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Ouyang Y, Nauwynck HJ. Molecular basis for the different PCV2 susceptibility of T-lymphoblasts in Landrace and Piétrain pigs. Vet Res 2024; 55:22. [PMID: 38374131 PMCID: PMC10875804 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01275-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Clinically, Landrace pigs are more susceptible to porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVADs) than Piétrain pigs. We previously found that porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) can infect T-lymphoblasts. The present study examined the replication kinetics of six PCV2 strains in the lymphoblasts of Landrace and Piétrain pigs. The results showed that T-lymphoblasts from Landrace pigs are much more susceptible to PCV2 infection than those from Piétrain pigs. In addition, PCV2 replication was strain-dependent. PCV2 binding to T-lymphoblasts was partially mediated by chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS). Phosphacan, an effective internalization mediator in monocytes that contains several CS chains, was also demonstrated to be involved in PCV2 internalization. Viral binding and internalization were not different between the two breeds, however, the subsequent step, the disassembly was. Although inhibition of serine proteases blocked PCV2 replication in both Landrace and Piétrain pigs, this only occurred at a neutral pH in Piétrain pigs, whereas this occurred also at a low pH in Landrace. This suggested that more proteases can cleave PCV2 in Landrace lymphoblasts than in Piétrain lymphoblasts, explaining the better replication. Through co-localization studies of viral particles with endo-lysosomal markers, and quantitative analysis of organelle sizes during viral internalization, it was observed that PCV2 may exhibit a higher propensity for viral escape from late endosomes in Landrace pigs (smaller) compared to Piétrain pigs. These results provide new understandings of the different PCV2 susceptibility in Landrace and Piétrain pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueling Ouyang
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Hans J Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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2
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Zhou J, Zhao J, Sun H, Dai B, Zhu N, Dai Q, Qiu Y, Wang D, Cui Y, Guo J, Feng X, Hou L, Liu J. DEAD-box RNA helicase 21 interacts with porcine circovirus type 2 Cap protein and facilitates viral replication. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1298106. [PMID: 38380105 PMCID: PMC10877017 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1298106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the etiological agent of PCV2-associated diseases that pose a serious threat to the swine industry. PCV2 capsid (Cap) protein has been shown to interact with DEAD-box RNA helicase 21 (DDX21), an important protein that regulates RNA virus replication. However, whether the interaction between DDX21 and the PCV2 Cap regulates PCV2 replication remains unclear. Herein, by using western blotting, interaction assays, and knockdown analysis, we found that PCV2 infection induced the cytoplasmic relocation of DDX21 from the nucleolus in cultured PK-15 cells. Moreover, the nuclear localization signal (NLS) of PCV2 Cap interacted directly with DDX21. The NLS of PCV2 Cap and 763GSRSNRFQNK772 residues at the C-terminal domain (CTD) of DDX21 were essential for the dual interaction. Upon shRNA-mediated DDX21 depletion in PK-15 cells, we observed impaired PCV2 replication via a lentivirus-delivered system, as evidenced by decreased levels of viral protein expression and virus production. In contrast, the replication of PCV2 increased in transiently DDX21-overexpressing cells. Our results indicate that DDX21 interacts with PCV2 Cap and plays a crucial role in virus replication. These results provide a reference for developing novel potential targets for prevention and control of PCV2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Haoyu Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Beining Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ning Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qianhong Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yonghui Qiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dedong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yongqiu Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jinshuo Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xufei Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lei Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jue Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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3
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Dolatyabi S, Peighambari SM, Razmyar J. Molecular detection and analysis of beak and feather disease viruses in Iran. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1053886. [PMID: 36532332 PMCID: PMC9751380 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1053886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) is one of the few pathogens capable of causing extinction of psittacines. To determine the prevalence and the nature of BFDV mutation, this study investigated the presence of the BFDV among 1,095 individual birds of the 17 psittacine species in Iran followed by analyzing the DNA sequences of seven replication-associated protein (rep) and 10 capsid (cap) genomes of the virus. The BFDV was found to be the foremost pathogen among more than 12 psittacine species, and phylogenetic analysis showed that the BFDV GenBank-published sequences from Poland, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Taiwan, and Thailand were most similar to those of this study. Evolutionary analysis concluded that arginine, leucine, and glycine were the amino acids frequently involved in the least-conserved substitution patterns of BFDV, and conversely, methionine, glutamine, and tryptophan were the amino acids that exhibited ultra-high conservation through the substitution patterns. The high substitution rate of arginine to lysine and glycine to serine also made greater contribution to the BFDV gene mutation. The relative synonymous codon usage between two genes revealed that the cap genome encoded proteins frequently used fewer codons, while the rep genome encoded proteins used more codons only at moderate frequency, explaining the broader divergence of the cap compared to the rep sequence. The data analysis also introduced a new variant of BFDV that exists in the rep and cap sequences of budgerigars. While the existence of more new variants was suspected, more solid evidence is required to substantiate this suspicion.
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Bioinformatics and Functional Analysis of a New Nuclear Localization Sequence of the Influenza A Virus Nucleoprotein. Cells 2022; 11:cells11192957. [PMID: 36230922 PMCID: PMC9563117 DOI: 10.3390/cells11192957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses deliver their genome into the nucleus of infected cells for replication. This process is mediated by the viral nucleoprotein (NP), which contains two nuclear localization sequences (NLSs): NLS1 at the N-terminus and a recently identified NLS2 (212GRKTR216). Through mutagenesis and functional studies, we demonstrated that NP must have both NLSs for an efficient nuclear import. As with other NLSs, there may be variations in the basic residues of NLS2 in different strains of the virus, which may affect the nuclear import of the viral genome. Although all NLS2 variants fused to the GFP mediated nuclear import of GFP, bioinformatics showed that 98.8% of reported NP sequences contained either the wild-type sequence 212GRKTR216 or 212GRRTR216. Bioinformatics analyses used to study the presence of NLS2 variants in other viral and nuclear proteins resulted in very low hits, with only 0.4% of human nuclear proteins containing putative NLS2. From these, we studied the nucleolar protein 14 (NOP14) and found that NLS2 does not play a role in the nuclear import of this protein but in its nucleolar localization. We also discovered a functional NLS at the C-terminus of NOP14. Our findings indicate that NLS2 is a highly conserved influenza A NP sequence.
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Interaction Network of Porcine Circovirus Type 3 and 4 Capsids with Host Proteins. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050939. [PMID: 35632681 PMCID: PMC9144384 DOI: 10.3390/v14050939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
An extensive understanding of the interactions between host cellular and viral proteins provides clues for studying novel antiviral strategies. Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) and type 4 (PCV4) have recently been identified as viruses that can potentially damage the swine industry. Herein, 401 putative PCV3 Cap-binding and 484 putative PCV4 Cap-binding proteins were characterized using co-immunoprecipitation and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Both PCV3 and PCV4 Caps shared 278 identical interacting proteins, but some putative interacting proteins (123 for PCV3 Cap and 206 for PCV4 Cap) differed. A protein-protein interaction network was constructed, and according to gene ontology (GO) annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database analyses, both PCV3 Cap- and PCV4 Cap-binding proteins participated mainly in ribosome biogenesis, nucleic acid binding, and ATP-dependent RNA helicase activities. Verification assays of eight putative interacting proteins indicated that nucleophosmin-1, nucleolin, DEAD-box RNA helicase 21, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2/B1, YTH N6-methyladenosine RNA binding protein 1, and Y-box binding protein 1 bound directly to both PCV3 and PCV4 Caps, but ring finger protein 2 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 did not. Therefore, the interaction network provided helpful information to support further research into the underlying mechanisms of PCV3 and PCV4 infection.
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Wang H, Gao H, Jiang Z, Shi L, Zhao P, Zhang Y, Wang C. Molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of pigeon circovirus from racing pigeons in Northern China. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:290. [PMID: 35410130 PMCID: PMC8995411 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08425-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pigeon circovirus (PiCV) infections in pigeons (Columba livia) have been reported worldwide. Currently, pigeon racing is becoming increasingly popular and considered to be a national sport in China, and even, the greatest competitions of racing pigeons are taking place in China. However, there are still no epidemiologic data regarding PiCV infections among racing pigeons in China. The purpose of our study was to provide information of prevalence, genetic variation and evolution of PiCV from racing pigeons in China. Results To trace the prevalence, genetic variation and evolution of PiCV in sick and healthy racing pigeons, 622 samples were collected from 11 provinces or municipalities in China from 2016 to 2019. The results showed that the positive rate of PiCV was 19.3% (120/622) at the sample level and 59.0% (23/39) at the club level, thus suggesting that the virus was prevalent in Chinese racing pigeons. A sequence analysis revealed that the cap genes of the PiCV strains identified in our study displayed a high genetic diversity and shared nucleotide homologies of 71.9%–100% and amino acid homologies of 71.7%–100%. 28 and 36 unique amino acid substitutions were observed in the Cap and Rep proteins derived from our PiCV strains, respectively. A cladogram representation of PiCV strains phylogeny based on 90 cap gene sequences showed that the strains in this study could be further divided into seven clades (A, B, C, E, G, H, and I) and some of them were closely related to worldwide strains from different types of pigeons. A large number of recombination events (31 events) were also detected in the PiCV genomes from Chinese racing pigeons. Conclusions These findings indicate that PiCV strains circulating in China exhibit a high genetic diversity and also contribute to information of prevalence, genetic variation and evolution of PiCV from racing pigeons in China. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08425-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Hui Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Zhiwen Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Leibo Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Pengwei Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yanming Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Chengbao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
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7
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Zhou J, Wang Y, Qiu Y, Wang Y, Yang X, Liu C, Shi Y, Feng X, Hou L, Liu J. Contribution of DEAD-Box RNA Helicase 21 to the Nucleolar Localization of Porcine Circovirus Type 4 Capsid Protein. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:802740. [PMID: 35283818 PMCID: PMC8914316 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.802740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 4 (PCV4) is a newly emerging pathogen which might be associated with diverse clinical signs, including respiratory and gastrointestinal distress, dermatitis, and various systemic inflammations. The host cellular proteins binding to PCV4 capsid (Cap) protein are still not clear. Herein, we found that the PCV4 Cap mediated translocation of DEAD-box RNA helicase 21 (DDX21) to the cytoplasm from the nucleolus and further verified that the nucleolar localization signal (NoLS) of the PCV4 Cap bound directly to the DDX21. The NoLS of PCV4 Cap and 763GSRSNRFQNK772 residues at the C-terminal domain (CTD) of DDX21 were required for this PCV4 Cap/DDX21 interaction. Further studies indicated that the PCV4 Cap NoLS exploited DDX21 to facilitate its nucleolar localization. In summary, our results firstly demonstrated that DDX21 binds directly to the NoLS of the PCV4 Cap thereby contributing to the nucleolar localization of the PCV4 Cap protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuexia Wang
- Qingpu District Municipal Agriculture Commission, Shanghai, China
| | - Yonghui Qiu
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yongxia Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Changzhe Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yongyan Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xufei Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lei Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jue Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jue Liu,
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Legnardi M, Grassi L, Franzo G, Menandro ML, Tucciarone CM, Minichino A, Dipineto L, Borrelli L, Fioretti A, Cecchinato M. Detection and Molecular Characterization of a Novel Species of Circovirus in a Tawny Owl (Strix aluco) in Southern Italy. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12020135. [PMID: 35049758 PMCID: PMC8772546 DOI: 10.3390/ani12020135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The genus Circovirus groups some of the smallest viruses capable of autonomous replication, including some notable swine and avian pathogens. Among domestic and wild birds, circoviruses are often associated with immunosuppression and integumental disorders, but, despite their relevance, nothing is known about their circulation in birds of prey. By conducting molecular analyses on samples from birds of prey recovered by a wildlife rescue centre in Italy, we identified a new viral species in the spleen of a tawny owl (Strix aluco). However, there is contrasting evidence regarding its definitive host. On one hand, the virus was discovered to be phylogenetically closer to mammalian rather than avian circoviruses, which allows speculations on its host being a micromammal preyed by the tawny owl, rather than the bird itself. On the other hand, its detection in the spleen, a lymphoid organ in which other avian circoviruses are often detected, supports the tawny owl being its actual host, perhaps following a spillover event associated with predation. Adding to the growing number of circoviruses found in recent years in a diverse range of hosts, this discovery represents another step forward in the characterization of this genus of remarkable veterinary importance. Abstract Thanks to recent developments in molecular methods, many new species have been discovered within the genus Circovirus, which comprises viruses of veterinary relevance found in a broad range of hosts. In particular, several circoviruses are known to infect birds, often causing immunosuppression and feathering disorders. Nonetheless, nothing is known about their circulation in birds of prey. In this study, samples from 61 birds of prey representing ten different species, recovered by a wildlife rescue centre in Southern Italy, were taken at necropsy and analysed by PCR with pan-Circovirus primers. Only one sample, collected from a tawny owl (Strix aluco), tested positive. Its genome, sequenced by primer walking, displays the typical features of circoviruses. Based on demarcation criteria, the detected strain qualifies as a novel species, which was named “tawny owl-associated circovirus” (ToCV). Phylogenetically, ToCV clustered with mammalian rather than avian circoviruses, and its closeness to a rodent circovirus suggests that its host may have been a micromammal eaten by the tawny owl. On the other hand, its detection in the spleen fits with the tropism of other avian circoviruses. Little can be therefore said on its biology and pathogenicity, and further efforts are needed to better characterize its epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Legnardi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Animale, Produzione e Salute, Università di Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (L.G.); (G.F.); (M.L.M.); (C.M.T.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Laura Grassi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Animale, Produzione e Salute, Università di Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (L.G.); (G.F.); (M.L.M.); (C.M.T.); (M.C.)
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Animale, Produzione e Salute, Università di Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (L.G.); (G.F.); (M.L.M.); (C.M.T.); (M.C.)
| | - Maria Luisa Menandro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Animale, Produzione e Salute, Università di Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (L.G.); (G.F.); (M.L.M.); (C.M.T.); (M.C.)
| | - Claudia Maria Tucciarone
- Dipartimento di Medicina Animale, Produzione e Salute, Università di Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (L.G.); (G.F.); (M.L.M.); (C.M.T.); (M.C.)
| | - Adriano Minichino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (A.M.); (L.D.); (L.B.); (A.F.)
| | - Ludovico Dipineto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (A.M.); (L.D.); (L.B.); (A.F.)
| | - Luca Borrelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (A.M.); (L.D.); (L.B.); (A.F.)
| | - Alessandro Fioretti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (A.M.); (L.D.); (L.B.); (A.F.)
| | - Mattia Cecchinato
- Dipartimento di Medicina Animale, Produzione e Salute, Università di Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (L.G.); (G.F.); (M.L.M.); (C.M.T.); (M.C.)
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Zhou J, Qiu Y, Zhu N, Zhou L, Dai B, Feng X, Hou L, Liu J. The Nucleolar Localization Signal of Porcine Circovirus Type 4 Capsid Protein Is Essential for Interaction With Serine-48 Residue of Nucleolar Phosphoprotein Nucleophosmin-1. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:751382. [PMID: 34745055 PMCID: PMC8566881 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.751382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 4 (PCV4) is an emerging etiological agent which was first detected in 2019. The nucleolar localization signal (NoLS) of PCV4 Cap protein and its binding host cellular proteins are still not elucidated. In the present study, we discovered a distinct novel NoLS of PCV4 Cap, which bound to the nucleolar phosphoprotein nucleophosmin-1 (NPM1). The NoLS of PCV4 Cap and serine-48 residue at the N-terminal oligomerization domain of NPM1 were necessary for PCV4 Cap/NPM1 interaction. Furthermore, the charge property of serine residue at position 48 of the NPM1 was crucial for its oligomerization and interaction with PCV4 Cap. In summary, our findings show for the first time that the PCV4 Cap NoLS and the NPM1 oligomerization determine the interaction of Cap/NPM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yonghui Qiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ning Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Linyi Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Beining Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xufei Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lei Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jue Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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10
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Song J, Hou L, Wang D, Wei L, Zhu S, Wang J, Quan R, Jiang H, Shi R, Liu J. Nucleolar Phosphoprotein NPM1 Interacts With Porcine Circovirus Type 3 Cap Protein and Facilitates Viral Replication. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:679341. [PMID: 34113334 PMCID: PMC8185148 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.679341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) is a recently discovered virus with potentially significant implications on the global swine industry. PCV3 replication involves the entry of the viral capsid (Cap) protein with nucleolar localization signals into the nucleus. Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, nucleolar phosphoprotein NPM1 was identified as one of the cellular proteins bound to PCV3 Cap. Co-immunoprecipitation demonstrated that PCV3 Cap interacts directly with NPM1, where the region binding with NPM1 is mapped to amino acid residues 1–38 of Cap. Upon co-transfection, the expression of Cap protein promoted the redistribution of NPM1, which translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and colocalized with Cap in cultured PK15 cells. NPM1 expression was upregulated and translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in PCV3-infected cells, upon siRNA-mediated depletion, or upon treatment with NPM1 inhibitor in PK15 cells with impaired PCV3 replication, as evidenced by decreased levels of viral DNA synthesis and protein expression. By contrast, the replication of PCV3 was enhanced in stably NPM1-expressing cells via a lentivirus-delivered system. Taken together, these findings indicate that NPM1 interacts with PCV3 Cap and plays a crucial role in PCV3 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangwei Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Quan
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haijun Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruihan Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jue Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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11
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Nguyen VG, Do HQ, Huynh TML, Park YH, Park BK, Chung HC. Molecular-based detection, genetic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of porcine circovirus 4 from Korean domestic swine farms. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:538-548. [PMID: 33529468 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 4 (PCV4), a novel and unclassified member of the genus Circovirus, was first reported in China in 2019. Aiming to provide more evidence about the active circulation of PCV4, this study screened 335 pooled internal organs and detected the virus (i) at a rate of 3.28%, (ii) from both clinically healthy and clinically sick pigs of various age groups, and (iii) in six out of nine provinces of Korea. The complete genomic sequence of the Korean PCV4 strain (E115) was 1,770 nucleotides in length and had 98.5%-98.9% identity to three PCV4 strains currently available at GenBank. Utilizing a set of bioinformatic programs, it was revealed that the Korean PCV4 strain contained several genomic features of (i) a palindrome stem-loop structure with a conserved nonanucleotide, (ii) packed overlapping ORFs oriented in different directions and (iii) two intergenic regions in between genes encoding the putative replication-associated protein (Rep) and capsid (Cap) proteins. This study also predicted the presence of essential elements for the replication of circoviruses in all PCV4 strains, for example the origin of DNA replication, endonuclease and helicase domains of Rep, and the nuclear localization signal on the putative Cap protein. Finally, based on the phylogeny inferred from sequences of the putative Rep protein, this study further clarified the genetic relationships between PCV4 and other CRESS DNA viruses in general and circoviruses in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van-Giap Nguyen
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hai-Quynh Do
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Thi-My-Le Huynh
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Yong-Ho Park
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bong-Kyun Park
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee-Chun Chung
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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12
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Immunogenicity and Protective Activity of Pigeon Circovirus Recombinant Capsid Protein Virus-Like Particles (PiCV rCap-VLPs) in Pigeons ( Columba livia) Experimentally Infected with PiCV. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9020098. [PMID: 33525416 PMCID: PMC7912323 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigeon circovirus (PiCV) is the most recurrent virus diagnosed in pigeons and is among the major causative agents of young pigeon disease syndrome (YPDS). Due to the lack of an established laboratory protocol for PiCV cultivation, development of prophylaxis is hampered. Alternatively, virus-like particles (VLPs), which closely resemble native viruses but lack the viral genetic material, can be generated using a wide range of expression systems and are shown to have strong immunogenicity. Therefore, the use of VLPs provides a promising prospect for vaccine development. In this study, transfected human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cells, a mammalian expression system, were used to express the PiCV capsid protein (Cap), which is a major component of PiCV and believed to contain antibody epitopes, to obtain self-assembled VLPs. The VLPs were observed to have a spherical morphology with diameters ranging from 12 to 26 nm. Subcutaneous immunization of pigeons with 100 µg PiCV rCap-VLPs supplemented with water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) adjuvant induced specific antibodies against PiCV. Observations of the cytokine expression and T-cell proliferation levels in spleen samples showed significantly higher T-cell proliferation and IFN- γ expression in pigeons immunized with VLPs compared to the controls (p < 0.05). Experimentally infected pigeons that were vaccinated with VLPs also showed no detectable viral titer. The results of the current study demonstrated the potential use of PiCV rCap-VLPs as an effective vaccine candidate against PiCV.
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13
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Nath BK, Das S, Roby JA, Sarker S, Luque D, Raidal SR, Forwood JK. Structural Perspectives of Beak and Feather Disease Virus and Porcine Circovirus Proteins. Viral Immunol 2020; 34:49-59. [PMID: 33275868 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2020.0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Circoviruses represent a rapidly expanding group of viruses that infect both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Members are responsible for diseases of veterinary and economic importance, including postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in pigs, and beak and feather disease (BFD) in birds. These viruses are associated with lymphoid depletion and immunosuppressive conditions in infected animals leading to systemic illness. Circoviruses are small nonenveloped DNA viruses containing a single-stranded circular genome, encoding two major proteins: the capsid-associated protein (Cap), comprising the entirety of the viral capsid, and the replication-associated protein (Rep). Cap is the only protein component of the virion and plays crucial roles throughout the virus replication cycle, including viral attachment, cell entry, genome uncoating, and packaging of newly formed viral particles. Rep mediates recognition of replication origin motifs in the viral genome sequence and is responsible for endonuclease activity enabling nicking of the circular DNA and initiation of rolling-circle replication (RCR). Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) was the first circovirus capsid structure to be solved at atomic resolution using X-ray crystallography. The structure revealed an assembly comprising 60 monomeric subunits to form virus-like particles. Each Cap monomer harbors a canonical viral jelly roll domain composed of two, four-stranded antiparallel β-sheets. Crystal structures of two distinct macromolecular assemblies from BFD virus Cap were also resolved at high resolution. In these structures, the exposure of the N-terminal arginine-rich motif, responsible for DNA binding and nuclear localization is reversed. Additional structural investigations have also elucidated a PCV2 type-specific neutralizing epitope, and interaction between the PCV2 capsid and polymers such as heparin. In this review, we provide a snapshot of the structural and functional aspects of circovirus proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babu Kanti Nath
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia
| | - Shubhagata Das
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia
| | - Justin A Roby
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia
| | - Subir Sarker
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Daniel Luque
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología/ISCIII, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Shane R Raidal
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia
| | - Jade K Forwood
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia
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14
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Chen JK, Hsiao C, Lo AR, Wang CY. Characterization of the nuclear localization sequence of beak and feather disease virus capsid proteins and their assembly into virus-like particles. Virus Res 2020; 289:198144. [PMID: 32889107 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) is a single-stranded circular DNA icosahedral virus that belongs to the Circoviridae family. This virus is the causative pathogen of beak and feather disease, which leads to feather loss, malformed claws, and immunosuppression of psittacine birds. Our study produced BFDV virus-like particles (VLPs) including capsid proteins, mutant Cap proteins (Cap ΔNLS54, Cap ΔNLS62, Cap C228S, and Cap ΔNES) and chimeric Cap proteins carrying the epitope (amino acid residues 64-70) of the replication-associated protein (R-Cap, Cap-R, R-Cap ΔNLS54, and Cap ΔNLS54-R). All of the aforementioned VLPs were observed via transmission electron microscopy and verified through immunogold labeling. The nuclear localization sequence (NLS) of the Cap protein was identified between amino acid residues 55-62. Nuclear export of the Cap protein depended on the nuclear export sequence (NES). All VLPs except Cap ΔNLS62 and Cap ΔNES entered the cells 2 h post-infection (hpi) and were shuttled into the nucleus at 8 hpi. Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) blocked the nuclear entry of Cap proteins at 8 hpi and the nuclear export of Cap proteins at 16 hpi was inhibited by leptomycin B. The nuclear entry of Cap protein was inhibited by importin α and importin β inhibitors, as well as NLS peptides. Moreover, the interactions of Cap proteins and Cap VLPs with both importin α and importin β were characterized via the GST pull-down and immunofluorescence assays. These interactions were blocked by the presence of importin α and importin β inhibitors, as well as NLS peptides. Therefore, our study is the first to describe the precise position of the NLS of the BFDV Cap protein and the interaction of Cap protein with importin α and importin β in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Kai Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo Kuang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Chiaolong Hsiao
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - An-Ru Lo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo Kuang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Young Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo Kuang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo Kuang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
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15
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Wang Z, Shi Y, Wang Y, Zhao L, Cui X, Wen S, Liu H, Cui W, Chen H, Ge J. Detection of Antibodies Against Canine Circovirus in Naturally and Experimentally Infected Canines by Recombinant Capsid Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:294. [PMID: 32548131 PMCID: PMC7270207 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine circovirus (CanineCV), a new pathogen, was found to be associated with canine hemorrhagic diarrhea, vasculitis, granulomatous lymphadenitis, and acute gastroenteritis. Although CanineCV was highly positive rate in diarrhea cases, its pathogenicity remains controversial. In this study, the seroprevalence and associated risk factors of CanineCV infection among domestic dogs in northeastern China was investigated by an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) based on recombinant capsid protein. Results revealed the proposed iELISA had no cross-reactivity with other related pathogens, and yielded good diagnostic values. Then, to evaluate the rCap iELISA, this study applied it to detect antibodies against CanineCV in 1,047 clinical serum samples obtained from northeastern China in 2016–2017. Results showed the positive rates in the five cities of Jilin, Liaoning, and Heilongjiang provinces ranged from 22.22 to 42.29%. Statistical analysis shows a significant difference in age between dogs <3 months old with respect to the >1-year-old dogs (p = 0.005), that is, the CanineCV infection was more frequently identified from older dogs. In the artificially infected experiment, the dogs developed seroconversion after 9 or 12 days and the main way of virus excretion was through feces. More interestingly, among the 32 ELISA-positive serum samples, 34.75% samples tested positive for the CanineCV DNA by qPCR, far higher than that in ELISA-negative serum samples (5.26%, 2/38). This report is the first to demonstrate that CanineCV infection is common in the dog population in northeastern China. The results showed obvious differences in the positive rate associated with diarrhea, age, but not with different cities. This study also provide basis for evaluating the pathogenic potential of CanineCV. But, the pathogenicity, the relationship between antibody level and immune protection, and the harmful effects of this virus remain to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yunjia Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xingyang Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Shanshan Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hanghang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Wen Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Junwei Ge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Harbin, China
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16
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Mou C, Wang M, Pan S, Chen Z. Identification of Nuclear Localization Signals in the ORF2 Protein of Porcine Circovirus Type 3. Viruses 2019; 11:v11121086. [PMID: 31766638 PMCID: PMC6950156 DOI: 10.3390/v11121086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) contains two major open reading frames (ORFs) and the ORF2 gene encodes the major structural capsid protein. In this study, nuclear localization of ORF2 was demonstrated by fluorescence observation and subcellular fractionation assays in ORF2-transfected PK-15 cells. The subcellular localization of truncated ORF2 indicated that the 38 N-terminal amino acids were responsible for the nuclear localization of ORF2. The truncated and site-directed mutagenesis of this domain were constructed, and the results demonstrated that the basic amino acid residues at positions 8-32 were essential for the strict nuclear localization. The basic motifs 8RRR-R-RRR16 and 16RRRHRRR22 were further shown to be the key functional nucleolar localization signals that guide PCV3 ORF2 into nucleoli. Furthermore, sequence analysis showed that the amino acids of PCV3 nuclear localization signals were highly conserved. Overall, this study provides insight into the biological and functional characteristics of the PCV3 ORF2 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Mou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (C.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Minmin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (C.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Shuonan Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (C.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Zhenhai Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (C.M.); (S.P.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-182-5274-7459 or +86-514-8979-8271; Fax: 0514-8797-2218
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17
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Ma Y, Chen X, Chen K, Zeng X, Yang S, Chang W, Tang Y, Chen X, Wang S, Chen JL. Identification and Characterization of a Distinct Strain of Beak and Feather Disease Virus in Southeast China. Virol Sin 2019; 35:43-51. [PMID: 31552609 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-019-00159-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) is an infectious agent responsible for feather degeneration and beak deformation in birds. In March 2017, an epidemic of psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) struck a farm in Fuzhou in the Fujian Province of southeast China, resulting in the death of 51 parrots. In this study, the disease was diagnosed and the pathogen was identified by PCR and whole genome sequencing. A distinct BFDV strain was identified and named as the FZ strain. This BFDV strain caused severe disease symptoms and pathological changes characteristic of typical PBFD in parrots, for example, loss of feathers and deformities of the beak and claws, and severe pathological changes in multiple organs of the infected birds. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the FZ strain was more closely related to the strain circulating in New Caledonia than the strains previously reported in China. Nucleotide homology between the FZ strain and other 43 strains of BFDV ranged from 80.0% to 92.0%. Blind passage experiment showed that this strain had limited replication capability in SPF Chicken Embryos and DF-1 Cells. Furthermore, the capsid (Cap) gene of this FZ strain was cloned into the pGEX-4T-1 expression vector to prepare the polyclonal anti-Cap antibody. Western blotting analysis using the anti-Cap antibody further confirmed that the diseased parrots were infected with BFDV. In this study, a PBFD and its pathogen was identified for the first time in Fujian Province of China, suggesting that future surveillance of BFDV should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Ma
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xiaoyong Chen
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Keyuan Chen
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xiancheng Zeng
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Shili Yang
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Wei Chang
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yao Tang
- Fuzhou Zoo, Fuzhou, 350012, China
| | | | - Song Wang
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Ji-Long Chen
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China. .,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China.
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18
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Complete Genome Sequence of Genotype Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease Virus, a Strain Identified from Budgerigars in China. Microbiol Resour Announc 2019; 8:8/20/e00040-19. [PMID: 31097493 PMCID: PMC6522778 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00040-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Psittacine beak and feather disease virus (PBFDV) has been reported in many countries, such as Australia, Poland, the United States, South Africa, etc. In this study, the complete genome of a PBFDV isolate was determined and characterized from budgerigars in China.
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19
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Immunogenicity of Pigeon Circovirus Recombinant Capsid Protein in Pigeons. Viruses 2018; 10:v10110596. [PMID: 30384424 PMCID: PMC6265742 DOI: 10.3390/v10110596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigeon circovirus (PiCV) is the most frequently diagnosed virus in pigeons and is thought to be one of the causative factors of a complex disease called the young pigeon disease syndrome (YPDS). The development of a vaccine against this virus could be a strategy for YPDS control. Since laboratory culture of PiCV is impossible, its recombinant capsid protein (rCP) can be considered as a potential antigen candidate in sub-unit vaccines. The aim of this basic research was to evaluate the immune response of pigeons to PiCV rCP. Sixty six-week-old carrier pigeons were divided into two groups (experimental immunized with PiCV rCP mixed with an adjuvant, and control immunized with an adjuvant only), and immunized twice in a 21-day interval. On the day of immunization and on two, 23, 39, and 46 days post first immunization (dpv), samples of blood, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius were collected from six birds from each group to examine anti-PiCV rCP IgY, anti-PiCV rCP IgY-secreting B cells (SBC), IFN-γ gene expression, and percentage of T CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and B IgM+ lymphocytes. The results indicated a correct immune response to PiCV rCP both in humoral and cell-mediated immunity, which was manifested by seroconversion since 23 dpv, by a significantly higher anti-PiCV rCP IgY-SBC number on two and 23 dpv, and significantly higher IFN-γ gene expression since two dpv. There were no significant differences or trends noted between particular T and B lymphocyte subpopulations. To conclude, PiCV rCP may be deemed immunogenic and could be considered as an antigen candidate in sub-unit vaccines against PiCV infections in pigeons.
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20
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MacDonald J. History and Promise of Plant-Made Vaccines for Animals. PROSPECTS OF PLANT-BASED VACCINES IN VETERINARY MEDICINE 2018. [PMCID: PMC7122757 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-90137-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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21
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Lai GH, Lin MK, Lien YY, Cheng JH, Sun FC, Lee MS, Chen HJ, Lee MS. Characterization of the DNA binding activity of structural protein VP1 from chicken anaemia virus. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:155. [PMID: 29728113 PMCID: PMC5936033 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1465-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chicken anaemia virus (CAV) is commonly found in poultry. VP1 is the sole structural protein of CAV, which is the major component responsible for capsid assembly. The CAV virion consists of the VP1 protein and a viral genome. However, there is currently no information on the protein-nucleic acid interactions between VP1 and DNA molecules. Results In this study, the recombinant VP1 protein of CAV was expressed and purified to characterize its DNA binding activity. When VP1 protein was incubated with a DNA molecule, the DNA molecule exhibited retarded migration on an agarose gel. Regardless of whether the sequence of the viral genome was involved in the DNA molecule, DNA retardation was not significantly influenced. This outcome indicated VP1 is a DNA binding protein with no sequence specificity. Various DNA molecules with different conformations, such as circular dsDNA, linear dsDNA, linear ssDNA and circular ssDNA, interacted with VP1 proteins according to the results of a DNA retardation assay. Further quantification of the amount of VP1 protein required for DNA binding, the circular ssDNA demonstrated a high affinity for the VP1 protein. The preferences arranged in the order of affinity for the VP1 protein with DNA are circular ssDNA, linear ssDNA, supercoiled circular dsDNA, open circular DNA and linear dsDNA. Conclusions The results of this study demonstrated that the interaction between VP1 and DNA molecules exhibited various binding preferences that were dependent on the structural conformation of DNA. Taken together, the results of this report are the first to demonstrate that VP1 has no sequence-specific DNA binding activity. The particular binding preferences of VP1 might play multiple roles in DNA replication or encapsidation during the viral life cycle. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-018-1465-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Hua Lai
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Kuem Lin
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Science and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Yang Lien
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan
| | - Jai-Hong Cheng
- Center for Shockwave Medicine and Tissue Engineering, Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, 83301, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Chun Sun
- Department of Bioresources, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, 51591, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Shiunn Lee
- Research Assistance Center, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, 500, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Jien Chen
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei, 24301, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Shiou Lee
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Science and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan.
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22
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Hou Q, Hou S, Chen Q, Jia H, Xin T, Jiang Y, Guo X, Zhu H. Nuclear localization signal regulates porcine circovirus type 2 capsid protein nuclear export through phosphorylation. Virus Res 2018; 246:12-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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Ge J, Cui X, Shi Y, Zhao L, Wei C, Wen S, Xia S, Chen H. Development and application of an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on recombinant capsid protein for the detection of mink circovirus infection. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:29. [PMID: 29373971 PMCID: PMC5787310 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1337-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mink circovirus (MiCV) is a newly discovered pathogen associated with mink diarrhea. The prevalence and economic importance of this virus remain poorly understood, and no specific serological assay has been developed for the diagnosis of MiCV infection. RESULTS In this study, a recombinant capsid protein antigen expressed in Escherichia coli was utilized to establish an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA). Results revealed that the assay had no cross-reactivity with other related pathogens, and the respective sensitivity and specificity of the proposed iELISA were 92.31% and 91.67% compared with those obtained of Western blot on 138 serum samples from minks. The correlation coefficient between iELISA and Western blot was 0.838 (p > 0.05). iELISA was applied to detect MiCV antibodies in 683 clinical serum samples from different farms from the major mink industry province in China, and 21 of 24 farms with 163 of 683 (23.87%) individuals were tested positive for MiCV antibodies. The positive rates of each of the 21 flocks ranged from 2.33% to 73.68%. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that iELISA was a sensitive and specific method suitable for the large-scale detection of MiCV infections in mink. This study provided an effective method for the serological diagnosis and positive rate investigation of MiCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Ge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.,Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xingyang Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yunjia Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine Unit, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Rd, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Chengwei Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Shanshan Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Shuang Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine Unit, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Rd, Harbin, 150069, China.
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24
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Regnard GL, Rybicki EP, Hitzeroth II. Recombinant expression of beak and feather disease virus capsid protein and assembly of virus-like particles in Nicotiana benthamiana. Virol J 2017; 14:174. [PMID: 28893289 PMCID: PMC5594603 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0847-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) is an important disease causing agent affecting psittacines. BFDV is highly infectious and can present as acute, chronic or subclinical disease. The virus causes immunodeficiency and is often associated with secondary infections. No commercial vaccine is available and yields of recombinant BFDV capsid protein (CP) expressed in insect cells and bacteria are yet to be seen as commercially viable, although both systems produced BFDV CP that could successfully assemble into virus-like particles (VLPs). Plants as expression systems are increasingly becoming favourable for the production of region-specific and niche market products. The aim of this study was to investigate the formation and potential for purification of BFDV VLPs in Nicotiana benthamiana. METHODS The BFDV CP was transiently expressed in N. benthamiana using an Agrobacterium-mediated system and plant expression vectors that included a bean yellow dwarf virus (BeYDV)-based replicating DNA vector. Plant-produced BFDV CP was detected using immunoblotting. VLPs were purified using sucrose cushion and CsCl density gradient centrifugation and visualised using transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS In this study we demonstrate that the BFDV CP can be successfully expressed in N. benthamiana, albeit at relatively low yield. Using a purification strategy based on centrifugation we demonstrated that the expressed CP can self-assemble into VLPs that can be detected using electron microscopy. These plant-produced BFDV VLPs resemble those produced in established recombinant expression systems and infectious virions. It is possible that the VLPs are spontaneously incorporating amplicon DNA produced from the replicating BeYDV plant vector. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of plant-made full-length BFDV CP assembling into VLPs. The putative pseudovirions could be used to further the efficacy of vaccines against BFDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy L. Regnard
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Edward P. Rybicki
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Inga I. Hitzeroth
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
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25
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Regnard GL, de Moor WRJ, Hitzeroth II, Williamson AL, Rybicki EP. Xenogenic rolling-circle replication of a synthetic beak and feather disease virus genomic clone in 293TT mammalian cells and Nicotiana benthamiana. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:2329-2338. [PMID: 28885140 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The preparation of infectious beak and feather disease circovirus virions (BFDV) has until now relied on the extraction of virus from whole tissue of deceased or euthanized parrots known to be infected with the virus. Extraction from diseased tissue is necessary, as the virus has yet to be grown in vitro using tissue-cultured cells from any source. While infectious DNA clones have been synthesized for porcine and duck circoviruses, and both replicate in host cells and result in active viral infection in animals, this has not been shown for BFDV. The aim of this study was to prepare an infectious BFDV genomic clone that could be used as challenge material in birds for vaccine testing. A putatively infectious BFDV genomic clone was designed and tested in mammalian cell culture, and in the plant Nicotiana benthamiana in the presence of plant-specific ssDNA geminivirus replication components. Replication was assessed using rolling-circle amplification, qPCR, replication-deficient clones and rescue plasmids. We showed that a synthetic partially dimeric BFDV genomic clone self-replicated when transfected into 293TT mammalian cells, and was also replicated in N. benthamiana in the presence of geminivirus replication elements. This is the first report of a BFDV genome replicating in any cell system, and the first report of a circovirus replicating with the aid of a geminivirus in a plant. Both of these developments could open up possibilities for making reagents and vaccines for BFDV, testing vaccine efficacy and investigating viral replication using rationally designed artificial genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy L Regnard
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Warren R J de Moor
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Inga I Hitzeroth
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anna-Lise Williamson
- National Health Laboratory Service, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Edward P Rybicki
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
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26
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Rinder M, Schmitz A, Peschel A, Wörle B, Gerlach H, Korbel R. Molecular characterization of a recently identified circovirus in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) associated with immunosuppression and opportunistic infections. Avian Pathol 2016; 46:106-116. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2016.1223272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Rinder
- Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Ornamental Fish, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Schmitz
- Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Ornamental Fish, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Peschel
- Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Ornamental Fish, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara Wörle
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Pöcking, Germany
| | | | - Rüdiger Korbel
- Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Ornamental Fish, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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27
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Sarker S, Terrón MC, Khandokar Y, Aragão D, Hardy JM, Radjainia M, Jiménez-Zaragoza M, de Pablo PJ, Coulibaly F, Luque D, Raidal SR, Forwood JK. Structural insights into the assembly and regulation of distinct viral capsid complexes. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13014. [PMID: 27698405 PMCID: PMC5059447 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The assembly and regulation of viral capsid proteins into highly ordered macromolecular complexes is essential for viral replication. Here, we utilize crystal structures of the capsid protein from the smallest and simplest known viruses capable of autonomously replicating in animal cells, circoviruses, to establish structural and mechanistic insights into capsid morphogenesis and regulation. The beak and feather disease virus, like many circoviruses, encode only two genes: a capsid protein and a replication initiation protein. The capsid protein forms distinct macromolecular assemblies during replication and here we elucidate these structures at high resolution, showing that these complexes reverse the exposure of the N-terminal arginine rich domain responsible for DNA binding and nuclear localization. We show that assembly of these complexes is regulated by single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), and provide a structural basis of capsid assembly around single-stranded DNA, highlighting novel binding interfaces distinct from the highly positively charged N-terminal ARM domain. Circoviruses are the simplest viruses known to autonomously replicate in vertebrates. Here the authors present three structures for distinct macromolecular assemblies of the capsid protein from the beak and feather disease virus that provides insights into the regulation of viral capsid assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subir Sarker
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia.,Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia
| | - María C Terrón
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología/ISCIII, Majadahonda, Madrid 28220, Spain
| | - Yogesh Khandokar
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia
| | - David Aragão
- Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Joshua M Hardy
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Mazdak Radjainia
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | | | - Pedro J de Pablo
- Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Insituto de Física de la Materia Condensada (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fasséli Coulibaly
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Daniel Luque
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología/ISCIII, Majadahonda, Madrid 28220, Spain
| | - Shane R Raidal
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia.,Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia
| | - Jade K Forwood
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia
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28
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Das S, Sarker S, Peters A, Ghorashi SA, Phalen D, Forwood JK, Raidal SR. Evolution of circoviruses in lorikeets lags behind its hosts. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2016; 100:281-291. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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29
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Kouokam Fotso GB, Bernard C, Bigault L, de Boisséson C, Mankertz A, Jestin A, Grasland B. The expression level of gC1qR is down regulated at the early time of infection with porcine circovirus of type 2 (PCV-2) and gC1qR interacts differently with the Cap proteins of porcine circoviruses. Virus Res 2016; 220:21-32. [PMID: 27063333 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Porcine circoviruses (PCV) are small, non-enveloped single-stranded DNA-viruses. Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) is the causal agent of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) whereas porcine circovirus of type 1 (PCV-1) is non- pathogenic. gC1qR is a membrane-located receptor of the complement protein subunit C1q and interacts with PCV capsid proteins. The mechanisms associated with the triggering of PMWS are not well known and gC1qR may have a role in the life cycle and eventually in the pathogenicity of PCV. The objectives of this study were to determine the level of expression of gC1qR during early PCV-2 infection, to determine the region of PCV-2 capsid protein (Cap) required for the interaction with gC1qR and to evaluate the interaction of gC1qR with Cap proteins of different PCV strains. The results indicate that gC1qR transcripts are downregulated in the tonsils and the tracheo-bronchial lymph nodes of piglets infected by PCV-2 at the early time of the infection. The N-terminal amino acids (a.a. 1-59) of PCV-2b Cap, an arginine rich region, are involved in the interaction with gC1qR. Porcine gC1qR interacts with Cap proteins of two pathogenic viral strains, PCV-2a and PCV-2b, while interaction has been observed with only one Cap protein of two investigated strains of PCV-1. The amino acids 30 and 49 of PCV-1Cap, solely, were not responsible of the difference of interaction observed. We have also shown that gC1qR interacts strongly with PCV-2Caps and PCV-1 GER Cap. This result suggests that the different interaction of gC1qR with PCV Cap proteins may have an impact on the pathogenicity of the PCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Baudry Kouokam Fotso
- Anses, Laboratory of Ploufragan/Plouzané, Unit of viral genetic and biosafety, Ploufragan, France
| | - Cécilia Bernard
- Anses, Laboratory of Ploufragan/Plouzané, Unit of viral genetic and biosafety, Ploufragan, France
| | - Lionel Bigault
- Anses, Laboratory of Ploufragan/Plouzané, Unit of viral genetic and biosafety, Ploufragan, France
| | - Claire de Boisséson
- Anses, Laboratory of Ploufragan/Plouzané, Unit of viral genetic and biosafety, Ploufragan, France
| | - Annette Mankertz
- Robert Koch institute, Division of viral infection, Berlin, Germany
| | - André Jestin
- Anses, Laboratory of Ploufragan/Plouzané, Unit of viral genetic and biosafety, Ploufragan, France
| | - Béatrice Grasland
- Anses, Laboratory of Ploufragan/Plouzané, Unit of viral genetic and biosafety, Ploufragan, France.
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30
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Dual ATPase and GTPase activity of the replication-associated protein (Rep) of beak and feather disease virus. Virus Res 2016; 213:149-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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31
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Wellehan • JF, Lierz • M, Phalen • D, Raidal • S, Styles • DK, Crosta • L, Melillo • A, Schnitzer • P, Lennox • A, Lumeij JT. Infectious disease. CURRENT THERAPY IN AVIAN MEDICINE AND SURGERY 2016. [PMCID: PMC7158187 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-4671-2.00011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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32
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Huang L, Van Renne N, Liu C, Nauwynck HJ. A sequence of basic residues in the porcine circovirus type 2 capsid protein is crucial for its co-expression and co-localization with the replication protein. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:3566-3576. [PMID: 26415571 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) encodes two major proteins: the replication protein (Rep) and the capsid protein (Cap). Cap displays a conserved stretch of basic residues situated on the inside of the capsid, whose role is so far unknown. We used a reverse-genetics approach to investigate its function and found that mutations in these amino acids hindered Cap mRNA translation and hampered Cap/Rep co-localization, yielding unfit viruses. Intriguingly, co-transfection with a WT PCV2 of a different genotype partially rescued mutant Cap expression, showing the importance of this basic pattern for efficient translation of Cap mRNA into protein. Our results show that Cap and Rep are expressed independently of each other, and that this amino acid sequence of Cap is vital for virus propagation. This study provides a method for studying unfit PCV2 virions and offers new insights into the intracellular modus vivendi of PCV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Huang
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.,Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Maduan Street 427, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Nicolaas Van Renne
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Changming Liu
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Maduan Street 427, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Hans J Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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33
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Sarker S, Ghorashi SA, Swarbrick CM, Khandokar YB, Himiari Z, Forwood JK, Raidal SR. An efficient approach for recombinant expression and purification of the viral capsid protein from beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) in Escherichia coli. J Virol Methods 2015; 215-216:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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34
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Regnard GL, Boyes RS, Martin RO, Hitzeroth II, Rybicki EP. Beak and feather disease viruses circulating in Cape parrots (Poicepahlus robustus) in South Africa. Arch Virol 2014; 160:47-54. [PMID: 25209153 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2226-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Captive and wild psittacines are vulnerable to the highly contagious psittacine beak and feather disease. The causative agent, beak and feather disease virus (BFDV), was recently detected in the largest remaining population of endangered Cape parrots (Poicepahlus robustus), which are endemic to South Africa. Full-length genomes were isolated and sequenced from 26 blood samples collected from wild and captive Cape parrots to determine possible origins of infection. All sequences had characteristic BFDV sequence motifs and were similar in length to those described in the literature. However, BFDV coat protein (CP) sequences from this study did not contain a previously identified bipartite nuclear localisation signal (NLS) within residues 39-56, which indicates that an alternate NLS is involved in shuttling the CP into the nucleus. Sequences from the wild population shared a high degree of similarity, irrespective of year or location, suggesting that the disease outbreak occurred close to the time when the samples were collected. Phylogenetic analysis of full-length genomes showed that the captive Cape parrot sequences cluster with those isolated from captive-bred budgerigars in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. Exposure to captive-bred Cape parrots from a breeding facility in KwaZulu-Natal is suggested as a possible source for the virus infection. Phylogenetic analysis of BFDV isolates from wild and captive Cape parrots indicated two separate infection events in different populations, which highlights the potential risk of introducing new strains of the virus into the wild population. The present study represents the first systematic investigation of BFDV virus diversity in the southern-most population of Cape parrots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy L Regnard
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa,
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35
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Robino P, Grego E, Rossi G, Bert E, Tramuta C, Stella MC, Bertoni P, Nebbia P. Molecular analysis and associated pathology of beak and feather disease virus isolated in Italy from young Congo African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) with an "atypical peracute form" of the disease. Avian Pathol 2014; 43:333-44. [PMID: 24968067 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2014.934660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study is the first report on the genetic and pathogenic characterization of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) occurring in Italy. Twenty BFDV strains isolated in Italy from juvenile Congo African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) were investigated. Seventeen strains showed an "atypical peracute form" (aPF) of the disease, and three a chronic form (CF). The birds with aPF had been weaned, were independent as far as food and protection were concerned and apparently were without lesions. The gene coding for the putative coat protein was amplified in all isolates while the BFDV genome was sequenced completely in 10 samples, eight of them belonging to aPF affected birds and two from CF of the disease. All full genomes clustered into the J strain of BFDV, where two new subtypes were identified. Recombination analyses showed evidence of genetic exchanges in two BFDV genomes. In addition, a correlation between viral isolate and origin of the breeding material was shown, while an association between the genetic features of the virus and the clinical form was not observed. Histologically, apoptosis was detected frequently in aPF samples and sporadically in CF samples. Interestingly, BFDV antigens were detected in the nuclei and cytoplasm of such apoptotic cells. The data presented here support the hypothesis that, in the absence of a defined BFDV genetic variant accountable for a specific clinical form of psittacine beak and feather disease, differences in the apoptotic rate between aPF and CF are strictly host related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Robino
- a Department of Veterinary Sciences , University of Turin , Grugliasco , Turin , Italy
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36
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Stenzel T, Piasecki T, Chrząstek K, Julian L, Muhire BM, Golden M, Martin DP, Varsani A. Pigeon circoviruses display patterns of recombination, genomic secondary structure and selection similar to those of beak and feather disease viruses. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:1338-1351. [PMID: 24639400 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.063917-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigeon circovirus (PiCV) has a ~2 kb genome circular ssDNA genome. All but one of the known PiCV isolates have been found infecting pigeons in various parts of the world. In this study, we screened 324 swab and tissue samples from Polish pigeons and recovered 30 complete genomes, 16 of which came from birds displaying no obvious pathology. Together with 17 other publicly available PiCV complete genomes sampled throughout the Northern Hemisphere and Australia, we find that PiCV displays a similar degree of genetic diversity to that of the related psittacine-infecting circovirus species, beak and feather disease virus (BFDV). We show that, as is the case with its pathology and epidemiology, PiCV also displays patterns of recombination, genomic secondary structure and natural selection that are generally very similar to those of BFDV. It is likely that breeding facilities play a significant role in the emergence of new recombinant PiCV variants and given that ~50 % of the domestic pigeon population is infected subclinically, all pigeon breeding stocks should be screened routinely for this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Stenzel
- Department of Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, ul. Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Tomasz Piasecki
- Department of Epizootiology with Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-360 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Klaudia Chrząstek
- Department of Epizootiology with Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-360 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Laurel Julian
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Brejnev M Muhire
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Computational Biology Group, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michael Golden
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Computational Biology Group, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Darren P Martin
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Computational Biology Group, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Arvind Varsani
- Department of Plant Pathology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.,Electron Microscope Unit, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7700, South Africa.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.,Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
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37
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Gao Z, Dong Q, Jiang Y, Opriessnig T, Wang J, Quan Y, Yang Z. ORF4-protein deficient PCV2 mutants enhance virus-induced apoptosis and show differential expression of mRNAs in vitro. Virus Res 2014; 183:56-62. [PMID: 24503223 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the essential infectious agent of PCV associated disease (PCVAD). During previous in vitro studies, 11 RNAs and four viral proteins have been detected in PCV2-infected cells. Open reading frame (ORF) 4 is 180bp in length and has been identified at the transcription and the translation level. It overlaps completely with ORF3, which has a role in virus-induced apoptosis. In this study, start codon mutations (M1-PCV2) or in-frame termination mutations (M2-PCV2) were utilized to construct two ORF4-protein deficient viruses aiming to investigate its role in viral infection. The abilities of M1-PCV2 and M2-PCV2 to replicate, transcribe, express viral proteins, and to cause cellular apoptosis were evaluated. Viral DNA replication curves supported that the ORF4 protein is not essential for viral replication, but inhibits viral replication in the early stage of infection. Comparison of the expression level of ORF3 mRNA among wild-type and ORF4-deficient viruses in infected PK-15 cell demonstrated enhanced ORF3 transcription of both ORF4 mutants suggesting that the ORF4 protein may play an important role by restricting ORF3 transcription thereby preventing virus-induced apoptosis. This is further confirmed by the significantly higher caspase 3 and 8 activities in M1-PCV2 and M2-PCV2 compared to wild-type PCV2. Furthermore, the role of ORF4 in cell apoptosis and a possible interaction with the ORF1 associated Rep protein could perhaps explain the rapid viral growth in the early stage of infection and the higher expression level of ORF1 mRNA in ORF4 protein deficient PCV2 mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangzhao Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qinfang Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yonghou Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Tanja Opriessnig
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK; Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jingxiu Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanping Quan
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zongqi Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
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38
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Patterson EI, Dombrovski AK, Swarbrick CM, Raidal SR, Forwood JK. Structural determination of importin alpha in complex with beak and feather disease virus capsid nuclear localization signal. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 438:680-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.07.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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39
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Duvenage L, Hitzeroth II, Meyers AE, Rybicki EP. Expression in tobacco and purification of beak and feather disease virus capsid protein fused to elastin-like polypeptides. J Virol Methods 2013; 191:55-62. [PMID: 23578703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Psittacine beak and feather disease, caused by beak and feather disease virus (BFDV), is a threat to endangered psittacine species. There is currently no vaccine against BFDV, which necessitates the development of safe and affordable vaccine candidates. A subunit vaccine based on BFDV capsid protein (CP), the major antigenic determinant, expressed in the inexpensive and highly scalable plant expression system could satisfy these requirements. Full-length CP and a truncated CP (ΔN40 CP) were transiently expressed in tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) as fusions to elastin-like polypeptide (ELP). These two proteins were fused to ELPs of different lengths in order to increase expression levels and to provide a simple means of purification. The ELP fusion proteins were purified by inverse transition cycling (ITC) and it was found that a membrane filtration-based ITC method improved the recovery of ΔN40 CP-ELP51 fusion protein relative to a centrifugation-based method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucian Duvenage
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa
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40
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Patterson EI, Swarbrick CMD, Roman N, Forwood JK, Raidal SR. Differential expression of two isolates of beak and feather disease virus capsid protein in Escherichia coli. J Virol Methods 2013; 189:118-24. [PMID: 23403150 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Expression of recombinant beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) capsid-associated protein (Cap) has relied on inefficient techniques that typically produce low yields or use specialized expression systems, which greatly increase the cost and expertise required for mass production. An Escherichia coli system was used to express recombinant BFDV Cap derived from two isolates of BFDV, from a Long-billed Corella (Cacatua tenuirostris) and an Orange-bellied parrot (OBP; Neophema chrysogaster). Purification by affinity and size exclusion chromatography was optimized through an iterative process involving screening and modification of buffer constituents and pH. A buffer containing glycerol, β-mercaptoethanol, Triton X-100, and a high concentration of NaCl at pH 8 was used to increase solubility of the protein. The final concentration of the corella-isolated BFDV protein was fifteen- to twenty-fold greater than that produced in previous publications using E. coli expression systems. Immunoassays were used to confirm the specific antigenicity of recombinant Cap, verifying its validity for use in continued experimentation as a potential vaccine, a reagent in diagnostic assays, and as a concentrated sample for biological discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward I Patterson
- Charles Sturt University, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Boorooma St., Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia
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41
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Abstract
As dominant members of marine mesozooplankton communities, copepods play critical roles in oceanic food webs and biogeochemical cycling. Despite the ecological significance of copepods, little is known regarding the causes of copepod mortality, and up to 35% of total copepod mortality cannot be accounted for by predation alone. Viruses have been established as ecologically important infectious agents in the oceans; however, viral infection has not been investigated in mesozooplankton communities. Here we used molecular and microscopic techniques to document viral infection in natural populations of the calanoid copepods Acartia tonsa (Dana) and Labidocera aestiva (Wheeler) in Tampa Bay, FL. Viral metagenomics revealed previously undocumented viruses in each species, named Acartia tonsa copepod circo-like virus (AtCopCV) and Labidocera aestiva copepod circo-like virus (LaCopCV). LaCopCV was found to be extremely prevalent and abundant in L. aestiva populations, with up to 100% prevalence in some samples and average viral loads of 1.13 × 10(5) copies per individual. LaCopCV transcription was also detected in the majority of L. aestiva individuals, indicating viral activity. AtCopCV was sporadically detected in A. tonsa populations year-round, suggesting temporal variability in viral infection dynamics. Finally, virus-like particles of unknown identity were observed in the connective tissues of A. tonsa and L. aestiva by transmission electron microscopy, demonstrating that viruses were actively proliferating in copepod connective tissue as opposed to infecting gut contents, parasites, or symbionts. Taken together, these results provide strong independent lines of evidence for active viral infection in dominant copepod species, indicating that viruses may significantly influence mesozooplankton ecology.
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42
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Identification of two functional nuclear localization signals in the capsid protein of duck circovirus. Virology 2012; 436:112-7. [PMID: 23174505 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The capsid protein (CP) of duck circovirus (DuCV) is the major immunogenic protein and has a high proportion of arginine residues concentrated at the N terminus of the protein, which inhibits efficient mRNA translation in prokaryotic expression systems. In this study, we investigated the subcellular distribution of DuCV CP expressed via recombinant baculoviruses in Sf9 cells and the DNA binding activities of the truncated recombinant DuCV CPs. The results showed that two independent bipartite nuclear localization signals (NLSs) situated at N-terminal 1-17 and 18-36 amino acid residue of the CP. Moreover, two expression level regulatory signals (ELRSs) and two DNA binding signals (DBSs) were also mapped to the N terminus of the protein and overlapped with the two NLSs. The ability of CP to bind DNA, coupled with the karyophilic nature of this protein, strongly suggests that it may be responsible for nuclear targeting of the viral genome.
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43
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Zhang XX, Liu SN, Xie ZJ, Kong YB, Jiang SJ. Complete genome sequence analysis of duck circovirus strains from Cherry Valley duck. Virol Sin 2012; 27:154-64. [PMID: 22684469 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-012-3214-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate molecular epidemiology of DuCV in Cherry Valley ducks in China, the complete genomes of six DuCV strains, which were detected from Cherry Valley ducks in China between 2007 and 2008, were sequenced. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis were carried out to compare these six strains with another 27 DuCV strains from Mulard duck, Muscovy duck, Pekin ducks and Mule duck. The analysis showed that the six DuCV strains exhibited typical genetic features of the family of DuCV, such as a stem-loop structure, three major open reading frames (Rep, Cap and ORF3), four intergenic repeats and the conserved motifs for rolling circle replication and for the dNTP binding domain located in the Rep protein. Phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the complete genome and Cap gene of these strains together with those that have been previously published demonstrated two distinct DuCV genotypes. The DuCV strains with complete genomes containing 1988 and 1989 nucleotides clustered in genotype A, whereas the strains with complete genomes containing 1991, 1992, 1995 and 1996 nucleotides lay in genotype B. The six DuCV strains from Cherry Valley ducks were divided into the two groups. The results of the study provides some insight into the variation of DuCVs in Cherry Valley ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-xiao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
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44
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Tracking viral evolution during a disease outbreak: the rapid and complete selective sweep of a circovirus in the endangered Echo parakeet. J Virol 2012; 86:5221-9. [PMID: 22345474 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06504-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Circoviruses are among the smallest and simplest of all viruses, but they are relatively poorly characterized. Here, we intensively sampled two sympatric parrot populations from Mauritius over a period of 11 years and screened for the circovirus Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV). During the sampling period, a severe outbreak of psittacine beak and feather disease, which is caused by BFDV, occurred in Echo parakeets. Consequently, this data set presents an ideal system for studying the evolution of a pathogen in a natural population and to understand the adaptive changes that cause outbreaks. Unexpectedly, we discovered that the outbreak was most likely caused by changes in functionally important regions of the normally conserved replication-associated protein gene and not the immunogenic capsid. Moreover, these mutations were completely fixed in the Echo parakeet host population very shortly after the outbreak. Several capsid alleles were linked to the replication-associated protein outbreak allele, suggesting that whereas the key changes occurred in the latter, the scope of the outbreak and the selective sweep may have been influenced by positive selection in the capsid. We found evidence for viral transmission between the two host populations though evidence for the invasive species as the source of the outbreak was equivocal. Finally, the high evolutionary rate that we estimated shows how rapidly new variation can arise in BFDV and is consistent with recent results from other small single-stranded DNA viruses.
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45
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Patterson EI, Forwood JK, Raidal SR. Homology Modelling and Structural Comparisons of Capsid-Associated Proteins from Circoviruses Reveal Important Virus-Specific Surface Antigens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/csta.2012.12002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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46
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Molecular study of porcine circovirus type 2 circulating in Portugal. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2011; 11:2162-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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47
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Antibody recognition of porcine circovirus type 2 capsid protein epitopes after vaccination, infection, and disease. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2011; 18:749-57. [PMID: 21430122 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00418-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Open reading frame 2 (ORF2) of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) codes for the 233-amino-acid capsid protein (CP). Baculovirus-based vaccines that express only ORF2 are protective against clinical disease following experimental challenge or natural infection. The goal of this study was to identify regions in CP preferentially recognized by sera from experimentally infected and vaccinated pigs and to compare these responses to those of pigs diagnosed with porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD), including porcine multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) and porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS). The approach was to react porcine sera with CP polypeptide fragments followed by finer mapping studies using overlapping oligopeptides that covered amino acids 141 to 200. The results showed that vaccinated pigs preferentially recognized only the largest polypeptide fragment, CP(43-233). A subset of experimentally infected pigs and pigs with PDNS showed strong reactivity against a CP oligopeptide, 169-STIDYFQPNNKR-180. Alanine scanning identified Y-173, F-174, Q-175, and K-179 as important for antibody recognition. The results from this study support the notion of PCV2 modulation of immunity, including antibody responses that may represent a precursor for disease. The recognition of CP(169-180) and other polypeptides provides opportunities to devise diagnostic tests for monitoring the immunological effectiveness of vaccination.
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48
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Rosario K, Marinov M, Stainton D, Kraberger S, Wiltshire EJ, Collings DA, Walters M, Martin DP, Breitbart M, Varsani A. Dragonfly cyclovirus, a novel single-stranded DNA virus discovered in dragonflies (Odonata: Anisoptera). J Gen Virol 2011; 92:1302-1308. [PMID: 21367985 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.030338-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dragonfly cyclovirus (DfCyV), a new species of ssDNA virus discovered using viral metagenomics in dragonflies (family Libellulidae) from the Kingdom of Tonga. Metagenomic sequences of DfCyV were similar to viruses of the recently proposed genus Cyclovirus within the family Circoviridae. Specific PCRs resulted in the recovery of 21 DfCyV genomes from three dragonfly species (Pantala flavescens, Tholymis tillarga and Diplacodes bipunctata). The 1741 nt DfCyV genomes share >95 % nucleotide identity and are classified into 11 subtypes representing a single strain. The DfCyV genomes share 48-63 % genome-wide nucleotide identity with cycloviruses identified in human faecal samples. Recombination analysis revealed three recombinant DfCyV genomes, suggesting that recombination plays an important role in cyclovirus evolution. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a circular ssDNA virus identified in insects, and the data may help elucidate evolutionary links among novel Circoviridae recently identified in animals and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyna Rosario
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Milen Marinov
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Ilam, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Daisy Stainton
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Ilam, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Simona Kraberger
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Ilam, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Elizabeth J Wiltshire
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Ilam, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - David A Collings
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Ilam, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Ilam, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Matthew Walters
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Ilam, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Darren P Martin
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mya Breitbart
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Arvind Varsani
- Electron Microscope Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa.,Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Ilam, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Ilam, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
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49
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Cheung AK, Greenlee JJ. Identification of an amino acid domain encoded by the capsid gene of porcine circovirus type 2 that modulates intracellular viral protein distribution during replication. Virus Res 2011; 155:358-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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50
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Varsani A, Regnard GL, Bragg R, Hitzeroth II, Rybicki EP. Global genetic diversity and geographical and host-species distribution of beak and feather disease virus isolates. J Gen Virol 2010; 92:752-67. [PMID: 21177924 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.028126-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) has a broad host range and is widespread in wild and captive psittacine populations in Asia, Africa, the Americas, Europe and Australasia. Beak and feather disease circovirus (BFDV) is the causative agent. BFDV has an ∼2 kb single stranded circular DNA genome encoding just two proteins (Rep and CP). In this study we provide support for demarcation of BFDV strains by phylogenetic analysis of 65 complete genomes from databases and 22 new BFDV sequences isolated from infected psittacines in South Africa. We propose 94% genome-wide sequence identity as a strain demarcation threshold, with isolates sharing >94% identity belonging to the same strain, and strain subtypes sharing >98% identity. Currently, BFDV diversity falls within 14 strains, with five highly divergent isolates from budgerigars probably representing a new species of circovirus with three strains (budgerigar circovirus; BCV-A, -B and -C). The geographical distribution of BFDV and BCV strains is strongly linked to the international trade in exotic birds; strains with more than one host are generally located in the same geographical area. Lastly, we examined BFDV and BCV sequences for evidence of recombination, and determined that recombination had occurred in most BFDV and BCV strains. We established that there were two globally significant recombination hotspots in the viral genome: the first is along the entire intergenic region and the second is in the C-terminal portion of the CP ORF. The implications of our results for the taxonomy and classification of circoviruses are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Varsani
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
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