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Li C, Song S, Huang X, Liu X, Lv H, Shen Y, Wei X, Zhang W, Xu Y. Molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of norovirus among hospitalized patients with acute gastroenteritis in Shandong, China, 2016-2018. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29339. [PMID: 38130177 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) infection is a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) for people of all ages. Here, we reported the molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of NoVs among hospitalized patients with AGE between 2016 and 2018 in Shandong Province, China. Two thousand sixty-nine AGE patients from sentinel hospitals were enrolled. The stool samples were collected and tested for NoVs by real-time RT-PCR. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and capsid gene of 163 strains were amplified and sequenced for genotyping. Phylogenetic analyses and genomic characterization were conducted with the VP1 and RdRp region of the full genome sequences. Four hundred seventy two (21.76%) samples were NoV-positive. The positive rate in 2016 was higher than those of 2017 and 2018. We observed diverse NoV genotypes. GII.2[P16] emerged in January 2017 and became the dominant genotype between May and June 2017. Phylogenetic analyses showed that our GII.2[P16] genomes clustered in the SC1 in VP1 region, while they belonged to the Emerging GⅡ.P16 (2015-2017) clade in RdRp region. Our GⅡ.4 strains displayed two amino acid mutations, positions R297H and D372N, in epitope A of the VP1 region. Our study highlighted that NoV is an important pathogen of viral AGE in Shandong and, therefore, it is necessary to strengthen its surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shaoxia Song
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Preventive healthcare Research Institute of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xianglin Huang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Preventive healthcare Research Institute of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hui Lv
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Preventive healthcare Research Institute of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Shen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xuemin Wei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wenqiang Zhang
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Preventive healthcare Research Institute of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yifei Xu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Suzhou Research Institute of Shandong University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Norovirus Epidemiology and Genetic Diversity in Leipzig, Germany during 2013-2017. Viruses 2021; 13:v13101961. [PMID: 34696390 PMCID: PMC8541062 DOI: 10.3390/v13101961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally and in all age groups, noroviruses are a main cause of gastroenteritis. To assess their local epidemiology and genetic diversity, stool samples of 7509 inpatients with gastrointestinal complaints from all age groups were analyzed. After detection of norovirus genogroup I and II RNA by real-time RT-PCR, viral capsids were genotyped by partial nucleic acid sequencing. In the case of GII.2 strains, polymerase genotypes were also assessed. Between October 2013 and September 2017, presence of norovirus RNA was shown in 611 samples (8.1%), of which 610 (99.8%) were typed successfully. Norovirus positivity rate was higher in patients aged below five years (14.8%) than in older patients (5.7%). Among the 611 norovirus positive samples, GII.4 (56.6%) strains prevailed, followed by GII.6 (11.3%), GII.3 (11.0%) and GII.2 (9.5%). The most common genogroup I (GGI) genotype was GI.3 (3.6%). In addition, rare genotypes such as GII.13, GII.14 and GII.26 were detected. Interestingly, GII.3 infections were most common in children under the age of five years. Assessment of polymerase genotypes in GII.2 viruses showed a shift from P2 to P16, with higher diversity in P2 sequences. The varying distribution of norovirus genotypes depending on season, age and setting of infection highlights the importance of frequent genotyping as a basis for vaccine development and needful adjustments.
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Neutralization of Lipocalin-2 Diminishes Stroke-Reperfusion Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176253. [PMID: 32872405 PMCID: PMC7503651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a key contributor to the pathogenesis of stroke-reperfusion injury. Neuroinflammatory peptides released after ischemic stroke mediate reperfusion injury. Previous studies, including ours, have shown that lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is secreted in response to cerebral ischemia to promote reperfusion injury. Genetic deletion of LCN2 significantly reduces brain injury after stroke, suggesting that LCN2 is a mediator of reperfusion injury and a potential therapeutic target. Immunotherapy has the potential to harness neuroinflammatory responses and provides neuroprotection against stroke. Here we report that LCN2 was induced on the inner surface of cerebral endothelial cells, neutrophils, and astrocytes that gatekeep the blood–brain barrier (BBB) after stroke. LCN2 monoclonal antibody (mAb) specifically targeted LCN2 in vitro and in vivo, attenuating the induction of LCN2 and pro-inflammatory mediators (iNOS, IL-6, CCL2, and CCL9) after stroke. Administration of LCN2 mAb at 4 h after stroke significantly reduced neurological deficits, cerebral infarction, edema, BBB leakage, and infiltration of neutrophils. The binding epitope of LCN2 mAb was mapped to the β3 and β4 strands, which are responsible for maintaining the integrity of LCN2 cup-shaped structure. These data indicate that LCN2 can be pharmacologically targeted using a specific mAb to reduce reperfusion injury after stroke.
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Saito M, Tsukagoshi H, Ishigaki H, Aso J, Ishii H, Okayama K, Ryo A, Ishioka T, Kuroda M, Saruki N, Katayama K, Kimura H. Molecular evolution of the capsid ( VP1) region in human norovirus genogroup II genotype 3. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03835. [PMID: 32395646 PMCID: PMC7205756 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus GII.3 has been suggested to be a prevalent genotype in patients with acute gastroenteritis. However, the genetic properties of the VP1 region encoding the major GII.3 antigen remain unclear. Here, we performed molecular evolutionary analyses of the GII.3 VP1 region detected in various countries. We performed time-scaled phylogenetic analyses, selective pressure analyses, phylogenetic distance analyses, and conformational epitope analyses. The time-scaled phylogenetic tree showed that an ancestor of the GII.3 VP1 region diverged from the common ancestors of the GII.6, GII.11, GII.18, and GII.19 approximately 70 years ago with relatively low divergence. The evolutionary rate of the GII.3 VP1 region was rapid (4.82 × 10−3 substitutions/site/year). Furthermore, one positive site and many negative selection sites were observed in the capsid protein. These results suggest that the GII.3 VP1 region rapidly evolved with antigenic variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Saito
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, 378 Kamioki-machi, Maebashi-shi, Gunma 371-0052, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsukagoshi
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, 378 Kamioki-machi, Maebashi-shi, Gunma 371-0052, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Ishigaki
- Department of Health Science, Gunma Paz University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 1-7-1 Tonyamachi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma 370-0006, Japan
| | - Jumpei Aso
- Department of Health Science, Gunma Paz University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 1-7-1 Tonyamachi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma 370-0006, Japan
- Kyorin University Hospital, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Haruyuki Ishii
- Kyorin University Hospital, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Kaori Okayama
- Department of Health Science, Gunma Paz University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 1-7-1 Tonyamachi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma 370-0006, Japan
| | - Akihide Ryo
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Taisei Ishioka
- Department of Health Science, Gunma Paz University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 1-7-1 Tonyamachi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma 370-0006, Japan
| | - Makoto Kuroda
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Saruki
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, 378 Kamioki-machi, Maebashi-shi, Gunma 371-0052, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Katayama
- Laboratory of Viral Infection I, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kimura
- Department of Health Science, Gunma Paz University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 1-7-1 Tonyamachi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma 370-0006, Japan
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
- Corresponding author.
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Abstract
Human noroviruses are a major cause of epidemic and sporadic gastroenteritis worldwide and can chronically infect immunocompromised patients. Efforts to develop effective vaccines and antivirals have been hindered by the uncultivable nature and extreme genetic diversity of human noroviruses. Although they remain a particularly challenging pathogen to study, recent advances in norovirus animal models and in vitro cultivation systems have led to an increased understanding of norovirus molecular biology and replication, pathogenesis, cell tropism, and innate and adaptive immunity. Furthermore, clinical trials of vaccines consisting of nonreplicating virus-like particles have shown promise. In this review, we summarize these recent advances and discuss controversies in the field, which is rapidly progressing toward generation of antiviral agents and increasingly effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Karst
- College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Christiane E Wobus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ian G Goodfellow
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Kim Y Green
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Herbert W Virgin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Arana A, Cilla G, Montes M, Gomariz M, Pérez-Trallero E. Genotypes, recombinant forms, and variants of norovirus GII.4 in Gipuzkoa (Basque Country, Spain), 2009-2012. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98875. [PMID: 24893307 PMCID: PMC4043750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Noroviruses (NoVs) are genetically diverse, with genogroup II—and within it—genotype 4 (GII.4) being the most prevalent cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. The aim of this study was to characterize genogroup II NoV causing acute gastroenteritis in the Basque Country (northern Spain) from 2009–2012. Methods The presence of NoV RNA was investigated by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in stool specimens from children younger than 15 years old with community-acquired acute gastroenteritis, and from hospitalized adults or elderly residents of nursing homes with acute gastroenteritis. For genotyping, the open reading frames ORF1 (encoding the polymerase) and ORF2 (encoding the major capsid protein) were partially amplified and sequenced. Recombinant strains were confirmed by PCR of the ORF1/ORF2 junction region. Results NoV was detected in 16.0% (453/2826) of acute gastroenteritis episodes in children younger than 2 years, 9.9% (139/1407) in children from 2 to 14 years, and 35.8% (122/341) in adults. Of 317 NoVs characterized, 313 were genogroup II and four were genogroup I. The GII.4 variants Den Haag-2006b and New Orleans-2009 predominated in 2009 and 2010–2011, respectively. In 2012, the New Orleans-2009 variant was partially replaced by the Sydney-2012 variant (GII.Pe/GII.4) and New Orleans-2009/Sydney-2012 recombinant strains. The predominant capsid genotype in all age groups was GII.4, which was the only genotype detected in outbreaks. The second most frequent genotype was GII.3 (including the recently described recombination GII.P16/GII.3), which was detected almost exclusively in children. Conclusion Nine different genotypes of NoV genogroup II were detected; among these, intergenotype recombinant strains represented an important part, highlighting the role of recombination in the evolution of NoVs. Detection of new NoV strains, not only GII.4 strains, shortly after their first detection in other parts of the world shows that many NoV strains can spread rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainara Arana
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Donostia-Instituto de Investigación Biodonostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Gustavo Cilla
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Donostia-Instituto de Investigación Biodonostia, San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), San Sebastián, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Milagrosa Montes
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Donostia-Instituto de Investigación Biodonostia, San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), San Sebastián, Spain
| | - María Gomariz
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Donostia-Instituto de Investigación Biodonostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Emilio Pérez-Trallero
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Donostia-Instituto de Investigación Biodonostia, San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), San Sebastián, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), San Sebastián, Spain
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