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Sarute N, Ibrahim N, Medegan Fagla B, Lavanya M, Cuevas C, Stavrou S, Otkiran-Clare G, Tyynismaa H, Henao-Mejia J, Ross SR. TRIM2, a novel member of the antiviral family, limits New World arenavirus entry. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000137. [PMID: 30726215 PMCID: PMC6380604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins belong to a large family with many roles in host biology, including restricting virus infection. Here, we found that TRIM2, which has been implicated in cases of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMTD) in humans, acts by blocking hemorrhagic fever New World arenavirus (NWA) entry into cells. We show that Trim2-knockout mice, as well as primary fibroblasts from a CMTD patient with mutations in TRIM2, are more highly infected by the NWAs Junín and Tacaribe virus than wild-type mice or cells are. Using mice with different Trim2 gene deletions and TRIM2 mutant constructs, we demonstrate that its antiviral activity is uniquely independent of the RING domain encoding ubiquitin ligase activity. Finally, we show that one member of the TRIM2 interactome, signal regulatory protein α (SIRPA), a known inhibitor of phagocytosis, also restricts NWA infection and conversely that TRIM2 limits phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. In addition to demonstrating a novel antiviral mechanism for TRIM proteins, these studies suggest that the NWA entry and phagocytosis pathways overlap.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- Apoptosis
- Arenaviruses, New World/genetics
- Arenaviruses, New World/growth & development
- Arenaviruses, New World/pathogenicity
- Brain/immunology
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/virology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease/genetics
- Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease/metabolism
- Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease/pathology
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Fibroblasts/immunology
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Fibroblasts/virology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- HEK293 Cells
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/genetics
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology
- Humans
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/genetics
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/immunology
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/genetics
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/immunology
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/metabolism
- Neurofilament Proteins/genetics
- Neurofilament Proteins/immunology
- Neurofilament Proteins/metabolism
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/immunology
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Osteoblasts/immunology
- Osteoblasts/metabolism
- Osteoblasts/virology
- Primary Cell Culture
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Vero Cells
- Virus Internalization
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Sarute
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UIC College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nouhou Ibrahim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UIC College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Bani Medegan Fagla
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UIC College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Madakasira Lavanya
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christian Cuevas
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Spyridon Stavrou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UIC College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Guliz Otkiran-Clare
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UIC College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, UIC, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Henna Tyynismaa
- Research Program for Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jorge Henao-Mejia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Susan R. Ross
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UIC College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Abstract
Hemorrhagic fevers caused by viruses were identified in the late 1950s in South America. These viruses have existed in their hosts, the New World rodents, for millions of years. Their emergence as infectious agents in humans coincided with changes in the environment and farming practices that caused explosions in their host rodent populations. Zoonosis into humans likely occurs because the pathogenic New World arenaviruses use human transferrin receptor 1 to enter cells. The mortality rate after infection with these viruses is high, but the mechanism by which disease is induced is still not clear. Possibilities include direct effects of cellular infection or the induction of high levels of cytokines by infected sentinel cells of the immune system, leading to endothelia and thrombocyte dysfunction and neurological disease. Here we provide a review of the ecology and molecular and cellular biology of New World arenaviruses, as well as a discussion of the current animal models of infection. The development of animal models, coupled with an improved understanding of the infection pathway and host response, should lead to the discovery of new drugs for treating infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Sarute
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612; ,
| | - Susan R Ross
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612; ,
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Abstract
The number and diversity of viral sequences that are identified in metagenomic data far exceeds that of experimentally characterized virus isolates. In a recent workshop, a panel of experts discussed the proposal that, with appropriate quality control, viruses that are known only from metagenomic data can, and should be, incorporated into the official classification scheme of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Although a taxonomy that is based on metagenomic sequence data alone represents a substantial departure from the traditional reliance on phenotypic properties, the development of a robust framework for sequence-based virus taxonomy is indispensable for the comprehensive characterization of the global virome. In this Consensus Statement article, we consider the rationale for why metagenomic sequence data should, and how it can, be incorporated into the ICTV taxonomy, and present proposals that have been endorsed by the Executive Committee of the ICTV.
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Novel Arenavirus Entry Inhibitors Discovered by Using a Minigenome Rescue System for High-Throughput Drug Screening. J Virol 2015; 89:8428-43. [PMID: 26041296 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00997-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Certain members of the Arenaviridae family are category A agents capable of causing severe hemorrhagic fevers in humans. Specific antiviral treatments do not exist, and the only commonly used drug, ribavirin, has limited efficacy and can cause severe side effects. The discovery and development of new antivirals are inhibited by the biohazardous nature of the viruses, making them a relatively poorly understood group of human pathogens. We therefore adapted a reverse-genetics minigenome (MG) rescue system based on Junin virus, the causative agent of Argentine hemorrhagic fever, for high-throughput screening (HTS). The MG rescue system recapitulates all stages of the virus life cycle and enables screening of small-molecule libraries under biosafety containment level 2 (BSL2) conditions. The HTS resulted in the identification of four candidate compounds with potent activity against a broad panel of arenaviruses, three of which were completely novel. The target for all 4 compounds was the stage of viral entry, which positions the compounds as potentially important leads for future development. IMPORTANCE The arenavirus family includes several members that are highly pathogenic, causing acute viral hemorrhagic fevers with high mortality rates. No specific effective treatments exist, and although a vaccine is available for Junin virus, the causative agent of Argentine hemorrhagic fever, it is licensed for use only in areas where Argentine hemorrhagic fever is endemic. For these reasons, it is important to identify specific compounds that could be developed as antivirals against these deadly viruses.
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Calisher CH, Tesh RB. Two misleading words in reports of virus discovery: little things mean a lot. Arch Virol 2014; 159:2189-91. [PMID: 24532301 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles H Calisher
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1690, USA,
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