediate-early to early stage. However, MORC3 transcription is upregulated, and the protein level recovers in the late stages. Further analyses with temporal-controlled MORC3 expression and the major immediate-early promoter (MIEP)-based reporters show that MORC3 suppresses MIEP activity and consequent IE1 expression with the assistance of PML. Taken together, our data reveal that HCMV enforces temporary loss of MORC3 to evade its repression against the initiation of immediate-early gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Hui Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Xuan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xian-Zhang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yue-Peng Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng-Nan Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Jie Mei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Peng Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Ting Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuan Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin-Yan Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Bo Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sitang Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Han Cheng
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min-Hua Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Human Cytomegalovirus Hijacks WD Repeat Domain 11 for Virion Assembly Compartment Formation and Virion Morphogenesis. J Virol 2022; 96:e0182721. [PMID: 35020472 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01827-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has a large (∼235-kb) genome with over 200 predicted open reading frames and exploits numerous cellular factors to facilitate its replication. A key feature of HCMV-infected cells is the emergence of a distinctive membranous cytoplasmic compartment termed the virion assembly compartment (vAC). Here we report that host protein WD repeat domain 11 (WDR11) plays a key role in vAC formation and virion morphogenesis. We found that WDR11 was up-regulated at both mRNA and protein levels during HCMV infection. At the late stage of HCMV replication, WDR11 relocated to the vAC and co-localized with markers of the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and vAC. Depletion of WDR11 hindered HCMV-induced membrane reorganization of the Golgi and TGN, altered vAC formation, and impaired HCMV secondary envelopment and virion morphogenesis. Further, motifs critical for the localization of WDR11 in TGN were identified by alanine-scanning mutagenesis. Mutation of these motifs led to WDR11 mislocation outside of the TGN and loss of vAC formation. Taken together, these data indicate that host protein WDR11 is required for efficient viral replication at the stage of virion assembly, possibly by facilitating the remodeling of the endomembrane system for vAC formation and virion morphogenesis. Importance During the late phase of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection, the endomembrane system is dramatically reorganized, resulting in the formation of a unique structure termed the virion assembly compartment (vAC), which is critical for the assembly of infectious virions. The mechanism of HCMV-induced vAC formation is still not fully understood. In this report, we identified a host factor, WDR11, that plays an important role in vAC formation. Our findings argue that WDR11 contributes to the relocation of the Golgi and trans-Golgi network to the vAC, a membrane reorganization process that appears to be required for efficient virion maturation. The present work provides new insights into the vAC formation and HCMV virion morphogenesis and a potential novel target for anti-viral treatment.
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