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Yagi M, Hama M, Ichii S, Nakashima Y, Kanbayashi D, Kurata T, Yusa K, Komano J. S phingomyelin synthase 1 supports two steps of rubella virus life cycle. iScience 2023; 26:108267. [PMID: 38026182 PMCID: PMC10654604 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Our knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms that govern the replication of the rubella virus (RV) in human cells is limited. To gain insight into the host-pathogen interaction, we conducted a loss-of-function screening using the CRISPR-Cas9 system in the human placenta-derived JAR cells. We identified sphingomyelin synthase 1 (SGMS1 or SMS1) as a susceptibility factor for RV infection. Genetic knockout of SGMS1 rendered JAR cells resistant to infection by RV. The re-introduction of SGMS1 restored cellular susceptibility to RV infection. The restricted step of RV infection was post-endocytosis processes associated with the endosomal acidification. In the late phase of the RV replication cycle, the maintenance of viral persistence was disrupted, partly due to the attenuated viral gene expression. Our results shed light on the unique regulation of RV replication by a host factor during the early and late phases of viral life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Yagi
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki City, Osaka 569-1041, Japan
| | - Minami Hama
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki City, Osaka 569-1041, Japan
| | - Sayaka Ichii
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki City, Osaka 569-1041, Japan
| | - Yurie Nakashima
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki City, Osaka 569-1041, Japan
| | - Daiki Kanbayashi
- Osaka Institute of Public Health, Morinomiya Center, 1-3-69, Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
| | - Takako Kurata
- Osaka Institute of Public Health, Morinomiya Center, 1-3-69, Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
| | - Kosuke Yusa
- Stem Cell Genetics, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Jun Komano
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki City, Osaka 569-1041, Japan
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2
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Rozman B, Fisher T, Stern-Ginossar N. Translation-A tug of war during viral infection. Mol Cell 2023; 83:481-495. [PMID: 36334591 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Viral reproduction is contingent on viral protein synthesis that relies on the host ribosomes. As such, viruses have evolved remarkable strategies to hijack the host translational apparatus in order to favor viral protein production and to interfere with cellular innate defenses. Here, we describe the approaches viruses use to exploit the translation machinery, focusing on commonalities across diverse viral families, and discuss the functional relevance of this process. We illustrate the complementary strategies host cells utilize to block viral protein production and consider how cells ensure an efficient antiviral response that relies on translation during this tug of war over the ribosome. Finally, we highlight potential roles mRNA modifications and ribosome quality control play in translational regulation and innate immunity. We address these topics in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and focus on the gaps in our current knowledge of these mechanisms, specifically in viruses with pandemic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batsheva Rozman
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Tal Fisher
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Noam Stern-Ginossar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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3
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Ng YS, Lee DY, Liu CH, Tung CY, He ST, Wang HC. White Spot Syndrome Virus Triggers a Glycolytic Pathway in Shrimp Immune Cells (Hemocytes) to Benefit Its Replication. Front Immunol 2022; 13:901111. [PMID: 35860260 PMCID: PMC9289281 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.901111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is the causative agent of a shrimp disease that inflicts in huge economic losses in shrimp-farming industry. WSSV triggers aerobic glycolysis in shrimp immune cells (hemocytes), but how this virus regulates glycolytic enzymes or pathway is yet to be characterized. Therefore, mRNA levels and activity of four important glycolytic enzymes, Hexokinase (HK), Phosphofructokinase (PFK), Pyruvate kinase (PK), and Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), were measured in WSSV-infected shrimp hemocytes. Gene expression of HK and PFK, but not LDH or PK, was increased at the viral genome replication stage (12 hpi); furthermore, activity of these enzymes, except HK, was concurrently increased. However, there was no increased enzyme activity at the viral late stage (24 hpi). In vivo dsRNA silencing and glycolysis disruption by 2-DG further confirmed the role of glycolysis in virus replication. Based on tracing studies using stable isotope labeled glucose, glycolysis was activated at the viral genome replication stage, but not at the viral late stage. This study demonstrated that WSSV enhanced glycolysis by activating glycolytic enzyme at the viral genome replication stage, providing energy and biomolecules for virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen Siong Ng
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Der-Yen Lee
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Liu
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yi Tung
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ting He
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Han-Ching Wang
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- International Center for the Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Han-Ching Wang,
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Exogenous Rubella Virus Capsid Proteins Enhance Virus Genome Replication. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11060683. [PMID: 35745537 PMCID: PMC9228353 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Enhanced replication of rubella virus (RuV) and replicons by de novo synthesized viral structural proteins has been previously described. Such enhancement can occur by viral capsid proteins (CP) alone in trans. It is not clear whether the CP in the virus particles, i.e., the exogenous CP, modulate viral genome replication. In this study, we found that exogenous RuV CP also enhanced viral genome replication, either when used to package replicons or when mixed with RNA during transfection. We demonstrated that CP does not affect the translation efficiency from genomic (gRNA) or subgenomic RNA (sgRNA), the intracellular distribution of the non-structural proteins (NSP), or sgRNA synthesis. Significantly active RNA replication was observed in transfections supplemented with recombinant CP (rCP), which was supported by accumulated genomic negative-strand RNA. rCP was found to restore replication of a few mutants in NSP but failed to fully restore replicons known to have defects in the positive-strand RNA synthesis. By monitoring the amount of RuV RNA following transfection, we found that all RuV replicon RNAs were well-retained in the presence of rCP within 24 h of post-transfection, compared to non-RuV RNA. These results suggest that the exogenous RuV CP increases efficiency of early viral genome replication by modulating the stage(s) prior to and/or at the initiation of negative-strand RNA synthesis, possibly through a general mechanism such as protecting viral RNA.
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Abstract
Viruses have evolved diverse strategies to hijack the cellular gene expression system for their replication. The poly(A) binding proteins (PABPs), a family of critical gene expression factors, are viruses' common targets. PABPs act not only as a translation factor but also as a key factor of mRNA metabolism. During viral infections, the activities of PABPs are manipulated by various viruses, subverting the host translation machinery or evading the cellular antiviral defense mechanism. Viruses harness PABPs by modifying their stability, complex formation with other translation initiation factors, or subcellular localization to promote viral mRNAs translation while shutting off or competing with host protein synthesis. For the past decade, many studies have demonstrated the PABPs' roles during viral infection. This review summarizes a comprehensive perspective of PABPs' roles during viral infection and how viruses evade host antiviral defense through the manipulations of PABPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yan-Dong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Hu
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunfu Zheng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Schilling E, Grahnert A, Pfeiffer L, Koehl U, Claus C, Hauschildt S. The Impact of Rubella Virus Infection on a Secondary Inflammatory Response in Polarized Human Macrophages. Front Immunol 2021; 12:772595. [PMID: 34975859 PMCID: PMC8716696 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.772595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages (MΦ) are known to exhibit distinct responses to viral and bacterial infection, but how they react when exposed to the pathogens in succession is less well understood. Accordingly, we determined the effect of a rubella virus (RV)-induced infection followed by an LPS-induced challenge on cytokine production, signal transduction and metabolic pathways in human GM (M1-like)- and M (M2-like)-MΦ. We found that infection of both subsets with RV resulted in a low TNF-α and a high interferon (IFN, type I and type III) release whereby M-MΦ produced far more IFNs than GM-MΦ. Thus, TNF-α production in contrast to IFN production is not a dominant feature of RV infection in these cells. Upon addition of LPS to RV-infected MΦ compared to the addition of LPS to the uninfected cells the TNF-α response only slightly increased, whereas the IFN-response of both subtypes was greatly enhanced. The subset specific cytokine expression pattern remained unchanged under these assay conditions. The priming effect of RV was also observed when replacing RV by IFN-β one putative priming stimulus induced by RV. Small amounts of IFN-β were sufficient for phosphorylation of Stat1 and to induce IFN-production in response to LPS. Analysis of signal transduction pathways activated by successive exposure of MΦ to RV and LPS revealed an increased phosphorylation of NFκB (M-MΦ), but different to uninfected MΦ a reduced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 (both subtypes). Furthermore, metabolic pathways were affected; the LPS-induced increase in glycolysis was dampened in both subtypes after RV infection. In conclusion, we show that RV infection and exogenously added IFN-β can prime MΦ to produce high amounts of IFNs in response to LPS and that changes in glycolysis and signal transduction are associated with the priming effect. These findings will help to understand to what extent MΦ defense to viral infection is modulated by a following exposure to a bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Schilling
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anja Grahnert
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lukas Pfeiffer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrike Koehl
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cellular Therapeutics and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Claudia Claus
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sunna Hauschildt
- Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Sunna Hauschildt,
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Nervous Necrosis Virus Coat Protein Mediates Host Translation Shutoff through Nuclear Translocalization and Degradation of Polyadenylate Binding Protein. J Virol 2021; 95:e0236420. [PMID: 34133901 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02364-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nervous necrosis virus (NNV) belongs to the Betanodavirus genus of the Nodaviridae family and is the main cause of viral nervous necrosis disease in marine fish larvae and juveniles worldwide. The NNV virion contains two positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genomes, which encode RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, coat protein, and B2 protein. Interestingly, NNV infection can shut off host translation in orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) brain cells; however, the detailed mechanisms of this action remain unknown. In this study, we discovered that the host translation factor, polyadenylate binding protein (PABP), is a key target during NNV takeover of host translation machinery. Additionally, ectopic expression of NNV coat protein is sufficient to trigger nuclear translocalization and degradation of PABP, followed by translation shutoff. A direct interaction between NNV coat protein and PABP was demonstrated, and this binding requires the NNV coat protein N-terminal shell domain and PABP proline-rich linker region. Notably, we also showed that degradation of PABP during later stages of infection is mediated by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Thus, our study reveals that the NNV coat protein hijacks host PABP, causing its relocalization to the nucleus and promoting its degradation to stimulate host translation shutoff. IMPORTANCE Globally, more than 200 species of aquacultured and wild marine fish are susceptible to NNV infection. Devastating outbreaks of this virus have been responsible for massive economic damage in the aquaculture industry, but the molecular mechanisms by which NNV affects its host remain largely unclear. In this study, we show that NNV hijacks translation in host brain cells, with the viral coat protein binding to host PABP to promote its nuclear translocalization and degradation. This previously unknown mechanism of NNV-induced host translation shutoff greatly enhances the understanding of NNV pathogenesis and provides useful insights and novel tools for development of NNV treatments, such as the use of orange-spotted grouper brain cells as an in vitro model system.
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8
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The Capsid Protein of Rubella Virus Antagonizes RNA Interference in Mammalian Cells. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020154. [PMID: 33494454 PMCID: PMC7910915 DOI: 10.3390/v13020154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rubella virus (RuV) is the infectious agent of a series of birth defect diseases termed congenital rubella syndrome, which is a major public health concern all around the world. RNA interference (RNAi) is a crucial antiviral defense mechanism in eukaryotes, and numerous viruses have been found to encode viral suppressors of RNAi (VSRs) to evade antiviral RNAi response. However, there is little knowledge about whether and how RuV antagonizes RNAi. In this study, we identified that the RuV capsid protein is a potent VSR that can efficiently suppress shRNA- and siRNA-induced RNAi in mammalian cells. Moreover, the VSR activity of the RuV capsid is dependent on its dimerization and double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-binding activity. In addition, ectopic expression of the RuV capsid can effectively rescue the replication defect of a VSR-deficient virus or replicon, implying that the RuV capsid can act as a VSR in the context of viral infection. Together, our findings uncover that RuV encodes a VSR to evade antiviral RNAi response, which expands our understanding of RuV–host interaction and sheds light on the potential therapeutic target against RuV.
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Vaccinia Virus as a Master of Host Shutoff Induction: Targeting Processes of the Central Dogma and Beyond. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9050400. [PMID: 32455727 PMCID: PMC7281567 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of host cell proteins is adversely inhibited in many virus infections, whereas viral proteins are efficiently synthesized. This phenomenon leads to the accumulation of viral proteins concurrently with a profound decline in global host protein synthesis, a phenomenon often termed “host shutoff”. To induce host shutoff, a virus may target various steps of gene expression, as well as pre- and post-gene expression processes. During infection, vaccinia virus (VACV), the prototype poxvirus, targets all major processes of the central dogma of genetics, as well as pre-transcription and post-translation steps to hinder host cell protein production. In this article, we review the strategies used by VACV to induce host shutoff in the context of strategies employed by other viruses. We elaborate on how VACV induces host shutoff by targeting host cell DNA synthesis, RNA production and processing, mRNA translation, and protein degradation. We emphasize the topics on VACV’s approaches toward modulating mRNA processing, stability, and translation during infection. Finally, we propose avenues for future investigations, which will facilitate our understanding of poxvirus biology, as well as fundamental cellular gene expression and regulation mechanisms.
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10
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Abstract
Codon usage depends on mutation bias, tRNA-mediated selection, and the need for high efficiency and accuracy in translation. One codon in a synonymous codon family is often strongly over-used, especially in highly expressed genes, which often leads to a high dN/dS ratio because dS is very small. Many different codon usage indices have been proposed to measure codon usage and codon adaptation. Sense codon could be misread by release factors and stop codons misread by tRNAs, which also contribute to codon usage in rare cases. This chapter outlines the conceptual framework on codon evolution, illustrates codon-specific and gene-specific codon usage indices, and presents their applications. A new index for codon adaptation that accounts for background mutation bias (Index of Translation Elongation) is presented and contrasted with codon adaptation index (CAI) which does not consider background mutation bias. They are used to re-analyze data from a recent paper claiming that translation elongation efficiency matters little in protein production. The reanalysis disproves the claim.
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11
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Gaba A, Ayalew LE, Patel A, Kumar P, Tikoo SK. Bovine adenovirus‐3 protein VIII associates with eukaryotic initiation factor‐6 during infection. Cell Microbiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Gaba
- VIDO‐InterVacUniversity of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
- Veterinary MicrobiologyUniversity of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
| | - Lisanework E. Ayalew
- VIDO‐InterVacUniversity of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
- Veterinary MicrobiologyUniversity of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
| | - Amrutlal Patel
- VIDO‐InterVacUniversity of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
- Veterinary MicrobiologyUniversity of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- VIDO‐InterVacUniversity of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
| | - Suresh K. Tikoo
- VIDO‐InterVacUniversity of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
- Veterinary MicrobiologyUniversity of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
- Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutics Program, School of Public HealthUniversity of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
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12
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Schwarz ER. Consequences of perinatal infections with rubella, measles, and mumps. Curr Opin Virol 2017; 27:71-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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13
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Ayalew LE, Patel AK, Gaba A, Islam A, Tikoo SK. Bovine Adenovirus-3 pVIII Suppresses Cap-Dependent mRNA Translation Possibly by Interfering with the Recruitment of DDX3 and Translation Initiation Factors to the mRNA Cap. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:2119. [PMID: 28082972 PMCID: PMC5186766 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Earlier, targeting of DDX3 by few viral proteins has defined its role in mRNA transport and induction of interferon production. This study was conducted to investigate the function of bovine adenovirus (BAdV)-3 pVIII during virus infection. Here, we provided evidence regarding involvement of DDX3 in cap dependent cellular mRNA translation and demonstrated that targeting of DDX3 by adenovirus protein VIII interfered with cap-dependent mRNA translation function of DDX3 in virus infected cells. Adenovirus late protein pVIII interacted with DDX3 in transfected and BAdV-3 infected cells. pVIII inhibited capped mRNA translation in vitro and in vivo by limiting the amount of DDX3 and eIF3. Diminished amount of DDX3 and eIFs including eIF3, eIF4E, eIF4G, and PABP were present in cap binding complex in BAdV-3 infected or pVIII transfected cells with no trace of pVIII in cap binding complex. The total amount of eIFs appeared similar in uninfected or infected cells as BAdV-3 did not appear to degrade eIFs. The co-immunoprecipitation experiments indicated the absence of direct interaction between pVIII and eIF3, eIF4E, or PABP. These data indicate that interaction of pVIII with DDX3 interferes with the binding of eIF3, eIF4E and PABP to the 5′ Cap. We conclude that DDX3 promotes cap-dependent cellular mRNA translation and BAdV-3 pVIII inhibits translation of capped cellular mRNA possibly by interfering with the recruitment of eIFs to the capped cellular mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanework E Ayalew
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SKCanada; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SKCanada
| | - Amrutlal K Patel
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SKCanada; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SKCanada
| | - Amit Gaba
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SKCanada; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SKCanada
| | - Azharul Islam
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK Canada
| | - Suresh K Tikoo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SKCanada; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SKCanada; Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutics Program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SKCanada
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14
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Abstract
RNA-binding proteins are often multifunctional, interact with a variety of protein partners and display complex localizations within cells. Mammalian cytoplasmic poly(A)-binding proteins (PABPs) are multifunctional RNA-binding proteins that regulate multiple aspects of mRNA translation and stability. Although predominantly diffusely cytoplasmic at steady state, they shuttle through the nucleus and can be localized to a variety of cytoplasmic foci, including those associated with mRNA storage and localized translation. Intriguingly, PABP sub-cellular distribution can alter dramatically in response to cellular stress or viral infection, becoming predominantly nuclear and/or being enriched in induced cytoplasmic foci. However, relatively little is known about the mechanisms that govern this distribution/relocalization and in many cases PABP functions within specific sites remain unclear. Here we discuss the emerging evidence with respect to these questions in mammals.
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15
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Besong-Ndika J, Ivanov KI, Hafrèn A, Michon T, Mäkinen K. Cotranslational coat protein-mediated inhibition of potyviral RNA translation. J Virol 2015; 89:4237-48. [PMID: 25631087 PMCID: PMC4442359 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02915-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Potato virus A (PVA) is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus and a member of the family Potyviridae. The PVA coat protein (CP) has an intrinsic capacity to self-assemble into filamentous virus-like particles, but the mechanism responsible for the initiation of viral RNA encapsidation in vivo remains unclear. Apart from virion assembly, PVA CP is also involved in the inhibition of viral RNA translation. In this study, we show that CP inhibits PVA RNA translation in a dose-dependent manner, through a mechanism involving the CP-encoding region. Analysis of this region, however, failed to identify any RNA secondary structure(s) preferentially recognized by CP, suggesting that the inhibition depends on CP-CP rather than CP-RNA interactions. In agreement with this possibility, insertion of an in-frame stop codon upstream of the CP sequence led to a marked decrease in the inhibition of viral RNA translation. Based on these results, we propose a model in which the cotranslational interactions between excess CP accumulating in trans and CP translated from viral RNA in cis are required to initiate the translational repression. This model suggests a mechanism for how viral RNA can be sequestered from translation and specifically selected for encapsidation at the late stages of viral infection. IMPORTANCE The main functions of the CP during potyvirus infection are to protect viral RNA from degradation and to transport it locally, systemically, and from host to host. Although virion assembly is a key step in the potyviral infectious cycle, little is known about how it is initiated and how viral RNA is selected for encapsidation. The results presented here suggest that CP-CP rather than CP-RNA interactions are predominantly involved in the sequestration of viral RNA away from translation. We propose that the cotranslational nature of these interactions may represent a mechanism for the selection of viral RNA for encapsidation. A better understanding of the mechanism of virion assembly may lead to development of crops resistant to potyviruses at the level of viral RNA encapsidation, thereby reducing the detrimental effects of potyvirus infections on food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Besong-Ndika
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA-Université Bordeaux 2, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Konstantin I Ivanov
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anders Hafrèn
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Thierry Michon
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA-Université Bordeaux 2, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Kristiina Mäkinen
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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16
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Eliseeva IA, Lyabin DN, Ovchinnikov LP. Poly(A)-binding proteins: structure, domain organization, and activity regulation. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2014; 78:1377-91. [PMID: 24490729 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297913130014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins are of vital importance for mRNA functioning. Among these, poly(A)-binding proteins (PABPs) are of special interest due to their participation in virtually all mRNA-dependent events that is caused by their high affinity for A-rich mRNA sequences. Apart from mRNAs, PABPs interact with many proteins, thus promoting their involvement in cellular events. In the nucleus, PABPs play a role in polyadenylation, determine the length of the poly(A) tail, and may be involved in mRNA export. In the cytoplasm, they participate in regulation of translation initiation and either protect mRNAs from decay through binding to their poly(A) tails or stimulate this decay by promoting mRNA interactions with deadenylase complex proteins. This review presents modern notions of the role of PABPs in mRNA-dependent events; peculiarities of regulation of PABP amount in the cell and activities are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Eliseeva
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
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Short self-interacting N-terminal region of rubella virus capsid protein is essential for cooperative actions of capsid and nonstructural p150 proteins. J Virol 2014; 88:11187-98. [PMID: 25056903 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01758-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nucleocapsid formation is a primary function of the rubella virus capsid protein, which also promotes viral RNA synthesis via an unknown mechanism. The present study demonstrates that in infected cells, the capsid protein is associated with the nonstructural p150 protein via the short self-interacting N-terminal region of the capsid protein. Mutational analyses indicated that hydrophobic amino acids in this N-terminal region are essential for its N-terminal self-interaction, which is critical for the capsid-p150 association. An analysis based on a subgenomic replicon system demonstrated that the self-interacting N-terminal region of the capsid protein plays a key role in promoting viral gene expression. Analyses using a virus-like particle (VLP) system also showed that the self-interacting N-terminal region of the capsid protein is not essential for VLP production but is critical for VLP infectivity. These results demonstrate that the close cooperative actions of the capsid protein and p150 require the short self-interacting N-terminal region of the capsid protein during the life cycle of the rubella virus. IMPORTANCE The capsid protein of rubella virus promotes viral RNA replication via an unknown mechanism. This protein interacts with the nonstructural protein p150, but the importance of this interaction is unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that the short N-terminal region of the capsid protein forms a homo-oligomer that is critical for the capsid-p150 interaction. These interactions are required for the viral-gene-expression-promoting activity of the capsid protein, allowing efficient viral growth. These findings provide information about the mechanisms underlying the regulation of rubella virus RNA replication via the cooperative actions of the capsid protein and p150.
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18
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Yu X, Bian X, Throop A, Song L, Moral LD, Park J, Seiler C, Fiacco M, Steel J, Hunter P, Saul J, Wang J, Qiu J, Pipas JM, LaBaer J. Exploration of panviral proteome: high-throughput cloning and functional implications in virus-host interactions. Am J Cancer Res 2014; 4:808-22. [PMID: 24955142 PMCID: PMC4063979 DOI: 10.7150/thno.8255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout the long history of virus-host co-evolution, viruses have developed delicate strategies to facilitate their invasion and replication of their genome, while silencing the host immune responses through various mechanisms. The systematic characterization of viral protein-host interactions would yield invaluable information in the understanding of viral invasion/evasion, diagnosis and therapeutic treatment of a viral infection, and mechanisms of host biology. With more than 2,000 viral genomes sequenced, only a small percent of them are well investigated. The access of these viral open reading frames (ORFs) in a flexible cloning format would greatly facilitate both in vitro and in vivo virus-host interaction studies. However, the overall progress of viral ORF cloning has been slow. To facilitate viral studies, we are releasing the initiation of our panviral proteome collection of 2,035 ORF clones from 830 viral genes in the Gateway® recombinational cloning system. Here, we demonstrate several uses of our viral collection including highly efficient production of viral proteins using human cell-free expression system in vitro, global identification of host targets for rubella virus using Nucleic Acid Programmable Protein Arrays (NAPPA) containing 10,000 unique human proteins, and detection of host serological responses using micro-fluidic multiplexed immunoassays. The studies presented here begin to elucidate host-viral protein interactions with our systemic utilization of viral ORFs, high-throughput cloning, and proteomic technologies. These valuable plasmid resources will be available to the research community to enable continued viral functional studies.
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19
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Li W, Zhang Y, Kao CC. The classic swine fever virus (CSFV) core protein can enhance de novo-initiated RNA synthesis by the CSFV polymerase NS5B. Virus Genes 2014; 49:106-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-014-1080-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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20
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Willows S, Ilkow CS, Hobman TC. Phosphorylation and membrane association of the Rubella virus capsid protein is important for its anti-apoptotic function. Cell Microbiol 2014; 16:1201-10. [PMID: 24456140 PMCID: PMC7162283 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Rubella virus (RV), a member of Togaviridae, is an important human pathogen that can cause severe defects in the developing fetus. Compared to other togaviruses, RV replicates very slowly suggesting that it must employ effective mechanisms to delay the innate immune response. A recent study by our laboratory revealed that the capsid protein of RV is a potent inhibitor of apoptosis. A primary mechanism by which RV capsid interferes with programmed cell death appears to be through interaction with the pro‐apoptotic Bcl‐2 family member Bax. In the present study, we report that the capsid protein also blocks IRF3‐dependent apoptosis induced by the double‐strand RNA mimic polyinosinic‐polycytidylic acid. In addition, analyses of cis‐acting elements revealed that phosphorylation and membrane association are important for its anti‐apoptotic function. Finally, the observation that hypo‐phosphorylated capsid binds Bax just as well as wild‐type capsid protein suggests that interaction with this pro‐apoptotic host protein in and of itself is not sufficient to block programmed cell death. This provides additional evidence that this viral protein inhibits apoptosis through multiple mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Willows
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, 5-14 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, Canada, T6G 2H7
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21
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Sagar V, Murray KE. The mammalian orthoreovirus bicistronic M3 mRNA initiates translation using a 5' end-dependent, scanning mechanism that does not require interaction of 5'-3' untranslated regions. Virus Res 2014; 183:30-40. [PMID: 24486484 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian orthoreovirus mRNAs possess short 5' UTR, lack 3' poly(A) tails, and may lack 5' cap structures at late times post-infection. As such, the mechanisms by which these viral mRNAs recruit ribosomes remain completely unknown. Toward addressing this question, we used bicistronic MRV M3 mRNA to analyze the role of 5' and 3' UTRs during MRV protein synthesis. The 5' UTR was found to be dispensable for translation initiation; however, reducing its length promoted increased downstream initiation. Modifying start site Kozak context altered the ratio of upstream to downstream initiation, whereas mutations in the 3' UTR did not. Moreover, an M3 mRNA lacking a 3' UTR was able to rescue MRV infection to WT levels in an siRNA trans-complementation assay. Together, these data allow us to propose a model in which the MRV M3 mRNA initiates translation using a 5' end-dependent, scanning mechanism that does not require the viral mRNA 3' UTR or 5'-3' UTRs interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Sagar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, United States.
| | - Kenneth E Murray
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, United States
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22
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[The life cycle of Rubella Virus]. Uirusu 2014; 64:137-46. [PMID: 26437836 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.64.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Rubella virus (RV), an infectious agent of rubella, is the sole member of the genus Rubivirus in the family of Togaviridae. RV has a positive-stranded sense RNA as a genome. A natural host of RV is limited to human, and rubella is considered to be a childhood disease in general. When woman is infected with RV during early pregnancy, her fetus may develop severe birth defects known as congenital rubella syndrome. In this review, the RV life cycle from the virus entry to budding is illustrated in comparison with those of member viruses of the genus alphavirus in the same family. The multiple functions of the RV capsid protein are also introduced.
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23
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Rubella virus capsid protein structure and its role in virus assembly and infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:20105-10. [PMID: 24282305 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1316681110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rubella virus (RV) is a leading cause of birth defects due to infectious agents. When contracted during pregnancy, RV infection leads to severe damage in fetuses. Despite its medical importance, compared with the related alphaviruses, very little is known about the structure of RV. The RV capsid protein is an essential structural component of virions as well as a key factor in virus-host interactions. Here we describe three crystal structures of the structural domain of the RV capsid protein. The polypeptide fold of the RV capsid protomer has not been observed previously. Combining the atomic structure of the RV capsid protein with the cryoelectron tomograms of RV particles established a low-resolution structure of the virion. Mutational studies based on this structure confirmed the role of amino acid residues in the capsid that function in the assembly of infectious virions.
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24
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Non-encapsidation activities of the capsid proteins of positive-strand RNA viruses. Virology 2013; 446:123-32. [PMID: 24074574 PMCID: PMC3818703 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Viral capsid proteins (CPs) are characterized by their role in forming protective shells around viral genomes. However, CPs have additional and important roles in the virus infection cycles and in the cellular responses to infection. These activities involve CP binding to RNAs in both sequence-specific and nonspecific manners as well as association with other proteins. This review focuses on CPs of both plant and animal-infecting viruses with positive-strand RNA genomes. We summarize the structural features of CPs and describe their modulatory roles in viral translation, RNA-dependent RNA synthesis, and host defense responses. We review regulatory activities of the capsid proteins of (+)-strand RNA viruses. Activities of capsid proteins due to RNA binding and protein binding. Effects of capsid proteins on viral processes. Effects of capsid proteins on cellular processes. Regulatory activities of the capsid proteins are affected by capsid concentrations.
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25
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Abstract
Capsid proteins are obligatory components of infectious virions. Their primary structural function is to protect viral genomes during entry and exit from host cells. Evidence suggests that these proteins can also modulate the activity and specificity of viral replication complexes. More recently, it has become apparent that they play critical roles at the virus–host interface. Here, we discuss how capsid proteins of RNA viruses interact with key host cell proteins and pathways to modulate cell physiology in order to benefit virus replication. Capsid–host cell interactions may also have implications for viral disease. Understanding how capsids regulate virus–host interactions may lead to the development of novel antiviral therapies based on targeting the activities of cellular proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Willows
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, 5–14 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Shangmei Hou
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, 5–14 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Tom C Hobman
- Department of Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, 5–14 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, T6G 2H7, Canada
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26
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The cellular interactome of the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus nucleocapsid protein and functional implications for virus biology. J Virol 2013; 87:9486-500. [PMID: 23637410 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00321-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus nucleocapsid (N) protein plays a multifunctional role in the virus life cycle, from regulation of replication and transcription and genome packaging to modulation of host cell processes. These functions are likely to be facilitated by interactions with host cell proteins. The potential interactome of the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) N protein was mapped using stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) coupled to a green fluorescent protein-nanotrap pulldown methodology and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The addition of the SILAC label allowed discrimination of proteins that were likely to specifically bind to the N protein over background binding. Overall, 142 cellular proteins were selected as potentially binding to the N protein, many as part of larger possible complexes. These included ribosomal proteins, nucleolar proteins, translation initiation factors, helicases, and hnRNPs. The association of selected cellular proteins with IBV N protein was confirmed by immunoblotting, cosedimentation, and confocal microscopy. Further, the localization of selected proteins in IBV-infected cells as well as their activity during virus infection was assessed by small interfering RNA-mediated depletion, demonstrating the functional importance of cellular proteins in the biology of IBV. This interactome not only confirms previous observations made with other coronavirus and IBV N proteins with both overexpressed proteins and infectious virus but also provides novel data that can be exploited to understand the interaction between the virus and the host cell.
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27
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Walsh D, Mathews MB, Mohr I. Tinkering with translation: protein synthesis in virus-infected cells. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2013; 5:a012351. [PMID: 23209131 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a012351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites, and their replication requires host cell functions. Although the size, composition, complexity, and functions encoded by their genomes are remarkably diverse, all viruses rely absolutely on the protein synthesis machinery of their host cells. Lacking their own translational apparatus, they must recruit cellular ribosomes in order to translate viral mRNAs and produce the protein products required for their replication. In addition, there are other constraints on viral protein production. Crucially, host innate defenses and stress responses capable of inactivating the translation machinery must be effectively neutralized. Furthermore, the limited coding capacity of the viral genome needs to be used optimally. These demands have resulted in complex interactions between virus and host that exploit ostensibly virus-specific mechanisms and, at the same time, illuminate the functioning of the cellular protein synthesis apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Walsh
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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28
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The West Nile virus capsid protein blocks apoptosis through a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent mechanism. J Virol 2012; 87:872-81. [PMID: 23115297 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02030-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-transmitted pathogen that can cause serious disease in humans. Our laboratories are focused on understanding how interactions between WNV proteins and host cells contribute to virus replication and pathogenesis. WNV replication is relatively slow, and on the basis of earlier studies, the virus appears to activate survival pathways that delay host cell death during virus replication. The WNV capsid is the first viral protein produced in infected cells; however, its role in virus assembly is not required until after replication of the genomic RNA. Accordingly, from a temporal perspective, it is perfectly suited to block host cell apoptosis during virus replication. In the present study, we provide evidence that the WNV capsid protein blocks apoptosis through a phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase-dependent pathway. Specifically, expression of this protein in the absence of other viral proteins increases the levels of phosphorylated Akt, a prosurvival kinase that blocks apoptosis through multiple mechanisms. Treatment of cells with the PI 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 abrogates the protective effects of the WNV capsid protein.
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29
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Poly(A)-binding protein interacts with the nucleocapsid protein of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and participates in viral replication. Antiviral Res 2012; 96:315-23. [PMID: 22985629 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between host factors and the viral protein play important roles in host adaptation and regulation of virus replication. Poly(A)-binding protein (PABP), a host cellular protein that enhances translational efficiency by circularizing mRNAs, was identified by yeast two-hybrid screening as a cellular partner for PRRSV nucleocapsid (N) protein in porcine alveolar macrophages. The specific interaction of PRRSV N protein with PABP was confirmed in infected cells by co-immunoprecipitation and in vitro by GST pull-down assay. We showed by confocal microscopy that the PABP co-localized with the PRRSV N protein. Using a series of deletion mutants, the interactive domain of N protein with PABP was mapped to a region of amino acids 52-69. For PABP, C-terminal half, which interestingly interacts other translation regulators, was determined to be the domain interactive with N protein. Short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated silencing of PABP in cells resulted in significantly reduced PRRSV RNA synthesis, viral encoded protein expression and viral titer. Overall, the results presented here point toward an important role for PABP in regulating PRRSV replication.
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30
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Norovirus RNA synthesis is modulated by an interaction between the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and the major capsid protein, VP1. J Virol 2012; 86:10138-49. [PMID: 22787222 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01208-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a cell-based assay for RNA synthesis by the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of noroviruses, we previously observed that VP1, the major structural protein of the human GII.4 norovirus, enhanced the GII.4 RdRp activity but not that of the related murine norovirus (MNV) or other unrelated RNA viruses (C. V. Subba-Reddy, I. Goodfellow, and C. C. Kao, J. Virol. 85:13027-13037, 2011). Here, we examine the mechanism of VP1 enhancement of RdRp activity and the mechanism of mouse norovirus replication. We determined that the GII.4 and MNV VP1 proteins can enhance cognate RdRp activities in a concentration-dependent manner. The VP1 proteins coimmunoprecipitated with their cognate RdRps. Coexpression of individual domains of VP1 with the viral RdRps showed that the VP1 shell domain (SD) was sufficient to enhance polymerase activity. Using SD chimeras from GII.4 and MNV, three loops connecting the central β-barrel structure were found to be responsible for the species-specific enhancement of RdRp activity. A differential scanning fluorimetry assay showed that recombinant SDs can bind to the purified RdRps in vitro. An MNV replicon with a frameshift mutation in open reading frame 2 (ORF2) that disrupts VP1 expression was defective for RNA replication, as quantified by luciferase reporter assay and real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR). Trans-complementation of VP1 or its SD significantly recovered the VP1 knockout MNV replicon replication, and the presence or absence of VP1 affected the kinetics of viral RNA synthesis. The results document a regulatory role for VP1 in the norovirus replication cycle, further highlighting the paradigm of viral structural proteins playing additional functional roles in the virus life cycle.
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31
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Tzeng WP, Xu J, Frey TK. Characterization of cell lines stably transfected with rubella virus replicons. Virology 2012; 429:29-36. [PMID: 22542003 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Rubella virus (RUBV) replicons expressing a drug resistance gene and a gene of interest were used to select cell lines uniformly harboring the replicon. Replicons expressing GFP and a virus capsid protein GFP fusion (C-GFP) were compared. Vero or BHK cells transfected with either replicon survived drug selection and grew into a monolayer. However, survival was ~9-fold greater following transfection with the C-GFP-replicon than with the GFP-expressing replicon and while the C-GFP-replicon cells grew similarly to non-transfected cells, the GFP-replicon cells grew slower. Neither was due to the ability of the CP to enhance RNA synthesis but survival during drug selection was correlated with the ability of CP to inhibit apoptosis. Additionally, C-GFP-replicon cells were not cured of the replicon in the absence of drug selection. Interferon-alpha suppressed replicon RNA and protein synthesis, but did not cure the cells, explaining in part the ability of RUBV to establish persistent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Pin Tzeng
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-4010, USA
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32
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Matthews JD, Frey TK. Analysis of subcellular G3BP redistribution during rubella virus infection. J Gen Virol 2011; 93:267-274. [PMID: 21994324 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.036780-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rubella virus (RUBV) replicates slowly and to low titre in vertebrate cultured cells, with minimal cytopathology. To determine whether a cellular stress response is induced during such an infection, the formation of Ras-GAP-SH3 domain-binding protein (G3BP)-containing stress granules (SGs) in RUBV-infected cells was examined. Late in infection, accumulation of G3BP granules was detected, albeit in fewer than half of infected cells. Active virus RNA replication was required for induction of these granules, but they were found to differ from SGs induced by arsenite treatment both in composition (they did not uniformly contain other SG proteins, such as PABP and TIA-1) and in resistance to cycloheximide treatment. Thus, bona fide SGs do not appear to be induced during RUBV infection. The distribution of G3BP, either on its own or in granules, did not overlap with that of dsRNA-containing replication complexes, indicating that it played no role in virus RNA synthesis. However, G3BP did co-localize with viral ssRNAs in perinuclear clusters, suggesting an interaction that could possibly be important in a post-replicative role in virus replication, such as encapsidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Matthews
- Georgia State University, Department of Biology, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Teryl K Frey
- Georgia State University, Department of Biology, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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33
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Translation initiation: a regulatory role for poly(A) tracts in front of the AUG codon in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 2011; 189:469-78. [PMID: 21840854 PMCID: PMC3189813 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.111.132068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The 5'-UTR serves as the loading dock for ribosomes during translation initiation and is the key site for translation regulation. Many genes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae contain poly(A) tracts in their 5'-UTRs. We studied these pre-AUG poly(A) tracts in a set of 3274 recently identified 5'-UTRs in the yeast to characterize their effect on in vivo protein abundance, ribosomal density, and protein synthesis rate in the yeast. The protein abundance and the protein synthesis rate increase with the length of the poly(A), but exhibit a dramatic decrease when the poly(A) length is ≥12. The ribosomal density also reaches the lowest level when the poly(A) length is ≥12. This supports the hypothesis that a pre-AUG poly(A) tract can bind to translation initiation factors to enhance translation initiation, but a long (≥12) pre-AUG poly(A) tract will bind to Pab1p, whose binding size is 12 consecutive A residues in yeast, resulting in repression of translation. The hypothesis explains why a long pre-AUG poly(A) leads to more efficient translation initiation than a short one when PABP is absent, and why pre-AUG poly(A) is short in the early genes but long in the late genes of vaccinia virus.
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34
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Kao CC, Ni P, Hema M, Huang X, Dragnea B. The coat protein leads the way: an update on basic and applied studies with the Brome mosaic virus coat protein. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2011; 12:403-12. [PMID: 21453435 PMCID: PMC6640235 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00678.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The Brome mosaic virus (BMV) coat protein (CP) accompanies the three BMV genomic RNAs and the subgenomic RNA into and out of cells in an infection cycle. In addition to serving as a protective shell for all of the BMV RNAs, CP plays regulatory roles during the infection process that are mediated through specific binding of RNA elements in the BMV genome. One regulatory RNA element is the B box present in the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of BMV RNA1 and RNA2 that play important roles in the formation of the BMV replication factory, as well as the regulation of translation. A second element is within the tRNA-like 3' UTR of all BMV RNAs that is required for efficient RNA replication. The BMV CP can also encapsidate ligand-coated metal nanoparticles to form virus-like particles (VLPs). This update summarizes the interaction between the BMV CP and RNAs that can regulate RNA synthesis, translation and RNA encapsidation, as well as the formation of VLPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cheng Kao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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35
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The capsid-binding nucleolar helicase DDX56 is important for infectivity of West Nile virus. J Virol 2011; 85:5571-80. [PMID: 21411523 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01933-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent findings suggest that in addition to its role in packaging genomic RNA, the West Nile virus (WNV) capsid protein is an important pathogenic determinant, a scenario that requires interaction of this viral protein with host cell proteins. We performed an extensive multitissue yeast two-hybrid screen to identify capsid-binding proteins in human cells. Here we describe the interaction between WNV capsid and the nucleolar RNA helicase DDX56/NOH61. Coimmunoprecipitation confirmed that capsid protein binds to DDX56 in infected cells and that this interaction is not dependent upon intact RNA. Interestingly, WNV infection induced the relocalization of DDX56 from the nucleolus to a compartment in the cytoplasm that also contained capsid protein. This phenomenon was apparently specific for WNV, as DDX56 remained in the nucleoli of cells infected with rubella and dengue 2 viruses. Further analyses showed that DDX56 is not required for replication of WNV; however, virions secreted from DDX56-depleted cells contained less viral RNA and were 100 times less infectious. Together, these data suggest that DDX56 is required for assembly of infectious WNV particles.
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36
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Chey S, Claus C, Liebert UG. Validation and application of normalization factors for gene expression studies in rubella virus-infected cell lines with quantitative real-time PCR. J Cell Biochem 2010; 110:118-28. [PMID: 20217898 PMCID: PMC7166394 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Reference genes are generally employed in real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) experiments to normalize variability between different samples. The aim of this study was to identify and validate appropriate reference genes as internal controls for RT-qPCR experiments in rubella virus (RV)-infected Vero and MCF-7 cell lines using SYBR green fluorescence. The software programs geNorm and NormFinder and the DeltaDeltaC(t) calculation were used to determine the expression stability and thus reliability of nine suitable reference genes. HPRT1 and HUEL, and HUEL and TBP were identified to be most suitable for RT-qPCR analysis of RV-infected Vero and MCF-7 cells, respectively. These genes were used as normalizers for transcriptional activity of selected cellular genes. The results confirm previously published microarray and Northern blot data, particularly on the transcriptional activity of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 and the nuclear body protein SP100. Furthermore, the mRNA level of the mitochondrial protein p32 is increased in RV-infected cells. The effect on cellular gene transcription by RV-infection seems to be cell line-specific, but genes of central importance for viral life cycle appear to be altered to a similar degree. This study does not only provide an accurate and flexible tool for the quantitative analysis of gene expression patterns in RV-infected cell lines. It also indicates, that the suitability of a reference gene as normalizer of RT-qPCR data and the host-cell response to RV-infection are strictly cell-line specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chey
- Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Ilkow CS, Willows SD, Hobman TC. Rubella virus capsid protein: a small protein with big functions. Future Microbiol 2010; 5:571-84. [PMID: 20353299 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.10.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus replication occurs in the midst of a life or death struggle between the virus and the infected host cell. To limit virus replication, host cells can activate a number of antiviral pathways, the most drastic of which is programmed cell death. Whereas large DNA viruses have the luxury of encoding accessory proteins whose main function is to interfere with host cell defences, the genomes of RNA viruses are not large enough to encode proteins of this type. Recent studies have revealed that proteins encoded by RNA viruses often play multiple roles in the battles between viruses and host cells. In this article, we discuss the many functions of the rubella virus capsid protein. This protein has well-defined roles in virus assembly, but recent research suggests that it also functions to modulate virus replication and block host cell defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina S Ilkow
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada.
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Abstract
Cytoplasmic PABP [poly(A)-binding protein] is a multifunctional protein with well-studied roles in mRNA translation and stability. In the present review, we examine recent evidence that the activity of PABP is altered during infection with a wide range of viruses, bringing about changes in its stability, complex formation and intracellular localization. Targeting of PABP by both RNA and DNA viruses highlights the role of PABP as a central regulator of gene expression.
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Abstract
The rubella virus (RV) capsid is an RNA-binding protein that functions in nucleocapsid assembly at the Golgi complex, the site of virus budding. In addition to its role in virus assembly, pools of capsid associate with mitochondria, a localization that is not consistent with virus assembly. Here we examined the interaction of capsid with mitochondria and showed that this viral protein inhibits the import and processing of mitochondrial precursor proteins in vitro. Moreover, RV-infected cells were found to contain lower intramitochondrial levels of matrix protein p32. In addition to inhibiting the translocation of substrates into mammalian mitochondria, capsid efficiently blocked import into yeast mitochondria, thereby suggesting that it acts by targeting a highly conserved component of the translocation apparatus. Finally, mutation of a cluster of five arginine residues in the amino terminus of capsid, though not interfering with its binding to mitochondria, abrogated its ability to block protein import into mitochondria. This is the first report of a viral protein that affects the import of proteins into mitochondria.
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Herpes simplex virus proteins ICP27 and UL47 associate with polyadenylate-binding protein and control its subcellular distribution. J Virol 2010; 84:270-9. [PMID: 19864386 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01740-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pathogenic viruses manipulate host cell translation machinery to ensure efficient expression of viral genes and to thwart host cell protein synthesis. Viral strategies include cleaving translation factors, manipulating translation factor abundance and recruitment into translation initiation complexes, or expressing viral translation factor analogs. Analyzing translation factors in herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)-infected HeLa cells, we found diminished association of the polyadenylate-binding protein (PABP) with the cap-binding complex. Although total PABP levels were unchanged, HSV-1 infection prompted accumulation of cytoplasmic PABPC1, but not its physiologic binding partner PABP-interacting protein 2 (Paip2), in the nucleus. Using glutathione S-transferase-PABP pull-down and proteomic analyses, we identified several viral proteins interacting with PABPC1 including tegument protein UL47 and infected-cell protein ICP27. Transient expression of ICP27 and UL47 in HeLa cells suggested that ICP27 and UL47 jointly displace Paip2 from PABP. ICP27 expression alone was sufficient to cause PABPC1 redistribution to the nucleus. ICP27 and UL47 did not alter translation efficiency of transfected reporter RNAs but modulated transcript abundance and expression of reporter cDNAs in transfected cells. This indicates that redistribution of PABPC1 may be involved in co- and posttranscriptional regulation of mRNA processing and/or nuclear export by HSV-1 gene regulatory proteins.
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Roberts LO, Jopling CL, Jackson RJ, Willis AE. Viral strategies to subvert the mammalian translation machinery. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2009; 90:313-67. [PMID: 20374746 PMCID: PMC7102724 DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1173(09)90009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Viruses do not carry their own protein biosynthesis machinery and the translation of viral proteins therefore requires that the virus usurps the machinery of the host cell. To allow optimal translation of viral proteins at the expense of cellular proteins, virus families have evolved a variety of methods to repress the host translation machinery, while allowing effective viral protein synthesis. Many viruses use noncanonical mechanisms that permit translation of their own RNAs under these conditions. Viruses have also developed mechanisms to evade host innate immune responses that would repress translation under conditions of viral infection, in particular PKR activation in response to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Importantly, the study of viral translation mechanisms has enormously enhanced our understanding of many aspects of the cellular protein biosynthesis pathway and its components. A number of unusual mechanisms of translation initiation that were first discovered in viruses have since been observed in cellular mRNAs, and it has become apparent that a diverse range of translation mechanisms operates in eukaryotes, allowing subtle regulation of this essential process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa O Roberts
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Degradation of cellular mRNAs during Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection is associated with hyperadenylation of transcripts and a relocalization of cytoplasmic poly(A)-binding proteins to the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Sokoloski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Bruce SR, Atkins CL, Colasurdo GN, Alcorn JL. Respiratory syncytial virus infection alters surfactant protein A expression in human pulmonary epithelial cells by reducing translation efficiency. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2009; 297:L559-67. [PMID: 19525387 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.90507.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of neonatal lung by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common cause of respiratory dysfunction. Lung alveolar type II and bronchiolar epithelial (Clara) cells secrete surfactant protein A (SP-A), a collectin that is an important component of the pulmonary innate immune system. SP-A binds to the virus, targeting the infectious agent for clearance by host defense mechanisms. We have previously shown that while the steady-state level of SP-A mRNA increases approximately threefold after RSV infection, steady-state levels of cellular and secreted SP-A protein decrease 40-60% in human type II cells in primary culture, suggesting a mechanism where the virus alters components of the innate immune response in infected cells. In these studies, we find that changes in SP-A mRNA and protein levels in RSV-infected NCI-H441 cells (a bronchiolar epithelial cell line) recapitulate the results in SP-A expression observed in primary lung cells. While SP-A protein is normally ubiquitinated, there is no change in the level of SP-A protein ubiquitination or proteasome activity during RSV infection, suggesting that the reduced levels of SP-A protein are not due to degradation by activated proteasomes. SP-A mRNA is appropriately processed and exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm during RSV infection. As evidenced by polysome analysis of SP-A mRNA and pulse-chase analysis of newly synthesized SP-A protein, we find a decrease in translational efficiency that is specific for SP-A mRNA. Therefore, the decrease in SP-A protein levels observed after RSV infection of pulmonary bronchiolar epithelial cells results from a mechanism that affects SP-A mRNA translation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley R Bruce
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Univ. of Texas-Houston Medical School, 6431 Fannin, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Yi G, Letteney E, Kim CH, Kao CC. Brome mosaic virus capsid protein regulates accumulation of viral replication proteins by binding to the replicase assembly RNA element. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2009; 15:615-26. [PMID: 19237464 PMCID: PMC2661835 DOI: 10.1261/rna.1375509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Viruses provide valuable insights into the regulation of molecular processes. Brome mosaic virus (BMV) is one of the simplest entities with four viral proteins and three genomic RNAs. Here we report that the BMV capsid protein (CP), which functions in RNA encapsidation and virus trafficking, also represses viral RNA replication in a concentration-dependent manner by inhibiting the accumulation of the RNA replication proteins. Expression of the replication protein 2a in trans can partially rescue BMV RNA accumulation. A mutation in the CP can decrease the repression of translation. Translation repression by the CP requires a hairpin RNA motif named the B Box that contains seven loop nucleotides (nt) within the 5' untranslated regions (UTR) of BMV RNA1 and RNA2. Purified CP can bind directly to the B Box RNA with a K (d) of 450 nM. The secondary structure of the B Box RNA was determined to contain a highly flexible 7-nt loop using NMR spectroscopy, native gel analysis, and thermal denaturation studies. The B Box is also recognized by the BMV 1a protein to assemble the BMV replicase, suggesting that the BMV CP can act to regulate several viral infection processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Yi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77843, USA
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Blakqori G, van Knippenberg I, Elliott RM. Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus S-segment untranslated regions mediate poly(A) tail-independent translation. J Virol 2009; 83:3637-46. [PMID: 19193790 PMCID: PMC2663239 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02201-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mRNAs of Bunyamwera virus (BUNV), the prototype of the Bunyaviridae family, possess a 5' cap structure but lack a 3' poly(A) tail, a common feature of eukaryotic mRNAs that greatly enhances translation efficiency. Viral mRNAs also contain untranslated regions (UTRs) that flank the coding sequence. Using model virus-like mRNAs that harbor the Renilla luciferase reporter gene, we found that the 3' UTR of the BUNV small-segment mRNA mediated efficient translation in the absence of a poly(A) tail. Viral UTRs did not increase RNA stability, and polyadenylation did not significantly enhance reporter activity. Translation of virus-like mRNAs in transfected cells was unaffected by knockdown of poly(A)-binding protein (PABP) but was markedly reduced by depletion of eukaryotic initiation factor 4G, suggesting a PABP-independent process for translation initiation. In BUNV-infected cells, translation of polyadenylated but not virus-like mRNAs was inhibited. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the viral nucleocapsid protein binds to, and colocalizes with, PABP in the cytoplasm early in infection, followed by nuclear retention of PABP. Our results suggest that BUNV corrupts PABP function in order to inhibit translation of polyadenylated cellular mRNAs while its own mRNAs are translated in a PABP-independent process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gjon Blakqori
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews KY16 9ST, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Functional replacement of a domain in the rubella virus p150 replicase protein by the virus capsid protein. J Virol 2009; 83:3549-55. [PMID: 19176617 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02411-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The rubella virus (RUBV) capsid (C) protein rescues mutants with a lethal deletion between two in-frame NotI sites in the P150 replicase gene, a deletion encompassing nucleotides 1685 to 2192 of the RUBV genome and amino acids (aa) 548 to 717 of P150 (which has a total length of 1,301 aa). The complete domain rescuable by the C protein was mapped to aa 497 to 803 of P150. Introduction of aa 1 to 277 of the C protein (lacking the C-terminal E2 signal sequence) between the NotI sites in the P150 gene in a replicon construct yielded a viable construct that synthesized viral RNA with wild-type kinetics, indicating that C and this region of P150 share a common function. Further genetic analysis revealed that an arginine-rich motif between aa 60 and 68 of the C protein was necessary for the rescue of DeltaNotI deletion mutants and substituted for an arginine-rich motif between aa 731 and 735 of the P150 protein when the C protein was introduced into P150. Possible common functions shared by these arginine-rich motifs include RNA binding and interaction with cell proteins.
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