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Gai Y, Duan S, Wang S, Liu K, Yu X, Yang C, Li G, Zhou Y, Yu B, Wu J, Wang C, Yu X. Design of Vif-Derived Peptide Inhibitors with Anti-HIV-1 Activity by Interrupting Vif-CBFβ Interaction. Viruses 2024; 16:490. [PMID: 38675833 PMCID: PMC11053914 DOI: 10.3390/v16040490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the major functions of the accessory protein Vif of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is to induce the degradation of APOBEC3 (A3) family proteins by recruiting a Cullin5-ElonginB/C-CBFβ E3 ubiquitin ligase complex to facilitate viral replication. Therefore, the interactions between Vif and the E3 complex proteins are promising targets for the development of novel anti-HIV-1 drugs. Here, peptides are designed for the Vif-CBFβ interaction based on the sequences of Vif mutants with higher affinity for CBFβ screened by a yeast surface display platform. We identified two peptides, VMP-63 and VMP-108, that could reduce the infectivity of HIV-1 produced from A3G-positive cells with IC50 values of 49.4 μM and 55.1 μM, respectively. They protected intracellular A3G from Vif-mediated degradation in HEK293T cells, consequently increasing A3G encapsulation into the progeny virions. The peptides could rapidly enter cells after addition to HEK293T cells and competitively inhibit the binding of Vif to CBFβ. Homology modeling analysis demonstrated the binding advantages of VMP-63 and VMP-108 with CBFβ over their corresponding wild-type peptides. However, only VMP-108 effectively restricted long-term HIV-1 replication and protected A3 functions in non-permissive T lymphocytes. Our findings suggest that competitive Vif-derived peptides targeting the Vif-CBFβ interaction are promising for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for acquired immune deficiency syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxin Gai
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; (Y.G.); (S.D.); (S.W.); (X.Y.); (C.Y.); (G.L.); (Y.Z.); (B.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Sizhu Duan
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; (Y.G.); (S.D.); (S.W.); (X.Y.); (C.Y.); (G.L.); (Y.Z.); (B.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Shiqi Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; (Y.G.); (S.D.); (S.W.); (X.Y.); (C.Y.); (G.L.); (Y.Z.); (B.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Kaifeng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China;
| | - Xin Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; (Y.G.); (S.D.); (S.W.); (X.Y.); (C.Y.); (G.L.); (Y.Z.); (B.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Chumeng Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; (Y.G.); (S.D.); (S.W.); (X.Y.); (C.Y.); (G.L.); (Y.Z.); (B.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Guoqing Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; (Y.G.); (S.D.); (S.W.); (X.Y.); (C.Y.); (G.L.); (Y.Z.); (B.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Yan Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; (Y.G.); (S.D.); (S.W.); (X.Y.); (C.Y.); (G.L.); (Y.Z.); (B.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Bin Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; (Y.G.); (S.D.); (S.W.); (X.Y.); (C.Y.); (G.L.); (Y.Z.); (B.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Jiaxin Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; (Y.G.); (S.D.); (S.W.); (X.Y.); (C.Y.); (G.L.); (Y.Z.); (B.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Chu Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; (Y.G.); (S.D.); (S.W.); (X.Y.); (C.Y.); (G.L.); (Y.Z.); (B.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Xianghui Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; (Y.G.); (S.D.); (S.W.); (X.Y.); (C.Y.); (G.L.); (Y.Z.); (B.Y.); (J.W.)
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China;
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He Y, Zhou J, Gao H, Liu C, Zhan P, Liu X. Broad-spectrum antiviral strategy: Host-targeting antivirals against emerging and re-emerging viruses. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 265:116069. [PMID: 38160620 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.116069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Viral infections are amongst the most prevalent diseases that pose a significant threat to human health. Targeting viral proteins or host factors represents two primary strategies for the development of antiviral drugs. In contrast to virus-targeting antivirals (VTAs), host-targeting antivirals (HTAs) offer advantages in terms of overcoming drug resistance and effectively combating a wide range of viruses, including newly emerging ones. Therefore, targeting host factors emerges as an extremely promising strategy with the potential to address critical challenges faced by VTAs. In recent years, extensive research has been conducted on the discovery and development of HTAs, leading to the approval of maraviroc, a chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) antagonist used for the treatment of HIV-1 infected individuals, with several other potential treatments in various stages of development for different viral infections. This review systematically summarizes advancements made in medicinal chemistry regarding various host targets and classifies them into four distinct catagories based on their involvement in the viral life cycle: virus attachment and entry, biosynthesis, nuclear import and export, and viral release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong He
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan, 250012, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Jiahui Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan, 250012, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Huizhan Gao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan, 250012, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Chuanfeng Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan, 250012, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan, 250012, Shandong Province, PR China.
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan, 250012, Shandong Province, PR China.
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3
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Bao Q, Zhou J. Various strategies for developing APOBEC3G protectors to circumvent human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 250:115188. [PMID: 36773550 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Host restriction factor APOBEC3G (A3G) efficiently restricts Vif-deficient HIV-1 by being packaged with progeny virions and causing the G to A mutation during HIV-1 viral DNA synthesis as the progeny virus infects new cells. HIV-1 expresses Vif protein to resist the activity of A3G by mediating A3G degradation. This process requires the self-association of Vif in concert with A3G proteins, protein chaperones, and factors of the ubiquitination machinery, which are potential targets to discover novel anti-HIV drugs. This review will describe compounds that have been reported so far to inhibit viral replication of HIV-1 by protecting A3G from Vif-mediated degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Bao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, PR China; Drug Development and Innovation Center, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, PR China
| | - Jinming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, PR China; Drug Development and Innovation Center, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, PR China.
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4
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Dominant Negative Mutants of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Viral Infectivity Factor (Vif) Disrupt Core-Binding Factor Beta-Vif Interaction. J Virol 2022; 96:e0055522. [PMID: 35950859 PMCID: PMC9472641 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00555-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing catalytic polypeptide-like 3 family members (APOBEC3s) are host restriction factors that inhibit viral replication. Viral infectivity factor (Vif), a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) accessory protein, mediates the degradation of APOBEC3s by forming the Vif-E3 complex, in which core-binding factor beta (CBFβ) is an essential molecular chaperone. Here, we screened nonfunctional Vif mutants with high affinity for CBFβ to inhibit HIV-1 in a dominant negative manner. We applied the yeast surface display technology to express Vif random mutant libraries, and mutants showing high CBFβ affinity were screened using flow cytometry. Most of the screened Vif mutants containing random mutations of different frequencies were able to rescue APOBEC3G (A3G). In the subsequent screening, three of the mutants restricted HIV-1, recovered G-to-A hypermutation, and rescued APOBEC3s. Among them, Vif-6M showed a cross-protection effect toward APOBEC3C, APOBEC3F, and African green monkey A3G. Stable expression of Vif-6M in T lymphocytes inhibited the viral replication in newly HIV-1-infected cells and the chronically infected cell line H9/HXB2. Furthermore, the expression of Vif-6M provided a survival advantage to T lymphocytes infected with HIV-1. These results suggest that dominant negative Vif mutants acting on the Vif-CBFβ target potently restrict HIV-1. IMPORTANCE Antiviral therapy cannot eliminate HIV and exhibits disadvantages such as drug resistance and toxicity. Therefore, novel strategies for inhibiting viral replication in patients with HIV are urgently needed. APOBEC3s in host cells are able to inhibit viral replication but are antagonized by HIV-1 Vif-mediated degradation. Therefore, we screened nonfunctional Vif mutants with high affinity for CBFβ to compete with the wild-type Vif (wtVif) as a potential strategy to assist with HIV-1 treatment. Most screened mutants rescued the expression of A3G in the presence of wtVif, especially Vif-6M, which could protect various APOBEC3s and improve the incorporation of A3G into HIV-1 particles. Transduction of Vif-6M into T lymphocytes inhibited the replication of the newly infected virus and the chronically infected virus. These data suggest that Vif mutants targeting the Vif-CBFβ interaction may be promising in the development of a new AIDS therapeutic strategy.
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5
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Aromatic disulfides as potential inhibitors against interaction between deaminase APOBEC3G and HIV infectivity factor. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2022; 54:725-735. [PMID: 35920198 PMCID: PMC9828099 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2022049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
APOBEC3G (A3G) is a member of cytosine deaminase family with a variety of innate immune functions. It displays activities against retrovirus and retrotransposon by inhibition of virus infectivity factor (Vif)-deficient HIV-1 replication. The interaction between A3G N-terminal domain and Vif directs the cellular Cullin 5 E3-ubiquitin ligase complex to ubiquitinate A3G, and leads to A3G proteasomal degradation, which is a potential target for anti-HIV drug. Currently, there are very few reports about stable small molecules targeting the interaction between A3G and Vif. In this study, we screened two series of small molecules containing carbamyl sulfamide bond or disulfide bond as bridges of two different aromatic rings. Five asymmetrical disulfides were successfully identified against interaction between A3G and Vif with the IC 50 values close to or smaller than 1 μM, especially, not through covalently binding with A3G or Vif. They restore the A3G expression in the presence of Vif by inhibiting Vif-induced A3G ubiquitination and degradation. This study opens a way to the discovery of new anti-HIV drugs.
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6
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Banchenko S, Krupp F, Gotthold C, Bürger J, Graziadei A, O’Reilly FJ, Sinn L, Ruda O, Rappsilber J, Spahn CMT, Mielke T, Taylor IA, Schwefel D. Structural insights into Cullin4-RING ubiquitin ligase remodelling by Vpr from simian immunodeficiency viruses. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009775. [PMID: 34339457 PMCID: PMC8360603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses have evolved means to manipulate the host's ubiquitin-proteasome system, in order to down-regulate antiviral host factors. The Vpx/Vpr family of lentiviral accessory proteins usurp the substrate receptor DCAF1 of host Cullin4-RING ligases (CRL4), a family of modular ubiquitin ligases involved in DNA replication, DNA repair and cell cycle regulation. CRL4DCAF1 specificity modulation by Vpx and Vpr from certain simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) leads to recruitment, poly-ubiquitylation and subsequent proteasomal degradation of the host restriction factor SAMHD1, resulting in enhanced virus replication in differentiated cells. To unravel the mechanism of SIV Vpr-induced SAMHD1 ubiquitylation, we conducted integrative biochemical and structural analyses of the Vpr protein from SIVs infecting Cercopithecus cephus (SIVmus). X-ray crystallography reveals commonalities between SIVmus Vpr and other members of the Vpx/Vpr family with regard to DCAF1 interaction, while cryo-electron microscopy and cross-linking mass spectrometry highlight a divergent molecular mechanism of SAMHD1 recruitment. In addition, these studies demonstrate how SIVmus Vpr exploits the dynamic architecture of the multi-subunit CRL4DCAF1 assembly to optimise SAMHD1 ubiquitylation. Together, the present work provides detailed molecular insight into variability and species-specificity of the evolutionary arms race between host SAMHD1 restriction and lentiviral counteraction through Vpx/Vpr proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Banchenko
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Krupp
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christine Gotthold
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Bürger
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Berlin, Germany
- Microscopy and Cryo-Electron Microscopy Service Group, Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Graziadei
- Bioanalytics Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Francis J. O’Reilly
- Bioanalytics Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ludwig Sinn
- Bioanalytics Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Olga Ruda
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Juri Rappsilber
- Bioanalytics Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Christian M. T. Spahn
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Mielke
- Microscopy and Cryo-Electron Microscopy Service Group, Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ian A. Taylor
- Macromolecular Structure Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Schwefel
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Berlin, Germany
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7
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Duan S, Wang S, Song Y, Gao N, Meng L, Gai Y, Zhang Y, Wang S, Wang C, Yu B, Wu J, Yu X. A novel HIV-1 inhibitor that blocks viral replication and rescues APOBEC3s by interrupting vif/CBFβ interaction. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:14592-14605. [PMID: 32817167 PMCID: PMC7586213 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV remains a health challenge worldwide, partly because of the continued development of resistance to drugs. Therefore, it is urgent to find new HIV inhibitors and targets. Apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing catalytic polypeptide-like 3 family members (APOBEC3) are important host restriction factors that inhibit HIV-1 replication by their cytidine deaminase activity. HIV-1 viral infectivity factor (Vif) promotes proteasomal degradation of APOBEC3 proteins by recruiting the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, in which core-binding factor β (CBFβ) is a necessary molecular chaperone. Interrupting the interaction between Vif and CBFβ can release APOBEC3 proteins to inhibit HIV-1 replication and may be useful for developing new drug targets for HIV-1. In this study, we identified a potent small molecule inhibitor CBFβ/Vif-3 (CV-3) of HIV-1 replication by employing structure-based virtual screening using the crystal structure of Vif and CBFβ (PDB: 4N9F) and validated CV-3's antiviral activity. We found that CV-3 specifically inhibited HIV-1 replication (IC50 = 8.16 µm; 50% cytotoxic concentration >100 µm) in nonpermissive lymphocytes. Furthermore, CV-3 treatment rescued APOBEC3 family members (human APOBEC3G (hA3G), hA3C, and hA3F) in the presence of Vif and enabled hA3G packaging into HIV-1 virions, which resulted in Gly-to-Ala hypermutations in viral genomes. Finally, we used FRET to demonstrate that CV-3 inhibited the interaction between Vif and CBFβ by simultaneously forming hydrogen bonds with residues Gln-67, Ile-102, and Arg-131 of CBFβ. These findings demonstrate that CV-3 can effectively inhibit HIV-1 by blocking the interaction between Vif and CBFβ and that this interaction can serve as a new target for developing HIV-1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sizhu Duan
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Shiqi Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yanan Song
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Nan Gao
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Lina Meng
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yanxin Gai
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Song Wang
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Chu Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Bin Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jiaxin Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xianghui Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China.
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8
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Sun L, Peng Y, Yu W, Zhang Y, Liang L, Song C, Hou J, Qiao Y, Wang Q, Chen J, Wu M, Zhang D, Li E, Han Z, Zhao Q, Jin X, Zhang B, Huang Z, Chai J, Wang JH, Chang J. Mechanistic Insight into Antiretroviral Potency of 2'-Deoxy-2'-β-fluoro-4'-azidocytidine (FNC) with a Long-Lasting Effect on HIV-1 Prevention. J Med Chem 2020; 63:8554-8566. [PMID: 32678592 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In preclinical and phase I and II clinical studies, 2'-deoxy-2'-β-fluoro-4'-azidocytidine (FNC) displays a potent and long-lasting inhibition of HIV-1 infection. To investigate its mechanism of action, we compared it with the well-documented lamivudine (3TC). Pharmacokinetic studies revealed that the intracellular retention of FNC triphosphate in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was markedly longer than that of the 3TC triphosphate. FNC selectively enters and is retained in HIV target cells, where it exerts long-lasting prevention of HIV-1 infection. In addition to inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcription, FNC also restores A3G expression in CD4+ T cells in FNC-treated HIV-1 patients. FNC binds to the Vif-E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, enabling A3G to avoid Vif-induced ubiquitination and degradation. These data reveal the mechanisms underlying the superior anti-HIV potency and long-lasting action of FNC. Our results also suggest a potential clinical application of FNC as a long-lasting pre-exposure prophylactic agent capable of preventing HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Sun
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Youmei Peng
- Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Wenquan Yu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Lan Liang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Chuanjun Song
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jiao Hou
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yan Qiao
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qingduan Wang
- Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jingyu Chen
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.,Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Mengli Wu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.,Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Dongwei Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.,Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Ertong Li
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhifu Han
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qingxia Zhao
- Department of Infection, Zhengzhou Sixth People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Xia Jin
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Bailing Zhang
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Zhiwei Huang
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Jijie Chai
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jian-Hua Wang
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Junbiao Chang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.,College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Indolizines are structural isomers with indoles. Although several indole-based commercial drugs are available in the market, none of the indolizine-based drugs are available up-to-date. Natural and synthetic indolizines have a wide-range of pharmaceutical importance such as antitumor, antimycobacterial, antagonist, and antiproliferative activities. This prompted us to search and collect all possible data about the pharmacological importance of indolizine to open an avenue to the researchers in exploring more medicinal applications of such biologically important compounds. AREAS COVERED The current review article covers the advancements in the biological and pharmacological activities of indolizine-based compounds during the last decade. The covered areas of this work involved anticancer, anti-HIV-1, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-tubercular, larvicidal, anti-schizophrenia, CRTh2 antagonist's activities in addition to enzymatic inhibitory activity. EXPERT OPINION The discovery of indolizine drugs will be a major breakthrough as compared with their widely available drug-containing indole isosteres. Major work collected here was focused on anticancer, anti-tubercular, anti-inflammatory, and enzymatic inhibitory activities. The SAR study of the reported biologically active indolizines is summarized throughout the review whenever highlighted to the rationale the behavior of inhibitory action. Several indolizines with certain functions provided great enhancement in the therapeutic activities comparing with reference drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal M Dawood
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University , Giza, Egypt
| | - Ashraf A Abbas
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University , Giza, Egypt
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10
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Inhibition of Vif-Mediated Degradation of APOBEC3G through Competitive Binding of Core-Binding Factor Beta. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01708-19. [PMID: 31941780 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01708-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vif counteracts the host restriction factor APOBEC3G (A3G) and other APOBEC3s by preventing the incorporation of A3G into progeny virions. We previously identified Vif mutants with a dominant-negative (D/N) phenotype that interfered with the function of wild-type Vif, inhibited the degradation of A3G, and reduced the infectivity of viral particles by increased packaging of A3G. However, the mechanism of interference remained unclear, in particular since all D/N Vif mutants were unable to bind Cul5 and some mutants additionally failed to bind A3G, ruling out competitive binding to A3G or the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex as the sole mechanism. The goal of the current study was to revisit the mechanism of D/N interference by Vif mutants and analyze the possible involvement of core binding factor beta (CBFβ) in this process. We found a clear correlation of D/N properties of Vif mutants with their ability to engage CBFβ. Only mutants that retained the ability to bind CBFβ exhibited the D/N phenotype. Competition studies revealed that D/N Vif mutants directly interfered with the association of CBFβ and wild-type Vif. Furthermore, overexpression of CBFβ counteracted the interference of D/N Vif mutants with A3G degradation by wild-type Vif. Finally, overexpression of Runx1 mimicked the effect of D/N Vif mutants and inhibited the degradation of A3G by wild-type Vif. Taken together, we identified CBFβ as the key player involved in D/N interference by Vif.IMPORTANCE Of all the accessory proteins encoded by HIV-1 and other primate lentiviruses, Vif has arguably the strongest potential as a target for antiviral therapy. This conclusion is based on the observation that replication of HIV-1 in vivo is critically dependent on Vif. Thus, inhibiting the function of Vif via small-molecule inhibitors or other approaches has significant therapeutic potential. We previously identified dominant-negative (D/N) Vif variants whose expression interferes with the function of virus-encoded wild-type Vif. We now show that D/N interference involves competitive binding of D/N Vif variants to the transcriptional cofactor core binding factor beta (CBFβ), which is expressed in cells in limiting quantities. Overexpression of CBFβ neutralized the D/N phenotype of Vif. In contrast, overexpression of Runx1, a cellular binding partner of CBFβ, phenocopied the D/N Vif phenotype by sequestering endogenous CBFβ. Thus, our results provide proof of principle that D/N Vif variants could have therapeutic potential.
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11
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Ji X, Li Z. Medicinal chemistry strategies toward host targeting antiviral agents. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:1519-1557. [PMID: 32060956 PMCID: PMC7228277 DOI: 10.1002/med.21664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Direct‐acting antiviral agents (DAAs) represent a class of drugs targeting viral proteins and have been demonstrated to be very successful in combating viral infections in clinic. However, DAAs suffer from several inherent limitations, including narrow‐spectrum antiviral profiles and liability to drug resistance, and hence there are still unmet needs in the treatment of viral infections. In comparison, host targeting antivirals (HTAs) target host factors for antiviral treatment. Since host proteins are probably broadly required for various viral infections, HTAs are not only perceived, but also demonstrated to exhibit broad‐spectrum antiviral activities. In addition, host proteins are not under the genetic control of viral genome, and hence HTAs possess much higher genetic barrier to drug resistance as compared with DAAs. In recent years, much progress has been made to the development of HTAs with the approval of chemokine receptor type 5 antagonist maraviroc for human immunodeficiency virus treatment and more in the pipeline for other viral infections. In this review, we summarize various host proteins as antiviral targets from a medicinal chemistry prospective. Challenges and issues associated with HTAs are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyue Ji
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuorong Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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12
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Liu Y, Tan X. Viral Manipulations of the Cullin-RING Ubiquitin Ligases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1217:99-110. [PMID: 31898224 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-1025-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases (CRLs) are efficient and diverse toolsets of the cells to regulate almost every biological process. However, these characteristics have also been usurped by many viruses to optimize for their replication. CRLs are often at the forefront of the arms races in the coevolution of viruses and hosts. Here we review the modes of actions and functional consequences of viral manipulations of host cell CRLs. We also discuss the therapeutic applications to target these viral manipulations for treating viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structures, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Tan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structures, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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13
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Zhang RH, Wang S, Luo RH, Zhou M, Zhang H, Xu GB, Zhao YL, Li YJ, Wang YL, Yan G, Liao SG, Zheng YT, Li R. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 2-amino-N-(2-methoxyphenyl)-6-((4-nitrophenyl)sulfonyl)benzamide derivatives as potent HIV-1 Vif inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:126638. [PMID: 31685340 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Viral infectivity factor (Vif) is one of the accessory protein of human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) that inhibits host defense factor, APOBEC3G (A3G), mediated viral cDNA hypermutations. Previous work developed a novel Vif inhibitor 2-amino-N-(2-methoxyphenyl)-6-((4-nitrophenyl)thio)benzamide (1) with strong antiviral activity. Through optimizations on the two side branches, a series of compound 1 derivatives (2-18) were designed, synthesized and tested in vitro for their antiviral activities. The biological results showed that compound 5 and 16 inhibited the virus replication efficiently with EC50 values of 9.81 and 4.62 μM. Meanwhile, low cytotoxicities on H9 cells were observed for the generated compounds by the MTT assay. The structure-activity relationship of compound 1 was preliminarily clarified, which gave rise to the development of more potent Vif inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Research Center, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Shan Wang
- Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New District, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Rong-Hua Luo
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, PR China
| | - Meng Zhou
- Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New District, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New District, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Guo-Bo Xu
- Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New District, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Yong-Long Zhao
- Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New District, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Yong-Jun Li
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New District, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Yong-Lin Wang
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New District, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Guoyi Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Shang-Gao Liao
- Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New District, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, PR China.
| | - Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China.
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14
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Colomer-Lluch M, Castro-Gonzalez S, Serra-Moreno R. Ubiquitination and SUMOylation in HIV Infection: Friends and Foes. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2019; 35:159-194. [PMID: 31422939 DOI: 10.21775/cimb.035.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As intracellular parasites, viruses hijack the cellular machinery to facilitate their replication and spread. This includes favouring the expression of their viral genes over host genes, appropriation of cellular molecules, and manipulation of signalling pathways, including the post-translational machinery. HIV, the causative agent of AIDS, is notorious for using post-translational modifications to generate infectious particles. Here, we discuss the mechanisms by which HIV usurps the ubiquitin and SUMO pathways to modify both viral and host factors to achieve a productive infection, and also how the host innate sensing system uses these post-translational modifications to hinder HIV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Colomer-Lluch
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Sergio Castro-Gonzalez
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Ruth Serra-Moreno
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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15
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Abstract
Although antiretroviral therapy can suppress HIV-1 replication effectively, virus reservoirs persist in infected individuals and virus replication rapidly rebounds if therapy is interrupted. Currently, there is a need for therapeutic approaches that eliminate, reduce, or control persistent viral reservoirs if a cure is to be realized. This work focuses on the preclinical development of novel, small-molecule inhibitors of the HIV-1 Vif protein. Vif inhibitors represent a new class of antiretroviral drugs that may expand treatment options to more effectively suppress virus replication or to drive HIV-1 reservoirs to a nonfunctional state by harnessing the activity of the DNA-editing cytidine deaminase A3G, a potent, intrinsic restriction factor expressed in macrophage and CD4+ T cells. In this study, we derived inhibitor escape variants to characterize the mechanism by which these novel agents inhibit virus replication and to provide evidence for target validation. The HIV-1 accessory protein Vif, which counteracts the antiviral action of the DNA-editing cytidine deaminase APOBEC3G (A3G), is an attractive and yet unexploited therapeutic target. Vif reduces the virion incorporation of A3G by targeting the restriction factor for proteasomal degradation in the virus-producing cell. Compounds that inhibit Vif-mediated degradation of A3G in cells targeted by HIV-1 would represent a novel antiviral therapeutic. We previously described small molecules with activity consistent with Vif antagonism. In this study, we derived inhibitor escape HIV-1 variants to characterize the mechanism by which these novel agents inhibit virus replication. Here we show that resistance to these agents is dependent on an amino acid substitution in Vif (V142I) and on a point mutation that likely upregulates transcription by modifying the lymphocyte enhancing factor 1 (LEF-1) binding site. Molecular modeling demonstrated a docking site in the Vif-Elongin C complex that is disrupted by these inhibitors. This docking site is lost when Vif acquires the V142I mutation that leads to inhibitor resistance. Competitive fitness experiments indicated that the V142I Vif and LEF-1 binding site mutations created a virus that is better adapted to growing in the presence of A3G than the wild-type virus.
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16
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Colomer-Lluch M, Ruiz A, Moris A, Prado JG. Restriction Factors: From Intrinsic Viral Restriction to Shaping Cellular Immunity Against HIV-1. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2876. [PMID: 30574147 PMCID: PMC6291751 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiviral restriction factors are host cellular proteins that constitute a first line of defense blocking viral replication and propagation. In addition to interfering at critical steps of the viral replication cycle, some restriction factors also act as innate sensors triggering innate responses against infections. Accumulating evidence suggests an additional role for restriction factors in promoting antiviral cellular immunity to combat viruses. Here, we review the recent progress in our understanding on how restriction factors, particularly APOBEC3G, SAMHD1, Tetherin, and TRIM5α have the cell-autonomous potential to induce cellular resistance against HIV-1 while promoting antiviral innate and adaptive immune responses. Also, we provide an overview of how these restriction factors may connect with protein degradation pathways to modulate anti-HIV-1 cellular immune responses, and we summarize the potential of restriction factors-based therapeutics. This review brings a global perspective on the influence of restrictions factors in intrinsic, innate, and also adaptive antiviral immunity opening up novel research avenues for therapeutic strategies in the fields of drug discovery, gene therapy, and vaccines to control viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Colomer-Lluch
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Alba Ruiz
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Arnaud Moris
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL 8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Julia G Prado
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
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17
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Ma L, Zhang Z, Liu Z, Pan Q, Wang J, Li X, Guo F, Liang C, Hu L, Zhou J, Cen S. Identification of small molecule compounds targeting the interaction of HIV-1 Vif and human APOBEC3G by virtual screening and biological evaluation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8067. [PMID: 29795228 PMCID: PMC5966509 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26318-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Human APOBEC3G (hA3G) is a restriction factor that inhibits human immunodeficiency 1 virus (HIV-1) replication. The virally encoded protein Vif binds to hA3G and induces its degradation, thereby counteracting the antiviral activity of hA3G. Vif-mediated hA3G degradation clearly represents a potential target for anti-HIV drug development. Herein, we have performed virtual screening to discover small molecule inhibitors that target the binding interface of the Vif/hA3G complex. Subsequent biochemical studies have led to the identification of a small molecule inhibitor, IMB-301 that binds to hA3G, interrupts the hA3G-Vif interaction and inhibits Vif-mediated degradation of hA3G. As a result, IMB-301 strongly inhibits HIV-1 replication in a hA3G-dependent manner. Our study further demonstrates the feasibility of inhibiting HIV replication by abrogating the Vif-hA3G interaction with small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ma
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhixin Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenlong Liu
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Qinghua Pan
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Fei Guo
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Liang
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Laixing Hu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jinming Zhou
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Shan Cen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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18
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Bennett RP, Salter JD, Smith HC. A New Class of Antiretroviral Enabling Innate Immunity by Protecting APOBEC3 from HIV Vif-Dependent Degradation. Trends Mol Med 2018; 24:507-520. [PMID: 29609878 PMCID: PMC7362305 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The infectivity of HIV depends on overcoming APOBEC3 (A3) innate immunity, predominantly through the expression of the viral protein Vif, which induces A3 degradation in the proteasome. Disruption of the functional interactions of Vif enables A3 mutagenesis of the HIV genome during viral replication, which can result in a broadly neutralizing antiviral effect. Vif function requires self-association along with interactions with A3 proteins, protein chaperones, and factors of the ubiquitination machinery and these are described here as a potential platform for novel antiviral drug discovery. This Review will examine the current state of development of Vif inhibitors that we believe to have therapeutic and functional cure potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Bennett
- OyaGen, Inc., 77 Ridgeland Road, Rochester, NY 14623, USA.
| | - Jason D Salter
- OyaGen, Inc., 77 Ridgeland Road, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
| | - Harold C Smith
- OyaGen, Inc., 77 Ridgeland Road, Rochester, NY 14623, USA; University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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19
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Che Nordin MA, Teow SY. Review of Current Cell-Penetrating Antibody Developments for HIV-1 Therapy. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020335. [PMID: 29415435 PMCID: PMC6017373 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in 1996 has significantly reduced the global mortality and morbidity caused by the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). However, the therapeutic strategy of HAART that targets multiple viral proteins may render off-target toxicity and more importantly results in drug-resistant escape mutants. These have been the main challenges for HAART and refinement of this therapeutic strategy is urgently needed. Antibody-mediated treatments are emerging therapeutic modalities for various diseases. Most therapeutic antibodies have been approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) mainly for targeting cancers. Previous studies have also demonstrated the promising effect of therapeutic antibodies against HIV-1, but there are several limitations in this therapy, particularly when the viral targets are intracellular proteins. The conventional antibodies do not cross the cell membrane, hence, the pathogenic intracellular proteins cannot be targeted with this classical therapeutic approach. Over the years, the advancement of antibody engineering has permitted the therapeutic antibodies to comprehensively target both extra- and intra-cellular proteins in various infections and diseases. This review aims to update on the current progress in the development of antibody-based treatment against intracellular targets in HIV-1 infection. We also attempt to highlight the challenges and limitations in the development of antibody-based therapeutic modalities against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhamad Alif Che Nordin
- Kulliyyah of Medicine and Health Sciences (KMHS), Kolej Universiti INSANIAH, 09300 Kuala Ketil, Kedah, Malaysia.
| | - Sin-Yeang Teow
- Sunway Institute for Healthcare Development (SIHD), School of Healthcare and Medical Sciences (SHMS), Sunway University, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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20
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Chen C, Ma X, Hu Q, Li X, Huang F, Zhang J, Pan T, Xia J, Liu C, Zhang H. Moloney leukemia virus 10 (MOV10) inhibits the degradation of APOBEC3G through interference with the Vif-mediated ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Retrovirology 2017; 14:56. [PMID: 29258557 PMCID: PMC5735797 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-017-0382-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MOV10 protein has ATP-dependent 5′–3′ RNA helicase activity and belongs to the UPF1p superfamily. It can inhibit human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication at multiple stages and interact with apolipoprotein-B-mRNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like 3G (APOBEC3G or A3G), a member of the cytidine deaminase family that exerts potent inhibitory effects against HIV-1 infection. However, HIV-1-encoded virion infectivity factor (Vif) protein specifically mediates the degradation of A3G via the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS). Results We demonstrate that MOV10 counteracts Vif-mediated degradation of A3G by inhibiting the assembly of the Vif-CBF-β-Cullin 5-ElonginB-ElonginC complex. Through interference with UPS, MOV10 enhances the level of A3G in HIV-1-infected cells and virions, and synergistically inhibits the replication and infectivity of HIV-1. In addition, the DEAG-box of MOV10 is required for inhibition of Vif-mediated A3G degradation as the DEAG-box mutant significantly loses this ability. Conclusions Our results demonstrate a novel mechanism involved in the anti-HIV-1 function of MOV10. Given that both MOV10 and A3G belong to the interferon antiviral system, their synergistic inhibition of HIV-1 suggests that these proteins may play complicated roles in antiviral functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cancan Chen
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xiaocao Ma
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Qifei Hu
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xinghua Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Feng Huang
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Junsong Zhang
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ting Pan
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jinyu Xia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
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21
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APOBEC Enzymes as Targets for Virus and Cancer Therapy. Cell Chem Biol 2017; 25:36-49. [PMID: 29153851 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Human DNA cytosine-to-uracil deaminases catalyze mutations in both pathogen and cellular genomes. APOBEC3D, APOBEC3F, APOBEC3G, and APOBEC3H restrict human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection in cells deficient in the viral infectivity factor (Vif), and have the potential to catalyze sublethal levels of mutation in viral genomes in Vif-proficient cells. At least two APOBEC3 enzymes, and in particular APOBEC3B, are sources of somatic mutagenesis in cancer cells that drive tumor evolution and may manifest clinically as recurrence, metastasis, and/or therapy resistance. Consequently, APOBEC3 enzymes are tantalizing targets for developing chemical probes and therapeutic molecules to harness mutational processes in human disease. This review highlights recent efforts to chemically manipulate APOBEC3 activities.
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22
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Duarte CA, Palomino M. An improved method for purification and refolding of recombinant HIV Vif expressed in Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2017; 65:195-202. [PMID: 28181316 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Virion infectivity factor (Vif) is a 23 kDa protein that protects HIV-1 from deamination of its proviral DNA by APOBEC3G. The active form of Vif is a multimer that interacts simultaneously with CBF-beta, the elongin B and C subunits, Cullin 5, and APOBEC3G to form a ubiquitin ligase complex targeting the latter for degradation. Vif clearly represents an attractive target for developing novel antiviral drugs for the therapy of HIV/AIDS, and this goal requires a source of well folded, readily available protein. For that purpose, we have cloned Vif in the pET28a expression vector, expressing the resulting His-tagged recombinant protein in the BL21(DE3) Escherichia coli strain. After lysis, Vif was solubilized from the insoluble fraction with 6 M guanidinium chloride and purified by denaturing immobilized-metal affinity chromatography, refolding the protein afterwards by dialysis. The use of 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid buffer at pH 6.2 and the presence of EDTA improved Vif refolding yields by reducing the formation of insoluble aggregates. The purified protein was bound by two monoclonal antibodies against sequential and conformational epitopes located at the C and N terminus, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Duarte
- Physical-Chemistry Division, Bioinformatics Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Mickel Palomino
- Physical-Chemistry Division, Bioinformatics Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, La Habana, Cuba
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Augustine T, Chaudhary P, Gupta K, Islam S, Ghosh P, Santra MK, Mitra D. Cyclin F/FBXO1 Interacts with HIV-1 Viral Infectivity Factor (Vif) and Restricts Progeny Virion Infectivity by Ubiquitination and Proteasomal Degradation of Vif Protein through SCF cyclin F E3 Ligase Machinery. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:5349-5363. [PMID: 28184007 PMCID: PMC5392680 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.765842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin F protein, also known as FBXO1, is the largest among all cyclins and oscillates in the cell cycle like other cyclins. Apart from being a G2/M cyclin, cyclin F functions as the substrate-binding subunit of SCFcyclin F E3 ubiquitin ligase. In a gene expression analysis performed to identify novel gene modulations associated with cell cycle dysregulation during HIV-1 infection in CD4+ T cells, we observed down-regulation of the cyclin F gene (CCNF). Later, using gene overexpression and knockdown studies, we identified cyclin F as negatively influencing HIV-1 viral infectivity without any significant impact on virus production. Subsequently, we found that cyclin F negatively regulates the expression of viral protein Vif (viral infectivity factor) at the protein level. We also identified a novel host-pathogen interaction between cyclin F and Vif protein in T cells during HIV-1 infection. Mutational analysis of a cyclin F-specific amino acid motif in the C-terminal region of Vif indicated rescue of the protein from cyclin F-mediated down-regulation. Subsequently, we showed that Vif is a novel substrate of the SCFcyclin F E3 ligase, where cyclin F mediates the ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of Vif through physical interaction. Finally, we showed that cyclin F augments APOBEC3G expression through degradation of Vif to regulate infectivity of progeny virions. Taken together, our results demonstrate that cyclin F is a novel F-box protein that functions as an intrinsic cellular regulator of HIV-1 Vif and has a negative regulatory effect on the maintenance of viral infectivity by restoring APOBEC3G expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Augustine
- From the National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India and
| | - Priyanka Chaudhary
- From the National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India and
| | - Kailash Gupta
- From the National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India and
| | - Sehbanul Islam
- From the National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India and
| | - Payel Ghosh
- the Bioinformatics Centre, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Manas Kumar Santra
- From the National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India and
| | - Debashis Mitra
- From the National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India and
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24
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Liang H, Ruan H, Ouyang Q, Lai L. Herb-target interaction network analysis helps to disclose molecular mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36767. [PMID: 27833111 PMCID: PMC5105066 DOI: 10.1038/srep36767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Though many studies have been performed to elucidate molecular mechanism of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) by identifying protein-compound interactions, no systematic analysis at herb level was reported. TCMs are prescribed by herbs and all compounds from a certain herb should be considered as a whole, thus studies at herb level may provide comprehensive understanding of TCMs. Here, we proposed a computational strategy to study molecular mechanism of TCM at herb level and used it to analyze a TCM anti-HIV formula. Herb-target network analysis was carried out between 17 HIV-related proteins and SH formula as well as three control groups based on systematic docking. Inhibitory herbs were identified and active compounds enrichment was found to contribute to the therapeutic effectiveness of herbs. Our study demonstrates that computational analysis of TCMs at herb level can catch the rationale of TCM formulation and serve as guidance for novel TCM formula design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liang
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hao Ruan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qi Ouyang
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Center for Quantitative Biology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Luhua Lai
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Center for Quantitative Biology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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25
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Pandey D, Podder A, Pandit M, Latha N. CD4-gp120 interaction interface - a gateway for HIV-1 infection in human: molecular network, modeling and docking studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 35:2631-2644. [PMID: 27545652 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2016.1227722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The major causative agent for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1). HIV-1 is a predominant subtype of HIV which counts on human cellular mechanism virtually in every aspect of its life cycle. Binding of viral envelope glycoprotein-gp120 with human cell surface CD4 receptor triggers the early infection stage of HIV-1. This study focuses on the interaction interface between these two proteins that play a crucial role for viral infectivity. The CD4-gp120 interaction interface has been studied through a comprehensive protein-protein interaction network (PPIN) analysis and highlighted as a useful step towards identifying potential therapeutic drug targets against HIV-1 infection. We prioritized gp41, Nef and Tat proteins of HIV-1 as valuable drug targets at early stage of viral infection. Lack of crystal structure has made it difficult to understand the biological implication of these proteins during disease progression. Here, computational protein modeling techniques and molecular dynamics simulations were performed to generate three-dimensional models of these targets. Besides, molecular docking was initiated to determine the desirability of these target proteins for already available HIV-1 specific drugs which indicates the usefulness of these protein structures to identify an effective drug combination therapy against AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeksha Pandey
- a Bioinformatics Infrastructure Facility , Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi , Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi 110021 , India
| | - Avijit Podder
- a Bioinformatics Infrastructure Facility , Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi , Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi 110021 , India
| | - Mansi Pandit
- a Bioinformatics Infrastructure Facility , Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi , Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi 110021 , India
| | - Narayanan Latha
- a Bioinformatics Infrastructure Facility , Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi , Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi 110021 , India
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Fior J. SupT1 Cell Infusion as a Possible Cell-Based Therapy for HIV: Results from a Pilot Study in Hu-PBMC BRGS Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2016; 4:vaccines4020013. [PMID: 27128948 PMCID: PMC4931630 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines4020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous in vitro study, the SupT1 cell line was explored as a decoy target for HIV-1, proposing SupT1 cell infusion as a possible cell-based therapy for HIV. In the present work, the previous in vitro model was translated into an in vivo setting. Specifically, Hu-PBMC BRGS mice were infected with a high input of HIV-1 LAI (100,000 TCID50), and 40 million 30 Gy-irradiated SupT1 cells were infused weekly for 4 weeks as a therapy. Blood samples were taken to monitor CD4+ T cell count and viral load, and mice were monitored daily for signs of illness. At the earliest time point analyzed (Week 1), there was a significantly lower plasma viral load (~10-fold) in all animals treated with SupT1 cell infusion, associated with a higher CD4+ T cell count. At later time points, infection proceeded with robust viral replication and evident CD4+ T cell depletion, except in one mouse that showed complete suppression of viral replication and preservation of CD4+ T cell count. No morbidity or mortality was associated with SupT1 cell infusion. The interesting tendencies observed in the generated data suggest that this approach should be further investigated as a possible cell-based HIV therapy.
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5-Azacytidine Enhances the Mutagenesis of HIV-1 by Reduction to 5-Aza-2'-Deoxycytidine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:2318-25. [PMID: 26833151 DOI: 10.1128/aac.03084-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Azacytidine (5-aza-C) is a ribonucleoside analog that induces the lethal mutagenesis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) by causing predominantly G-to-C transversions during reverse transcription. 5-Aza-C could potentially act primarily as a ribonucleotide (5-aza-CTP) or as a deoxyribonucleotide (5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine triphosphate [5-aza-dCTP]) during reverse transcription. In order to determine the primary form of 5-aza-C that is active against HIV-1, Illumina sequencing was performed using proviral DNA from cells treated with 5-aza-C or 5-aza-dC. 5-Aza-C and 5-aza-dC were found to induce highly similar patterns of mutation in HIV-1 in terms of the types of mutations observed, the magnitudes of effects, and the distributions of mutations at individual sequence positions. Further, 5-aza-dCTP was detected by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in cells treated with 5-aza-C, demonstrating that 5-aza-C was a substrate for ribonucleotide reductase. Notably, levels of 5-aza-dCTP were similar in cells treated with equivalent effective concentrations of 5-aza-C or 5-aza-dC. Lastly, HIV-1 reverse transcriptase was found to incorporate 5-aza-CTPin vitroat least 10,000-fold less efficiently than 5-aza-dCTP. Taken together, these data support the model that 5-aza-C enhances the mutagenesis of HIV-1 primarily after reduction to 5-aza-dC, which can then be incorporated during reverse transcription and lead to G-to-C hypermutation. These findings may have important implications for the design of new ribonucleoside analogs directed against retroviruses.
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28
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Patent highlights October–November 2015. Pharm Pat Anal 2016. [DOI: 10.4155/ppa.15.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A snapshot of noteworthy recent developments in the patent literature of relevance to pharmaceutical and medical R&D.
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29
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Cullin 5-RING E3 ubiquitin ligases, new therapeutic targets? Biochimie 2016; 122:339-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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30
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A small molecule compound IMB-LA inhibits HIV-1 infection by preventing viral Vpu from antagonizing the host restriction factor BST-2. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18499. [PMID: 26669976 PMCID: PMC4680884 DOI: 10.1038/srep18499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human BST-2 inhibits HIV-1 replication by tethering nascent virions to the cell surface. HIV-1 codes Vpu that counteracts BST-2 by down-regulating this restriction factor from the cell surface. This important function makes Vpu a potential therapeutic target. Yet, no agents have been reported to block Vpu from antagonizing BST-2. In this study, we report a small molecule compound IMB-LA that abrogates the function of Vpu and thereby strongly suppresses HIV-1 replication by sensitizing the virus to BST-2 restriction. Further studies revealed that IMB-LA specifically inhibits Vpu-mediated degradation of BST-2 and restores the expression of BST-2 at the cell surface. Although IMB-LA does not prevent Vpu from interacting with BST-2 or β-TrCP2-containing ubiquitin E3 ligase, sorting of BST-2 into lysosomes in Vpu-expressing cells is blocked by IMB-LA. Most importantly, HIV-1 release and infection is inhibited by IMB-LA only in BST-2-expressing cells. In summary, results herein demonstrated that IMB-LA could specifically inhibit the degradation of BST-2 induced by Vpu, and impair HIV-1 replication in a BST-2 dependent manner, suggesting the feasibility of utilizing small molecule compounds to disable the antagonist function of Vpu and thereby expose HIV-1 to the restriction by BST-2.
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A multi-scale mathematical modeling framework to investigate anti-viral therapeutic opportunities in targeting HIV-1 accessory proteins. J Theor Biol 2015; 386:89-104. [PMID: 26385832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) employs accessory proteins to evade innate immune responses by neutralizing the anti-viral activity of host restriction factors. Apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme 3G (APOBEC3G, A3G) and bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST2) are host resistance factors that potentially inhibit HIV-1 infection. BST2 reduces viral production by tethering budding HIV-1 particles to virus producing cells, while A3G inhibits the reverse transcription (RT) process and induces viral genome hypermutation through cytidine deamination, generating fewer replication competent progeny virus. Two HIV-1 proteins counter these cellular restriction factors: Vpu, which reduces surface BST2, and Vif, which degrades cellular A3G. The contest between these host and viral proteins influences whether HIV-1 infection is established and progresses towards AIDS. In this work, we present an age-structured multi-scale viral dynamics model of in vivo HIV-1 infection. We integrated the intracellular dynamics of anti-viral activity of the host factors and their neutralization by HIV-1 accessory proteins into the virus/cell population dynamics model. We calculate the basic reproductive ratio (Ro) as a function of host-viral protein interaction coefficients, and numerically simulated the multi-scale model to understand HIV-1 dynamics following host factor-induced perturbations. We found that reducing the influence of Vpu triggers a drop in Ro, revealing the impact of BST2 on viral infection control. Reducing Vif׳s effect reveals the restrictive efficacy of A3G in blocking RT and in inducing lethal hypermutations, however, neither of these factors alone is sufficient to fully restrict HIV-1 infection. Interestingly, our model further predicts that BST2 and A3G function synergistically, and delineates their relative contribution in limiting HIV-1 infection and disease progression. We provide a robust modeling framework for devising novel combination therapies that target HIV-1 accessory proteins and boost antiviral activity of host factors.
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32
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Lack of mutational hot spots during decitabine-mediated HIV-1 mutagenesis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:6834-43. [PMID: 26282416 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01644-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Decitabine has previously been shown to induce lethal mutagenesis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). However, the factors that determine the susceptibilities of individual sequence positions in HIV-1 to decitabine have not yet been defined. To investigate this, we performed Illumina high-throughput sequencing of multiple amplicons prepared from proviral DNA that was recovered from decitabine-treated cells infected with HIV-1. We found that decitabine induced an ≈4.1-fold increase in the total mutation frequency of HIV-1, primarily due to a striking ≈155-fold increase in the G-to-C transversion frequency. Intriguingly, decitabine also led to an ≈29-fold increase in the C-to-G transversion frequency. G-to-C frequencies varied substantially (up to ≈80-fold) depending upon sequence position, but surprisingly, mutational hot spots (defined as upper outliers within the mutation frequency distribution) were not observed. We further found that every single guanine position examined was significantly susceptible to the mutagenic effects of decitabine. Taken together, these observations demonstrate for the first time that decitabine-mediated HIV-1 mutagenesis is promiscuous and occurs in the absence of a clear bias for mutational hot spots. These data imply that decitabine-mediated G-to-C mutagenesis is a highly effective antiviral mechanism for extinguishing HIV-1 infectivity.
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Zhang S, Zhong L, Chen B, Pan T, Zhang X, Liang L, Li Q, Zhang Z, Chen H, Zhou J, Luo H, Zhang H, Bai C. Identification of an HIV-1 replication inhibitor which rescues host restriction factor APOBEC3G in Vif-APOBEC3G complex. Antiviral Res 2015; 122:20-7. [PMID: 26241003 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 Vif protein is one of the most crucial accessory proteins for viral replication. It efficiently counteracts the important host restriction factor APOBEC3G (apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3G, A3G) which is lethal to HIV-1 by causing G to A mutation of viral genome. Vif protein mediates degradation of APOBEC3G via the complicated protein-protein interactions of Vif, APOBEC3G, Elongin C/B and Cullin 5. The importance of Vif-APOBEC3G complex makes it a good potential target to develop new therapeutics of HIV-1. We identified a potent HIV-1 replication inhibitor (ZBMA-1, IC50 = 1.01 μM) that efficiently protected APOBEC3G protein by targeting Vif-APOBEC3G complex. The co-immunoprecipitation and docking studies indicated that compound ZBMA-1 affected the binding of Elongin C with Vif protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyang Zhang
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Limei Zhong
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangdong NO. 2 Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ting Pan
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Liting Liang
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qianwen Li
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ziying Zhang
- Guangzhou Molcalx Information & Technology Ltd., 34 Longkou East Road, Unit No. 2002, Tianhe District, Guangzhou City 510630, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Haihua Luo
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Chuan Bai
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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Pery E, Sheehy A, Miranda Nebane N, Misra V, Mankowski MK, Rasmussen L, Lucile White E, Ptak RG, Gabuzda D. Redoxal, an inhibitor of de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis, augments APOBEC3G antiviral activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Virology 2015; 484:276-287. [PMID: 26141568 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
APOBEC3G (A3G) is a cytidine deaminase that restricts HIV-1 replication by inducing G-to-A hypermutation in viral DNA; deamination-independent mechanisms are also implicated. HIV-1 Vif protein counteracts A3G by inducing its proteasomal degradation. Thus, the Vif-A3G axis is a potential therapeutic target. To identify compounds that inhibit Vif:A3G interaction, a 307,520 compound library was tested in a TR-FRET screen. Two identified compounds, redoxal and lomofungin, inhibited HIV-1 replication in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Lomofungin activity was linked to A3G, but not pursued further due to cytotoxicity. Redoxal displayed A3G-dependent restriction, inhibiting viral replication by stabilizing A3G protein levels and increasing A3G in virions. A3G-independent activity was also detected. Treatment with uridine or orotate, intermediates of pyrimidine synthesis, diminished redoxal-induced stabilization of A3G and antiviral activity. These results identify redoxal as an inhibitor of HIV-1 replication and suggest its ability to inhibit pyrimidine biosynthesis suppresses viral replication by augmenting A3G antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erez Pery
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Ann Sheehy
- Department of Biology, College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, MA 01610, United States
| | - N Miranda Nebane
- Southern Research Institute High Throughput Screening Center, Birmingham, AL 35205, United States
| | - Vikas Misra
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Marie K Mankowski
- Southern Research Institute, Department of Infectious Disease Research, Frederick, MD 21701, United States
| | - Lynn Rasmussen
- Southern Research Institute High Throughput Screening Center, Birmingham, AL 35205, United States
| | - E Lucile White
- Southern Research Institute High Throughput Screening Center, Birmingham, AL 35205, United States
| | - Roger G Ptak
- Southern Research Institute, Department of Infectious Disease Research, Frederick, MD 21701, United States
| | - Dana Gabuzda
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Department of Neurology (Microbiology), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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Willems L, Gillet NA. APOBEC3 Interference during Replication of Viral Genomes. Viruses 2015; 7:2999-3018. [PMID: 26110583 PMCID: PMC4488724 DOI: 10.3390/v7062757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Co-evolution of viruses and their hosts has reached a fragile and dynamic equilibrium that allows viral persistence, replication and transmission. In response, infected hosts have developed strategies of defense that counteract the deleterious effects of viral infections. In particular, single-strand DNA editing by Apolipoprotein B Editing Catalytic subunits proteins 3 (APOBEC3s) is a well-conserved mechanism of mammalian innate immunity that mutates and inactivates viral genomes. In this review, we describe the mechanisms of APOBEC3 editing during viral replication, the viral strategies that prevent APOBEC3 activity and the consequences of APOBEC3 modulation on viral fitness and host genome integrity. Understanding the mechanisms involved reveals new prospects for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Willems
- Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA) of University of Liège (ULg), B34, 1 avenue de L'Hôpital, Sart-Tilman Liège 4000, Belgium.
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège (ULg), 13 avenue Maréchal Juin, Gembloux 5030, Belgium.
| | - Nicolas Albert Gillet
- Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA) of University of Liège (ULg), B34, 1 avenue de L'Hôpital, Sart-Tilman Liège 4000, Belgium.
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège (ULg), 13 avenue Maréchal Juin, Gembloux 5030, Belgium.
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36
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Development of benzimidazole derivatives to inhibit HIV-1 replication through protecting APOBEC3G protein. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 95:500-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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37
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The Road Less Traveled: HIV's Use of Alternative Routes through Cellular Pathways. J Virol 2015; 89:5204-12. [PMID: 25762730 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03684-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens such as HIV-1, with their minimalist genomes, must navigate cellular networks and rely on hijacking and manipulating the host machinery for successful replication. Limited overlap of host factors identified as vital for pathogen replication may be explained by considering that pathogens target, rather than specific cellular factors, crucial cellular pathways by targeting different, functionally equivalent, protein-protein interactions within that pathway. The ability to utilize alternative routes through cellular pathways may be essential for pathogen survival when restricted and provide flexibility depending on the viral replication stage and the environment in the infected host. In this minireview, we evaluate evidence supporting this notion, discuss specific HIV-1 examples, and consider the molecular mechanisms which allow pathogens to flexibly exploit different routes.
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Pery E, Sheehy A, Nebane NM, Brazier AJ, Misra V, Rajendran KS, Buhrlage SJ, Mankowski MK, Rasmussen L, White EL, Ptak RG, Gabuzda D. Identification of a novel HIV-1 inhibitor targeting Vif-dependent degradation of human APOBEC3G protein. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:10504-17. [PMID: 25724652 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.626903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
APOBEC3G (A3G) is a cellular cytidine deaminase that restricts HIV-1 replication by inducing G-to-A hypermutation in viral DNA and by deamination-independent mechanisms. HIV-1 Vif binds to A3G, resulting in its degradation via the 26 S proteasome. Therefore, this interaction represents a potential therapeutic target. To identify compounds that inhibit interaction between A3G and HIV-1 Vif in a high throughput format, we developed a homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay. A 307,520 compound library from the NIH Molecular Libraries Small Molecule Repository was screened. Secondary screens to evaluate dose-response performance and off-target effects, cell-based assays to identify compounds that attenuate Vif-dependent degradation of A3G, and assays testing antiviral activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and T cells were employed. One compound, N.41, showed potent antiviral activity in A3G(+) but not in A3G(-) T cells and had an IC50 as low as 8.4 μM and a TC50 of >100 μM when tested against HIV-1Ba-L replication in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. N.41 inhibited the Vif-A3G interaction and increased cellular A3G levels and incorporation of A3G into virions, thereby attenuating virus infectivity in a Vif-dependent manner. N.41 activity was also species- and Vif-dependent. Preliminary structure-activity relationship studies suggest that a hydroxyl moiety located at a phenylamino group is critical for N.41 anti-HIV activity and identified N.41 analogs with better potency (IC50 as low as 4.2 μM). These findings identify a new lead compound that attenuates HIV replication by liberating A3G from Vif regulation and increasing its innate antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erez Pery
- From the Departments of Cancer Immunology and AIDS and Departments of Pathology and
| | - Ann Sheehy
- Department of Biology, College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, Massachusetts 01610
| | - N Miranda Nebane
- Southern Research Institute High Throughput Screening Center, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, and
| | | | - Vikas Misra
- From the Departments of Cancer Immunology and AIDS and
| | | | | | - Marie K Mankowski
- Southern Research Institute, Department of Infectious Disease Research, Frederick, Maryland 21701
| | - Lynn Rasmussen
- Southern Research Institute High Throughput Screening Center, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, and
| | - E Lucile White
- Southern Research Institute High Throughput Screening Center, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, and
| | - Roger G Ptak
- Southern Research Institute, Department of Infectious Disease Research, Frederick, Maryland 21701
| | - Dana Gabuzda
- From the Departments of Cancer Immunology and AIDS and Neurology (Microbiology), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,
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Sinha C, Nischal A, Pant KK, Bandaru S, Nayarisseri A, Khattri S. Molecular docking analysis of RN18 and VEC5 in A3G-Vif inhibition. Bioinformation 2014; 10:611-6. [PMID: 25489169 PMCID: PMC4248342 DOI: 10.6026/97320630010611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 protein Vif is essential for in vivo viral replication that targets the human DNA-editing enzyme, APOBEC3G (A3G), which inhibits replication of retroviruses. The Vif-A3G interactions are believed to be important targets for antiviral drug development. Since the interactions of A3G and Vif evade the ubiquitination pathways in human host, the viral replication precedes which otherwise spreads infection. In this study, two potent Vif inhibitors RN 18 and VEC5 have been evaluated for their inhibitory potential employing ligand receptor and protein-protein interactions studies. VEC 5 showed better interaction with Vif than RN18. Predicted data show that VEC5 bound Vif and RN18 bound Vif showed diminished interaction to A3G compared to inhibitor unbound Vif. However, this should be further validated using in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanda Sinha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, King George's Medical University, (Erstwhile C.S.M. Medical University),Lucknow- 226 003, India
| | - Anuradha Nischal
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, King George's Medical University, (Erstwhile C.S.M. Medical University),Lucknow- 226 003, India
| | - Kamlesh K Pant
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, King George's Medical University, (Erstwhile C.S.M. Medical University),Lucknow- 226 003, India
| | - Srinivas Bandaru
- Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Osmania University, Hyderabad - 500 016, India
| | - Anuraj Nayarisseri
- In silico Research Laboratory, Eminent Biosciences, Vijaynagar, Indore - 452 010, India
| | - Sanjay Khattri
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, King George's Medical University, (Erstwhile C.S.M. Medical University),Lucknow- 226 003, India
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40
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Feng Y, Baig TT, Love RP, Chelico L. Suppression of APOBEC3-mediated restriction of HIV-1 by Vif. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:450. [PMID: 25206352 PMCID: PMC4144255 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The APOBEC3 restriction factors are a family of deoxycytidine deaminases that are able to suppress replication of viruses with a single-stranded DNA intermediate by inducing mutagenesis and functional inactivation of the virus. Of the seven human APOBEC3 enzymes, only APOBEC3-D, -F, -G, and -H appear relevant to restriction of HIV-1 in CD4+ T cells and will be the focus of this review. The restriction of HIV-1 occurs most potently in the absence of HIV-1 Vif that induces polyubiquitination and degradation of APOBEC3 enzymes through the proteasome pathway. To restrict HIV-1, APOBEC3 enzymes must be encapsidated into budding virions. Upon infection of the target cell during reverse transcription of the HIV-1 RNA into (-)DNA, APOBEC3 enzymes deaminate cytosines to form uracils in single-stranded (-)DNA regions. Upon replication of the (-)DNA to (+)DNA, the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase incorporates adenines opposite to the uracils thereby inducing C/G to T/A mutations that can functionally inactivate HIV-1. APOBEC3G is the most studied APOBEC3 enzyme and it is known that Vif attempts to thwart APOBEC3 function not only by inducing its proteasomal degradation but also by several degradation-independent mechanisms, such as inhibiting APOBEC3G virion encapsidation, mRNA translation, and for those APOBEC3G molecules that still become virion encapsidated, Vif can inhibit APOBEC3G mutagenic activity. Although most Vif variants can induce efficient degradation of APOBEC3-D, -F, and -G, there appears to be differential sensitivity to Vif-mediated degradation for APOBEC3H. This review examines APOBEC3-mediated HIV restriction mechanisms, how Vif acts as a substrate receptor for a Cullin5 ubiquitin ligase complex to induce degradation of APOBEC3s, and the determinants and functional consequences of the APOBEC3 and Vif interaction from a biological and biochemical perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Feng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Tayyba T Baig
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Robin P Love
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Linda Chelico
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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41
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Aydin H, Taylor MW, Lee JE. Structure-guided analysis of the human APOBEC3-HIV restrictome. Structure 2014; 22:668-84. [PMID: 24657093 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Human APOBEC3 (A3) proteins are host-encoded intrinsic restriction factors that inhibit the replication of many retroviral pathogens. Restriction is believed to occur as a result of the DNA cytosine deaminase activity of the A3 proteins; this activity converts cytosines into uracils in single-stranded DNA retroviral replication intermediates. A3 proteins are also equipped with deamination-independent means to restrict retroviruses that work cooperatively with deamination-dependent restriction pathways. A3 proteins substantially bolster the intrinsic immune system by providing a powerful block to the transmission of retroviral pathogens; however, most retroviruses are able to subvert this replicative restriction in their natural host. HIV-1, for instance, evades A3 proteins through the activity of its accessory protein Vif. Here, we summarize data from recent A3 structural and functional studies to provide perspectives into the interactions between cellular A3 proteins and HIV-1 macromolecules throughout the viral replication cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halil Aydin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Matthew W Taylor
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jeffrey E Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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González-Díaz H, Herrera-Ibatá DM, Duardo-Sánchez A, Munteanu CR, Orbegozo-Medina RA, Pazos A. ANN Multiscale Model of Anti-HIV Drugs Activity vs AIDS Prevalence in the US at County Level Based on Information Indices of Molecular Graphs and Social Networks. J Chem Inf Model 2014; 54:744-55. [DOI: 10.1021/ci400716y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Humberto González-Díaz
- Department
of Organic Chemistry II, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque
Foundation for Science, 48011, Bilbao, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Diana María Herrera-Ibatá
- Department of Information and Communication Technologies, University of A Coruña UDC, 15071, A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Aliuska Duardo-Sánchez
- Department of Information and Communication Technologies, University of A Coruña UDC, 15071, A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Cristian R. Munteanu
- Department of Information and Communication Technologies, University of A Coruña UDC, 15071, A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Ricardo Alfredo Orbegozo-Medina
- Department
of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15782, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Alejandro Pazos
- Department of Information and Communication Technologies, University of A Coruña UDC, 15071, A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
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Huang W, Zuo T, Luo X, Jin H, Liu Z, Yang Z, Yu X, Zhang L, Zhang L. Indolizine derivatives as HIV-1 VIF-ElonginC interaction inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2014; 81:730-41. [PMID: 23405965 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Compound 1 (VEC-5) was identified as a potent small-molecular HIV-1 viron infectivity factor inhibitor that targets the viron infectivity factor-ElonginC interaction. A structure-activity relationship study was carried out to develop compounds with improved efficacy against HIV-1 and 49 indolizine derivatives of three categories were designed and synthesized. We found that five compounds exhibited promising anti-HIV-1 activity, and the most active compound 2g had an IC50 value of 11.0 μm. These results provide new information to develop highly potent small-molecule HIV-1 viron infectivity factor inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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44
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Strebel K. HIV accessory proteins versus host restriction factors. Curr Opin Virol 2013; 3:692-9. [PMID: 24246762 PMCID: PMC3855913 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Primate immunodeficiency viruses, including HIV-1, are characterized by the presence of accessory genes such as vif, vpr, vpx, vpu, and nef. Current knowledge indicates that none of the primate lentiviral accessory proteins has enzymatic activity. Instead, these proteins interact with cellular ligands to either act as adapter molecules to redirect the normal function of host factors for virus-specific purposes or to inhibit a normal host function by mediating degradation or causing intracellular mislocalization/sequestration of the factors involved. This review aims at providing an update of our current understanding of how Vif, Vpu, and Vpx control the cellular restriction factors APOBEC3G, BST-2, and SAMHD1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Strebel
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Viral Biochemistry Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-0460, United States.
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45
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Wang X, Wang X, Zhang H, Lv M, Zuo T, Wu H, Wang J, Liu D, Wang C, Zhang J, Li X, Wu J, Yu B, Kong W, Yu X. Interactions between HIV-1 Vif and human ElonginB-ElonginC are important for CBF-β binding to Vif. Retrovirology 2013; 10:94. [PMID: 23988114 PMCID: PMC3765967 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The HIV-1 accessory factor Vif is necessary for efficient viral infection in non-permissive cells. Vif antagonizes the antiviral activity of human cytidine deaminase APOBEC3 proteins that confer the non-permissive phenotype by tethering them (APOBEC3DE/3F/3G) to the Vif-CBF-β-ElonginB-ElonginC-Cullin5-Rbx (Vif-CBF-β-EloB-EloC-Cul5-Rbx) E3 complex to induce their proteasomal degradation. EloB and EloC were initially reported as positive regulatory subunits of the Elongin (SIII) complex. Thereafter, EloB and EloC were found to be components of Cul-E3 complexes, contributing to proteasomal degradation of specific substrates. CBF-β is a newly identified key regulator of Vif function, and more information is needed to further clarify its regulatory mechanism. Here, we comprehensively investigated the functions of EloB (together with EloC) in the Vif-CBF-β-Cul5 E3 ligase complex. Results The results revealed that: (1) EloB (and EloC) positively affected the recruitment of CBF-β to Vif. Both knockdown of endogenous EloB and over-expression of its mutant with a 34-residue deletion in the COOH-terminal tail (EloBΔC34/EBΔC34) impaired the Vif-CBF-β interaction. (2) Introduction of both the Vif SLQ → AAA mutant (VifΔSLQ, which dramatically impairs Vif-EloB-EloC binding) and the Vif PPL → AAA mutant (VifΔPPL, which is thought to reduce Vif-EloB binding) could reduce CBF-β binding. (3) EloB-EloC but not CBF-β could greatly enhance the folding of full-length Vif in Escherichia coli. (4) The over-expression of EloB or the N-terminal ubiquitin-like (UbL) domain of EloB could significantly improve the stability of Vif/VifΔSLQ/VifΔPPL through the region between residues 9 and 14. Conclusion Our results indicate that the Vif interaction with EloB-EloC may contribute to recruitment of CBF-β to Vif, demonstrating that the EloB C-teminus may play a role in improving Vif function and that the over-expression of EloB results in Vif stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China.
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Bonnac LF, Mansky LM, Patterson SE. Structure–Activity Relationships and Design of Viral Mutagens and Application to Lethal Mutagenesis. J Med Chem 2013; 56:9403-14. [DOI: 10.1021/jm400653j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent F. Bonnac
- Center for Drug Design, Academic
Health Center, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Louis M. Mansky
- Institute for Molecular Virology,
Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Steven E. Patterson
- Center for Drug Design, Academic
Health Center, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Sugiyama R, Abe M, Nishitsuji H, Murakami Y, Takeuchi H, Takaku H. Induction of heat-shock protein 70 by prostaglandin A₁ inhibits HIV-1 Vif-mediated degradation of APOBEC3G. Antiviral Res 2013; 99:307-11. [PMID: 23831493 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that cyclopentenone prostaglandins (cyPGs) inhibit human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication in various cell types. This antiviral activity has been associated with the induction of heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70) in infected cells. We investigated a new role of prostaglandin A₁ (PGA₁) in the replication of HIV-1 in non-permissive cells. Because overexpression of HSP70 blocks the viral infectivity factor (Vif)-mediated degradation of APOBEC3G (A3G) via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, we examined the effects of PGA₁ on A3G and HIV-1 replication. The induction of HSP70 synthesis by PGA₁ blocked Vif-mediated A3G degradation and enhanced the incorporation of A3G into both wild-type and Vif-deficient viruses. Furthermore, we determined the viral titer of HIV-1 particles produced from PGA₁-treated 293T cells. The induction of HSP70 synthesis by PGA₁ significantly reduced the viral titer in the presence of A3G. Additionally, the p24 Gag antigen levels were dramatically reduced in non-permissive cells treated once or repeatedly with PGA₁. Thus, we showed that PGA₁ inhibits HIV-1 replication, at least in part, by blocking Vif-mediated A3G degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Sugiyama
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-17-1 Tsudanuma, Narashino, Chiba 275-0016, Japan; Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
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48
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Zhang Z, Zhai C, Mi Z, Ding J, Zhang Y, Shi X, Li X, Yu L, Li Z, Jiang J, Zhou J, Cen S. Molecular modeling of human APOBEC3G to predict the binding modes of the inhibitor compounds IMB26 and IMB35. Acta Pharm Sin B 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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49
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Krisko JF, Martinez-Torres F, Foster JL, Garcia JV. HIV restriction by APOBEC3 in humanized mice. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003242. [PMID: 23555255 PMCID: PMC3610649 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune restriction factors represent important specialized barriers to zoonotic transmission of viruses. Significant consideration has been given to their possible use for therapeutic benefit. The apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide 3 (APOBEC3) family of cytidine deaminases are potent immune defense molecules capable of efficiently restricting endogenous retroelements as well as a broad range of viruses including Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Human Papilloma virus (HPV), and Human T Cell Leukemia virus (HTLV). The best characterized members of this family are APOBEC3G (A3G) and APOBEC3F (A3F) and their restriction of HIV. HIV has evolved to counteract these powerful restriction factors by encoding an accessory gene designated viral infectivity factor (vif). Here we demonstrate that APOBEC3 efficiently restricts CCR5-tropic HIV in the absence of Vif. However, our results also show that CXCR4-tropic HIV can escape from APOBEC3 restriction and replicate in vivo independent of Vif. Molecular analysis identified thymocytes as cells with reduced A3G and A3F expression. Direct injection of vif-defective HIV into the thymus resulted in viral replication and dissemination detected by plasma viral load analysis; however, vif-defective viruses remained sensitive to APOBEC3 restriction as extensive G to A mutation was observed in proviral DNA recovered from other organs. Remarkably, HIV replication persisted despite the inability of HIV to develop resistance to APOBEC3 in the absence of Vif. Our results provide novel insight into a highly specific subset of cells that potentially circumvent the action of APOBEC3; however our results also demonstrate the massive inactivation of CCR5-tropic HIV in the absence of Vif.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F. Krisko
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Francisco Martinez-Torres
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - John L. Foster
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - J. Victor Garcia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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50
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Is a pacific coexistence between virus and host the unexploited path that may lead to an HIV functional cure? Viruses 2013; 5:753-7. [PMID: 23430684 PMCID: PMC3640524 DOI: 10.3390/v5020753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The SupT1 cell line supports optimal HIV-1 replication, and prolonged in vitro replication in SupT1 cells renders the virus significantly less virulent. This raises the question of whether the infusion of SupT1 cells could be used as a cell-based therapy to induce a pacific coexistence between the HIV virus and its human host. In a recent study, I investigated this potential therapeutic strategy in vitro. The results suggested that this approach should be further explored in HIV-susceptible animal models. Such studies may lead to the development of a functional cure for HIV infection.
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