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Transcriptome analysis of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) hepatopancreas in response to Taura syndrome Virus (TSV) experimental infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57515. [PMID: 23469011 PMCID: PMC3585375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, is a worldwide cultured crustacean species with important commercial value. Over the last two decades, Taura syndrome virus (TSV) has seriously threatened the shrimp aquaculture industry in the Western Hemisphere. To better understand the interaction between shrimp immune and TSV, we performed a transcriptome analysis in the hepatopancreas of L. vannamei challenged with TSV, using the 454 pyrosequencing (Roche) technology. Methodology/Principal Findings We obtained 126919 and 102181 high-quality reads from TSV-infected and non-infected (control) L. vannamei cDNA libraries, respectively. The overall de novo assembly of cDNA sequence data generated 15004 unigenes, with an average length of 507 bp. Based on BLASTX search (E-value <10−5) against NR, Swissprot, GO, COG and KEGG databases, 10425 unigenes (69.50% of all unigenes) were annotated with gene descriptions, gene ontology terms, or metabolic pathways. In addition, we identified 770 microsatellites and designed 497 sets of primers. Comparative genomic analysis revealed that 1311 genes differentially expressed in the infected shrimp compared to the controls, including 559 up- and 752 down- regulated genes. Among the differentially expressed genes, several are involved in various animal immune functions, such as antiviral, antimicrobial, proteases, protease inhibitors, signal transduction, transcriptional control, cell death and cell adhesion. Conclusions/Significance This study provides valuable information on shrimp gene activities against TSV infection. Results can contribute to the in-depth study of candidate genes in shrimp immunity, and improves our current understanding of this host-virus interaction. In addition, the large amount of transcripts reported in this study provide a rich source for identification of novel genes in shrimp.
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Ikeda F, Shimomura H, Nakagawa H, Iwasaki Y, Miyake M, Tsuji H, Fukioka S, Itoh M, Takahashi A, Tsuji T. Efficient enhancement of priming effect by intermittent treatment with interferon. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 278:599-603. [PMID: 11095955 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To improve the efficacy of interferon (IFN) therapy for chronic hepatitis C, we proposed a therapy with twice-a-day injection of IFNbeta as the induction. To assess its biological enhancement, we compared antiviral activities in vitro using intermittent treatment schedules simulating the clinical condition. FL cells were treated with IFNbeta twice in 12 h interval (Single treatment, 1000 and 0 IU/ml; Double treatment, 500 IU/ml each) and challenged with Sindbis virus. Antiviral activities were determined with 50% cytopathic effect. Activities and mRNA expressions of 2'5'oligoadenylate synthetase (2'5'AS) were also examined. Single treatment showed its peak activity at 9 h, while Double treatment was at 3 h after the second treatment. Double treatment had a significantly higher peak activity. The up-regulated activities of 2'5'AS lasted much longer with Double treatment. The present findings demonstrated Double treatment could induce efficient biological enhancement, which is thought based on the priming effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ikeda
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Okayama University Medical School, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
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3
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Abstract
Multiple biologic effects of interferon-α (IFN-α), including cell growth inhibition and antiviral protection, are initiated by tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT proteins. Although this signal pathway has been intensively investigated, the relevance of STAT signal persistence has received scant attention. Using paired isogenic lymphoma cells (Daudi), which either are sensitive or resistant to growth inhibition by IFN-α, we found comparable initial tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple STAT proteins; however, the phosphorylation durations and associated DNA-binding activities diverged. Phosphorylation and DNA-binding capacity of STAT1 decreased after 4 to 8 hours in resistant cells, as compared with 24 to 32 hours in sensitive cells, whereas phosphorylation of STAT3 and STAT5b was briefer in both lines. Functional significance of the prolonged STAT1 signal, therefore, was explored by experimental interruption of tyrosine phosphorylation, either by premature withdrawal of the IFN-α or deferred addition of pharmacologically diverse antagonists: staurosporine (protein kinase inhibitor), phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (growth promoter), or aurintricarboxylic acid (ligand competitor). Results indicated that an approximately 18-hour period of continued STAT1 phosphorylation was associated with growth arrest, but that antiviral protection developed earlier. These differences provide novel evidence of a temporal dimension to IFN-α signal specificity and show that duration of STAT1 activation may be a critical variable in malignant cell responsiveness to antiproliferative therapy.
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Hendrix CW, Petty BG, Woods A, Kuwahara SK, Witter FR, Soo W, Griffin DE, Lietman PS. Modulation of alpha-interferon's antiviral and clinical effects by aspirin, acetaminophen, and prednisone in healthy volunteers. Antiviral Res 1995; 28:121-31. [PMID: 8585766 DOI: 10.1016/0166-3542(95)00043-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The magnitude and duration of the antiviral and clinical effect of alpha-interferon was measured in healthy volunteers. A single 3 million unit intramuscular dose of interferon was given either alone (controls) or after 72 h of concomitant medications. These medications included either aspirin (650 mg every 4 h), acetaminophen (650 mg every 4 h), or prednisone (40 mg per day). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were assayed for resistance to vesicular stomatitis virus infection and induction of 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase activity as evidence of interferon's antiviral effect. Co-administration of acetaminophen increased both antiviral parameters by more than 70% (P < 0.05) and reduced symptoms after interferon dosing, compared to controls. Aspirin and prednisone did not demonstrate any significant differences from controls in antiviral effect. As a group, acetaminophen, aspirin, and prednisone reduced the clinical symptoms by 47% compared to controls (P = 0.03) after interferon dosing, although individual drug comparisons failed to reach statistical significance. Independent of treatment group, the changes in antiviral markers after interferon dosing correlated closely with each other (r = 0.72, P < 0.001), but neither correlated with symptoms or fever (r < 0.30, P > 0.05). Acetaminophen enhances the antiviral effects of a single intramuscular dose of alpha-interferon, considering the parameters measured in these healthy volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Hendrix
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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5
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Larner AC, Finbloom DS. Protein tyrosine phosphorylation as a mechanism which regulates cytokine activation of early response genes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1995; 1266:278-87. [PMID: 7539296 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4889(95)00015-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Two well-defined rapid responses which occur as a consequence of growth factors binding to their cell surface receptors involve tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins and the induction of the transcription of cellular genes. Recent advances have been made in purification and cloning of Src homology 2 and 3 (SH2/SH3) domain-containing transcription factors which are required for the activation of early response genes by interferons. These transcription factors are covalently modified by tyrosine phosphorylation such that they interact with enhancers needed for interferon-stimulated gene expression. The Jak family of tyrosine kinases are also an integral component in these signalling cascades. The information gained concerning interferon signalling has now been extended to include a broad network of cytokine-regulated signalling systems which use tyrosine phosphorylation of a family of structurally related proteins to activate transcription of early response genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Larner
- Division of Cytokine Biology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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6
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Bazhan SI, Likhoshvai VA, Belova OE. Theoretical analysis of the possible mechanisms of interferon induction for priming and blocking. Bull Exp Biol Med 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00820234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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7
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Margolis-Nunno H, Rubin BY, Anderson SL, Lunn RM, Roy SN, Dizik M, Sen GC. Isolation of cDNA clones for the interferon-induced 67,000-dalton protein: direct induction of a family of mRNAs by human interferon-alpha and interferon-gamma. JOURNAL OF INTERFERON RESEARCH 1990; 10:309-19. [PMID: 1696608 DOI: 10.1089/jir.1990.10.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A partial cDNA clone for the interferon (IFN)-induced 67,000-dalton (67K) protein was isolated by immunological screening and used as a probe to study the expression of mRNAs encoding this protein. Northern blot analyses of RNA from IFN-treated GM2767 cells revealed the presence of two major 67K-specific RNA species, 2.7 and 4.3 kb in length, and two minor RNA species, 5.7 and 7.2 kb long. All of these 67K-specific RNAs were polyadenylated. Multiple 67K-specific mRNAs were observed to be induced in several cell lines. IFN-gamma was more effective at inducing these mRNAs than was IFN-alpha. In IFN-alpha-treated GM2767 cells, the 67K-specific mRNAs were detectable 6 h following IFN treatment, but not 12, 18, or 24 h following treatment. In IFN-gamma-treated cells, these mRNAs were detectable 6 h after treatment and continued to be present 24 h after treatment. The induction of the 67K-specific mRNAs in GM2767 cells did not require protein synthesis as the RNAs were induced by IFN-alpha or IFN-gamma in the presence of cycloheximide (CHX, 50 micrograms/ml). Treatment of cells with the combination of CHX and IFN-alpha mediated an enhanced accumulation of the 67K-specific mRNAs, suggesting that ongoing protein synthesis may downregulate the induction or accumulation of the IFN-alpha-induced 67K-specific mRNAs. Western blot analysis employing a monoclonal antibody to the 67K protein revealed that several distinctly sized but immunologically related proteins were induced in IFN-treated cells.
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8
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Franco A, Fizzotti M, Gariglio M, Gribaudo G, Cavallo G, Landolfo S. Characterization of cytoplasmic and nuclear polypeptides induced by interferon-gamma in a murine pre-B cell leukemia. Eur J Immunol 1989; 19:1171-6. [PMID: 2503385 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830190703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The effects of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) on protein synthesis of a pre-B cell leukemia, L1210, have been studied by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. In total cell extracts, at least ten proteins were induced de novo, or increased in their expression, after an 18-h IFN-gamma treatment, whereas in the nuclear extracts eight proteins were specifically induced. Of these, increased synthesis of a 40-kDa/pI 5.9 cytoplasmic protein was the most prominent and reproducible. Most of these proteins appear to be specific for a defined step of differentiation, since they are not found in other B cell leukemias upon IFN-gamma treatment. Others appear to be tissue specific, since they are not induced in fibroblasts nor in T cells. In addition, synthesis of some of the induced proteins appeared to require rapid transcription of new mRNA, because actinomycin D markedly inhibited their formation when added immediately before IFN-gamma. In keeping with this finding, in vitro translation of mRNA from IFN-gamma-treated L1210 cells into a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system, followed by analysis of the labeled proteins by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, revealed the appearance of at least seven proteins. Taken as a whole, these results demonstrate that in leukemic pre-B cells IFN-gamma induces the transcriptional activation of genes coding for cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins, some of which could be employed as specific cell activation markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Franco
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Torino, Italy
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9
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Higgins DJ, Conway TW. The mapping of interferon-induced proteins and phosphoproteins from HeLa S3 cells. JOURNAL OF INTERFERON RESEARCH 1989; 9:53-66. [PMID: 2715669 DOI: 10.1089/jir.1989.9.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Fourteen of 18 proteins induced by interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) in HeLa S3 cells were labeled with [35S]methionine, resolved by two-dimensional electrophoresis, and assigned coordinates corresponding to HeLa proteins previously mapped by Bravo and Celis (Clin. Chem. 28, 766-781, 1982). Proteins phosphorylated with [gamma-32P]ATP in response to polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [poly(I):poly(C)] were mapped similarly. Multiple phosphorylated species of a 72-kD protein were labeled in response to poly(I):poly(C) by extracts from IFN-treated cells but not by extracts from control cells. These are likely phosphorylated forms of the IFN-induced poly(I):poly(C)-dependent protein kinase, the enzyme responsible for the phosphorylation of the alpha-subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF-2 alpha). Two phosphorylated forms of eIF-2 alpha were labeled in extracts of IFN-treated cells. One of these is a new phosphorylated product of the double-stranded (ds) RNA-activated protein kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Higgins
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242
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Rubin BY, Anderson SL, Hellermann GR, Richardson NK, Lunn RM, Valinsky JE. The development of antibody to the interferon-induced indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and the study of the regulation of its synthesis. JOURNAL OF INTERFERON RESEARCH 1988; 8:691-702. [PMID: 2466915 DOI: 10.1089/jir.1988.8.691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) treatment of cells induces the synthesis of several new proteins. Antibody to the IFN-induced 42,000 dalton protein has been prepared and used in the study of this protein. The synthesis of the 42,000 dalton protein is dependent on de novo RNA synthesis, as its induction can be blocked if actinomycin D and the IFN are added to the cells simultaneously. Several lines of evidence suggest that the IFN-induced 42,000 dalton protein is the IFN-induced indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). These are as follows: 1) antibody to the 42,000 dalton protein neutralizes the activity of the IDO; 2) examination of a variety of cell lines reveals a correlation between the presence of this protein and the presence of the IDO; and 3) the induction of both the IDO and the 42,000 dalton protein is blocked under conditions in which the IFN treatment is performed in the presence of cycloheximide, and actinomycin D is added to the cells prior to the removal of the cycloheximide. A study of a variety of cell lines has revealed that the induction of the IDO occurs primarily in response to IFN-gamma. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were the only cell population in which IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma were observed to produce the IDO. The IDO activity induced in IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma treated PBMC is neutralized by antibody to the 42,000 dalton protein, thus demonstrating that the IDO activity induced in these cells by IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma is mediated by the same molecule or antigenically related molecules. Fractionation of the PBMC populations reveals that it is the monocyte that produces the IFN-induced IDO.
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11
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Rubin BY, Anderson SL, Lunn RM, Hellermann GR, Richardson NK, Smith LJ. Production of a monoclonal antibody directed against an interferon-induced 56,000-dalton protein and its use in the study of this protein. J Virol 1988; 62:1875-80. [PMID: 2452894 PMCID: PMC253269 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.62.6.1875-1880.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) treatment of cells induces the synthesis of several new proteins. A hybridoma cell line producing monoclonal antibody to the IFN-induced 56,000-dalton protein has been developed. The IFN-induced 56,000-dalton protein is synthesized by a variety of different cells and in response to IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, and IFN-gamma. The induction of this protein is dependent on de novo RNA synthesis, since its induction is inhibited if actinomycin D and the IFNs are added to the cells simultaneously. Labeling of IFN-treated cells at 4-h intervals at various times after the addition of the IFNs reveals that the synthesis of the 56,000-dalton protein in IFN-alpha-treated cells peaks within 12 h after the addition of the IFN and is no longer enhanced 20 h after exposure to the IFN. In contrast, IFN-gamma-treated cells continue to show an enhanced synthesis of this IFN-induced protein even after 20 h of exposure to the IFN. Thus, the synthesis of the IFN-induced 56,000-dalton protein is regulated differently by the different IFNs. When cells are treated with IFN-alpha or IFN-gamma in the presence of cycloheximide, and actinomycin D is added prior to the removal of the cycloheximide, the cells produce the IFN-induced 56,000-dalton protein and develop an antiviral state in response to both IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma. These results demonstrate that the synthesis of the 56,000-dalton protein is not dependent on the synthesis of an intermediary protein and that the establishment of an antiviral state occurs in the absence of multiple transcriptional events.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Y Rubin
- Department of Lymphokine Biology, New York Blood Center, New York 10021
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12
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Veomett GE. Effect of interferon on secretion of proteins by various murine cell lines. JOURNAL OF INTERFERON RESEARCH 1988; 8:217-26. [PMID: 2454271 DOI: 10.1089/jir.1988.8.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The interferons (IFNs) have been shown to be antagonistic to the growth stimulatory effects of mitogens on cultured cells. A report of the interactions of IFN-beta and platelet-derived growth factor on BALB/c-3T3 mouse cells established that IFN itself induced the secretion of a limited number of proteins from this cell line. The present work was undertaken to determine if other murine cell lines treated with homologous IFN-beta also secreted new or additional protein(s) in response to this agent and if this response correlated with other phenotypic properties of the cells. The cell lines examined included L929 cells and two derivatives of this line (GM347 and WDIFN), CAK-TK-, Swiss-3T3, and BALB/c-3T3. Each line was exposed to [35S]methionine in the absence and in the presence of IFN-beta, the supernatant fluids collected, and the radioactive, secreted proteins examined by fluorography after electrophoresis through SDS-containing polyacrylamide gels. Two cell lines (GM347 and Swiss-3T3) did not appear to secrete new or additional proteins after IFN treatment. However, four lines (L929, WDIFN, CAK-TK-, and BALB/c-3T3) did secrete new or additional proteins in response to IFN. Thus IFN-induced secretion of protein appeared to be a common but not universal phenomenon. In addition, although the number and apparent size(s) of the IFN-induced, secreted proteins were different in these various lines, one protein (Mr = 89-90,000) appeared to be secreted by each of them. In this respect it was unique. Moreover the IFN-induced secretion of protein did not appear to correlate with the antiviral or antiproliferative effects of IFN.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Veomett
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln 68588-0118
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13
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Caplen HS, Gupta SL. Differential regulation of a cellular gene by human interferon-gamma and interferon-alpha. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)57397-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Horisberger MA, Hochkeppel HK. IFN-alpha induced human 78 kD protein: purification and homologies with the mouse Mx protein, production of monoclonal antibodies, and potentiation effect of IFN-gamma. JOURNAL OF INTERFERON RESEARCH 1987; 7:331-43. [PMID: 3117906 DOI: 10.1089/jir.1987.7.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A 78-kD protein (p78) is induced in human cells in response to interferon (IFN). It appeared as a radioactive spot when newly synthesized proteins from IFN-treated human cells labeled with [35S]methionine were separated in a two-dimensional system and autoradiographed. p78 was induced by IFN-alpha in normal human fibroblasts, and in some, but not all, established human tumor cell lines. It has been purified to homogeneity from Namalwa cells induced by recombinant IFN-alpha. Mouse polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies specific to p78 have been produced which allowed its quantitative determination in a Western blot ELISA. Using this method it was also shown that although IFN-gamma was a poor inducer of p78, it markedly increased the effect of IFN-alpha on p78 induction and accumulation. It was also demonstrated that p78 and the protein Mx of influenza-resistant mice, which we purified and characterized earlier (Horisberger and Hochkeppel, J. Biol. Chem. 260, 1730-1733, 1985) share common properties such as size, pI, amino acid composition, antigenic determinant(s), and IFN inducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Horisberger
- Ciba-Geigy Ltd., Pharmaceutical Research, Basel, Switzerland
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Ogunkolade W, Canivet M, Pochart F, Fourcade A, Chousterman S, Hovanessian A, Peries J. Interferon inducibility and sensitivity of human teratocarcinoma-derived cell lines. JOURNAL OF INTERFERON RESEARCH 1987; 7:245-54. [PMID: 2440957 DOI: 10.1089/jir.1987.7.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Three cell lines tera I, tera II, and PA1, derived from human teratocarcinomas were tested for their capacity to produce interferon (IFN) and for their sensitivity to both human IFN-alpha and IFN-beta. When treated with Newcastle disease virus or Sendai virus, or a synthetic polyribonucleotide, poly(rI):poly(rC), tera I cells produced no IFN and the 2',5'-oligoadenylate (2-5A) synthetase enzymatic pathway was not activated, although there was an increase in protein kinase. In contrast, tera II and PA1 cells produced IFN and both enzymatic activities were detected. IFN treatment has no effect on the growth of any of the cell lines. Tera I and PA1 cells did not develop resistance to challenge with vesicular stomatitis virus or encephalomyocarditis virus, but the growth of a type-C baboon retrovirus was inhibited. Tera II cells were protected against all three viruses. It appears that human teratocarcinoma cell lines can thus differ greatly in their ability to produce IFN and to respond to it.
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Mansbridge JN, Nickoloff BJ, Morhenn VB. Induction of new proteins by gamma interferon in cultured human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 1987; 88:602-10. [PMID: 2437214 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12470212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human epidermal keratinocytes incubated with recombinant gamma interferon (r-IFN-gamma) show, on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, both the appearance of new proteins and the loss of others. Among [35S]methionine-labeled proteins, which are induced in an actinomycin- or alpha-amanitin-sensitive manner, is a prominent group with an apparent relative molecular mass of 53,000 and pI of 5.3-5.8. The synthesis of these proteins continues for at least 4 days in the presence of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma). Over the concentration range tested, up to 670 pM, there is no inhibition of protein synthesis, so the appearance of these proteins cannot be explained by overall inhibition of protein synthesis. Furthermore, at 4 pM we found only minor inhibition of DNA (21%) and RNA (29%) synthesis. Half-maximal induction of the prominent 53 kD proteins occurs at an interferon concentration of 0.8-3.5 pM which may be compared with a range of 1.5-30 pM for HLA-DR induction. The same prominent proteins are also induced by type I interferons. The 53 kD protein complex appears to consist of at least 4 different proteins, one of which is phosphorylated and another one of which is not induced in fibroblasts treated with IFN-gamma. We could obtain no evidence that the proteins were related by glycosylation. The presence of these proteins provides a sensitive means of identifying keratinocytes responding to interferons. Lack of these proteins in normal epidermis indicates that interferon does not play a major role in the control of keratinocyte behavior in sound skin.
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17
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Barouki FM, Witter FR, Griffin DE, Nadler PI, Woods A, Wood DL, Lietman PS. Time course of interferon levels, antiviral state, 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase and side effects in healthy men. JOURNAL OF INTERFERON RESEARCH 1987; 7:29-39. [PMID: 3035034 DOI: 10.1089/jir.1987.7.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics of the biologic response following a single intramuscular injection of 18 X 10(6) units of recombinant human interferon-alpha 2a (rHuIFN-alpha 2a) was investigated during 11 courses in 10 healthy individuals. Serial peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBM) samples were assayed for their biologic responsiveness to rHuIFN-alpha 2a by measuring both their 2',5'-oligoadenylate (2-5A) synthetase activity and their resistance to in vitro vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection. A significant increase in 2-5A synthetase levels occurred at 6 h, and enzyme levels returned to baseline values between 96 and 104 h postinjection. Protection of PBMs from VSV infectivity began within 1 h and lasted up to 144 h postinjection. The clinical side effects induced by IFN administration and serum IFN levels were not parallel over time with the antiviral effects observed. This study defines the time course of the biologic response induced by rHuIFN-alpha 2a in healthy volunteers. A parallel time course between the induction of 2-5A synthetase activity and the development of the antiviral state in PBMs was demonstrated.
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18
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Wang CH, Wu JM. Age-related differences in the induction of 2-5A synthetase and 2-5A dependent binding protein activities by interferon in guinea pig peritoneal macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1986; 140:455-60. [PMID: 2430566 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(86)91112-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
2-5A synthetase and binding protein activities in peritoneal macrophages have been compared between young (6 month) and old (22-24 month) guinea pigs. Enzyme activities are lower in aged animals with a 17% and a 31% reduction in synthetase and binding protein activities, respectively. In addition, the response to the addition of mouse fibroblast interferon by macrophages from these two age groups is also substantially different. Whereas addition of interferon to young guinea pig macrophages elicits a 3.8- and a 1.7-fold increase in the synthetase and binding protein activities, only a marginal elevation in these two enzyme activities is found with interferon-treated old guinea pig macrophages. Analysis by thin layer chromatography demonstrates a marked difference in the relative distribution of the various oligomeric forms of 2-5A synthesized by young or old guinea pig macrophages. The binding protein in old animals appears to be significantly more thermolabile than the corresponding activity from young animals. The altered response to interferon and the difference in enzymatic properties in aged animals may represent part of the mechanisms involved in the progressive loss of the adaptative ability of an organism to environmental changes during senescence.
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19
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Molecular characterization of the interferon-induced 15-kDa protein. Molecular cloning and nucleotide and amino acid sequence. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)84453-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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20
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Penn LJ, Williams BR. Production and characterization of a monoclonal antibody to a human interferon-induced double-stranded RNA-binding Mr 68,000 protein kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1985; 82:4959-63. [PMID: 3860835 PMCID: PMC390477 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.82.15.4959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the interferon-induced proteins thought to be involved in the antiviral effects of interferon is a double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase. This paper reports the development of a monoclonal antibody, 10A5, that recognizes a protein that co-migrates with the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase at an approximate molecular weight of 68,000. Levels of this protein and of the protein kinase activity increase 3-fold on interferon treatment of T98G cells. The specificity of the monoclonal antibody was determined by ELISA, immunoblotting, and immunoprecipitation procedures. Furthermore, immunoaffinity chromatography of an interferon-induced T98G cell extract previously phosphorylated in the presence of double-stranded RNA and radiolabeled ATP resulted in the specific elution of a phosphorylated Mr 68,000 protein from the monoclonal antibody 10A5-Sepharose column. Monoclonal antibody 10A5 recognizes both native and denatured protein kinase, independent of double-stranded RNA binding or phosphorylation, and should therefore serve as a useful tool in analyzing the role of the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase in the mechanism of interferon action.
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Clemens MJ, McNurlan MA. Regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation by interferons. Biochem J 1985; 226:345-60. [PMID: 2581554 PMCID: PMC1144719 DOI: 10.1042/bj2260345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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22
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Veomett GE, Kumor N, Lahm BD. Characteristics of the induction of two double-stranded RNA-dependent enzymes by interferon in parental and variant L cells. JOURNAL OF INTERFERON RESEARCH 1985; 5:327-37. [PMID: 2409193 DOI: 10.1089/jir.1985.5.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The interferon (IFN)-dependent induction of two double-stranded RNA-dependent enzymes was examined in L cells and an L-cell variant (WDIFN) which is highly resistant to the inhibitory effects of IFN on cellular multiplication. IFN, in a concentration-dependent manner, inhibited the multiplication of parental L cells and induced increased levels of the double-stranded RNA-dependent enzymes in parental L cells. Although WDIFN cells were resistant to the antiproliferative effects of IFN, the cells responded to IFN by increasing their levels of the double-stranded RNA-dependent enzymes. However, the level of activity of each enzyme was lower in the WDIFN line than the parental line when both lines were treated with similar concentrations of IFN. The reduced response of the WDIFN line was not the result of the line being a heterogeneous population of cells nor of IFN being more unstable in the presence of WDIFN cells. In addition there was no evidence that WDIFN cells produced a mitogenic factor that could overcome the antiproliferative effects of IFN, nor that sodium butyrate could increase the sensitivity of WDIFN cells to the antiproliferative effects of IFN.
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Korant BD, Blomstrom DC, Jonak GJ, Knight E. Interferon-induced proteins. Purification and characterization of a 15,000-dalton protein from human and bovine cells induced by interferon. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)42679-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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24
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Sarkar FH, Gupta SL. Interferon receptor interaction. Internalization of interferon alpha 2 and modulation of its receptor on human cells. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1984; 140:461-7. [PMID: 6327298 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1984.tb08125.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Studies reported earlier [ Joshi et al. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 13884-13887] have indicated that human interferon-alpha 2 (HuIFN-alpha 2) binds to a specific macromolecular receptor on human cells as identified by cross-linking with bifunctional cross-linking reagents and analysis by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. We have carried out experiments to investigate the fate of the interferon-receptor complex on the cell surface under conditions which lead to cellular response. As analyzed by cross-linking and gel electrophoresis, the interferon-receptor complex, formed on incubation with 125I-IFN-alpha 2 at 4 degrees C, persisted at the cell surface for several hours at 4 degrees C; however, if the cells were switched to 37 degrees C, there was a rapid decline in the complex, apparently due to a loss of the interferon receptors from the cell surface. This was associated with an internalization of the 125I-interferon as indicated by the fact that, on incubation at 37 degrees C, an appreciable fraction of the cell-associated interferon (approximately equal to 50%) became resistant to trypsin digestion, or dissociation on incubation in growth medium or low-pH buffer. A large fraction of the trypsin-resistant (internalized) 125I-labeled material migrated as intact interferon in polyacrylamide gels, and it was immunoprecipitated by anti-(HuIFN-alpha)antibodies but not by anti-(HuIFN-beta)antibodies. The bulk of the internalized 125I-interferon was recovered in a particulate fraction and, on cross-linking with disuccinimidyl suberate, a 150000-Mr complex could be detected. The results suggest that interferon may be internalized as a complex with the receptor, which may account for the loss of the interferon-receptors on the cell surface. This modulation of the IFN-alpha/beta receptors was induced by HuIFN-alpha and HuIFN-beta but not by HuIFN-gamma. The recovery of the IFN-alpha/beta receptors, lost upon incubation with HuIFN-alpha, took several hours and required protein synthesis. The significance of the results is discussed.
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25
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Sen GC, Rubin BY. Synthesis of interferon-inducible proteins is regulated differently by interferon-alpha and interferon-gamma. Virology 1984; 134:483-8. [PMID: 6443593 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(84)90317-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Both interferon-alpha and interferon-gamma induce the synthesis of several proteins in resting human fibroblasts. Synthesis of two such proteins of Mr 67,000 and 56,000 was transient in interferon-alpha-treated cells, peaking around 6 hr after the beginning of interferon treatment and then declining to very low levels even if interferon-alpha was present continuously in the culture medium. In contrast, in cells treated with interferon-gamma, their synthesis continued unabated even 22 hr after interferon treatment began. Constant presence of interferon-gamma in the culture medium was, however, necessary for the continued synthesis of these proteins. The kinetics of their synthesis in cells treated with both interferon-alpha and interferon-gamma were similar to those in cells treated with interferon-gamma alone. Cells treated with interferon-alpha for 6 hr or with interferon-gamma for 24 hr contained in vitro-translatable mRNAs for these proteins, whereas such mRNAs were below detectable levels in untreated cells. Surprisingly, cells which had been treated with interferon-alpha for 24 hr, and which were synthesizing little of these two induced proteins in vivo, contained substantial amounts of mRNAs for these proteins, as demonstrated by in vitro translation experiments. It appears, therefore, that synthesis of some interferon-inducible proteins is regulated both transcriptionally and translationally, and the nature of such regulations is different for different types of interferons.
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26
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Bhayani H, Hudson L. Inhibition of cell division and antibody secretion by murine alpha/beta interferon: effects on plasmacytoma and hybridoma lymphoid cells. JOURNAL OF INTERFERON RESEARCH 1984; 4:41-50. [PMID: 6715913 DOI: 10.1089/jir.1984.4.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Murine alpha/beta interferon (IFN) inhibited the growth of myeloma cells in vitro. Independently of the cell growth inhibition, IFN also reduced the number of antibody secreting myeloma cells as measured by haemolytic plaque assay. The sensitivity of both MOPC 315 plasmacytoma cells and 4F4 hybridoma cells varied, though not to the same extent, depending on the dose of IFN used and the duration of exposure. Inhibition of PFC activity was observed after one day of IFN treatment while inhibition of cell growth was not detected until Day 2 of incubation. A dose of 20 u/ml IFN had no effect on the growth rate of MOPC 315 cells but with 100 u/ml the inhibition of growth was virtually complete. In contrast, an inhibition of PFC activity was observed at all the concentrations tested. The cell growth and PFC activity of 4F4 hybridoma cells, on the other hand, were both inhibited by IFN when used at concentrations as low as 1.25 u/ml. Incubation with higher concentrations of IFN resulted in a progressive reduction in cell growth and PFC activity of 4F4 cells, however to a lesser degree of inhibition compared to that observed with MOPC 315 cells. For example, although virtually 70% of MOPC 315 PFC could be inhibited by culture for two days in the presence of 100 u/ml, it was necessary to use 1,250 u/ml IFN for 4 days incubation before the similar level of PFC inhibition was achieved with 4F4 cells. IFN treatment resulted in an increase in both cellular volume and protein content and this effect was prevented when IFN was previously neutralised by a specific antiserum. IFN-treated cells also showed an inhibition in the incorporation of 3[H]-thymidine but no alteration in the rate of utilization of 35[S]-methionine, when compared with an equal number of control cells.
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Weil J, Epstein CJ, Epstein LB, van Blerkom J, Xuong NH. Computer-assisted analysis demonstrates that polypeptides induced by natural and recombinant human interferon-alpha are the same and that some have related primary structures. Antiviral Res 1983; 3:303-14. [PMID: 6230991 DOI: 10.1016/0166-3542(83)90038-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The biological effects on diploid and trisomy 21 human fibroblasts of pure human interferon IFLrA, a single IFN-alpha species produced from cloned DNA, were compared with those of partially purified natural IFN-alpha. Twelve interferon-induced polypeptides were visualized by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. Seven of these were shown to have related primary structures and are therefore products of related genes or are related through post-translational modification. Qualitative visual comparisons and computer-aided quantitation of autoradiograms revealed no differences in the patterns of polypeptide induction following treatment with the two types of IFN-alpha, and the two interferons also induced (2'-5') oligoisoadenylate synthetase equally. By these criteria, the activities of the two interferons are qualitatively and quantitatively indistinguishable. In addition, the effects of trisomy 21 on IFLrA-induced polypeptide synthesis and on antiviral response were similar to those previously demonstrated with natural IFN-alpha.
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29
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Growth regulation of melanoma cells by interferon and (2'-5')oligoadenylate synthetase. Mol Cell Biol 1983. [PMID: 6865941 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.3.5.780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report that endogenous, as well as exogenous, interferon (IFN) regulates the growth of human melanoma cells in culture. When antibodies directed against human fibroblast IFN were incorporated into the media of high-density cells stimulated to proliferate with serum, the cells entered the cell cycle earlier than did the controls. In investigating the biochemical basis for this finding, we have found that there is an inverse relationship between the (2'-5')oligoadenylate synthetase levels and the percentage of cells in S in untreated cultures. Upon IFN treatment, the relationship is obliterated and (2'-5')oligoadenylate synthetase levels increase throughout all phases of the cell cycle. This increase in enzyme levels correlates well with the decreased probability of the IFN-treated cells to cycle. These findings suggest a biological role for IFN as a negative growth factor for cells in culture.
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30
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Muñoz A, Harvey R, Carrasco L. Cellular RNA is not degraded in interferon-treated HeLa cells after poliovirus infection. FEBS Lett 1983; 160:87-92. [PMID: 6309570 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(83)80942-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A drastic inhibition of protein synthesis occurs in HeLa cells treated with human lymphoblastoid interferon and infected with poliovirus. At the time when this inhibition has been established no degradation of 32P-labelled ribosomal RNA can be detected. Isolation of the mRNAs from poliovirus-infected cells plus or minus interferon treatment, followed by translation in a reticulocyte lysate indicates that cellular mRNAs remain active. These results suggest that gross degradation of cellular RNA does not occur in interferon-treated poliovirus-infected HeLa cells and that a non-specific nuclease induced by 2'-5' A is not responsible for the inhibition of protein synthesis observed.
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31
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Merlin G, Chebath J, Benech P, Metz R, Revel M. Molecular cloning and sequence of partial cDNA for interferon-induced (2'-5')oligo(A) synthetase mRNA from human cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1983; 80:4904-8. [PMID: 6348777 PMCID: PMC384155 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.80.16.4904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
By using a translation assay in oocytes, a 17S RNA fraction coding for the interferon-induced (2'-5')oligo(A) synthetase was purified from human cells. A cDNA library was prepared by cloning in Escherichia coli plasmid pBR322 and screened by positive hybridization-translation in oocytes. A cDNA clone corresponding to the (2'-5')oligo(A) synthetase mRNA was identified. In SV80 cells, this E cDNA recognizes three RNAs of 1.65, 1.85, and 3.6 kilobases, which are present only after interferon treatment of the cells. In Namalva cells, mainly one RNA of 1.8 kilobases is seen.
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32
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Arnheiter H, Staeheli P. Expression of interferon dependent resistance to influenza virus in mouse embryo cells. Arch Virol 1983; 76:127-37. [PMID: 6191737 DOI: 10.1007/bf01311696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Adult but not newborn mice bearing the allele M chi display a specific resistance to in vivo infection with orthomyxoviruses. In vitro, cells isolated from adult M chi-animals exhibit a several hundred-fold higher sensitivity to the action of interferon (IFN) against influenza viruses than do cells from M chi-negative mice. We here tested whether or not cells from immature M chi-bearing animals would likewise express the virus-specific higher sensitivity to IFN. Cultured cells from 16-day gestation mouse embryos with and without M chi were equally permissive for an influenza virus when single cycle virus growth was measured. However, influenza virus plaques were smaller in M chi-cells. Treatment of cells with mouse interferon reduced viral protein synthesis, single cycle virus yields and the number of virus plaques more efficiently in M chi-cells than in non-M chi-cells. The smaller size of influenza virus plaques in M chi-cells not treated with IFN seems to be due to the action of endogenous IFN:inclusion of anti-interferon antibodies in the agar overlay during plaque formation resulted in plaques of approximately the size seen in control cells. When treated with the same dose of IFN, cells with M chi developed protection against influenza virus more rapidly than cells without M chi. However, after removal of IFN, the antiviral protection decayed more rapidly in cells in cells without M chi. No differences in sensitivity to IFN, viral plaque formation and kinetics of induction and decay of the antiviral state were observed between the two cell types when the rhabdovirus VSV was used as challenge. Thus, the allele M chi is expressed in cultured embryo cells much as in cells from adult animals, and susceptibility of newborn M chi-animals to influenza virus infection cannot be due to inability of their cells to respond to IFN appropriately.
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33
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Creasey AA, Eppstein DA, Marsh YV, Khan Z, Merigan TC. Growth regulation of melanoma cells by interferon and (2'-5')oligoadenylate synthetase. Mol Cell Biol 1983; 3:780-6. [PMID: 6865941 PMCID: PMC368600 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.3.5.780-786.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We report that endogenous, as well as exogenous, interferon (IFN) regulates the growth of human melanoma cells in culture. When antibodies directed against human fibroblast IFN were incorporated into the media of high-density cells stimulated to proliferate with serum, the cells entered the cell cycle earlier than did the controls. In investigating the biochemical basis for this finding, we have found that there is an inverse relationship between the (2'-5')oligoadenylate synthetase levels and the percentage of cells in S in untreated cultures. Upon IFN treatment, the relationship is obliterated and (2'-5')oligoadenylate synthetase levels increase throughout all phases of the cell cycle. This increase in enzyme levels correlates well with the decreased probability of the IFN-treated cells to cycle. These findings suggest a biological role for IFN as a negative growth factor for cells in culture.
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34
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Induction and maintenance of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase in interferon-treated chicken embryo cells. Mol Cell Biol 1983. [PMID: 6186904 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.2.11.1436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of primary cultures of chicken embryo cells with homologous interferon results in a substantial increase in the level of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase activity that can be detected in cell extracts. This increase can be prevented by inhibitors of RNA or protein synthesis and is thus thought to represent the induction of an interferon-inducible gene, perhaps the 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase gene itself. To examine this response in greater detail, we studied its kinetics under the following conditions: (i) cessation of interferon treatment after different lengths of time, (ii) delayed inhibition of RNA or protein synthesis, and (iii) combinations of these treatments. The results showed that in cells treated continuously with interferon, the enzyme level reached a peak after 9 h of treatment and then decreased with a half-life of about 30 h, despite the continued presence of interferon. Removal of interferon during induction reduced the peak level of activity that was attained and somewhat accelerated its decline but did not otherwise affect the time-course of the response. On the other hand, removal of interferon after maximum induction clearly accelerated the decay of enzyme activity. This process could be delayed by inhibitors of protein synthesis, which effectively stabilized the induced enzyme. This behavior is reminiscent of other inducible enzymes, such as the steroid-induced tyrosine aminotransferase, and suggests that the level of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase, which is also inducible by steroid hormones in some cell types, is subject to similar control mechanisms.
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35
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Chebath J, Merlin G, Metz R, Benech P, Revel M. Interferon-induced 56,000 Mr protein and its mRNA in human cells: molecular cloning and partial sequence of the cDNA. Nucleic Acids Res 1983; 11:1213-26. [PMID: 6186990 PMCID: PMC325791 DOI: 10.1093/nar/11.5.1213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of responsive cells by interferons (IFNs) induces within a few hours a rise in the concentration of several proteins and mRNAs. In order to characterize these IFN-induced mRNA species, we have cloned in E. coli the cDNA made from a 17-18S poly(A)+ RNA of human fibroblastoid cells (SV80) treated with IFN-beta. We describe here a pBR322 recombinant plasmid (C56) which contains a 400 bp cDNA insert corresponding to a 18S mRNA species newly induced by IFN. The C56 mRNA codes for a 56,000 dalton protein easily detectable by hybridization-translation experiments. The sequence of 66 of the carboxy-terminal amino-acids of the protein can be deduced from the cDNA sequence. IFNs-alpha, beta or gamma are able to activate the expression of this gene in human fibroblasts as well as lymphoblastoid cells. The mRNA is not detectable without IFN; it reaches maximum levels (0.1% of the total poly(A)+ RNA) within 4-8 hrs and decreases after 16 hrs.
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36
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Kuhry JG, Poindron P, Laustriat G. Evidence for early fluidity changes in the plasma membranes of interferon treated L cells, from fluorescence anisotropy data. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1983; 110:88-95. [PMID: 6404255 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(83)91264-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A significant increase of the plasma membrane fluidity is observed in L cells upon treatment with mouse beta interferon, by the means of fluorescence anisotropy measurements of DPH. The effect is dose dependent and, at the difference with previously reported membrane effects of interferon, is an early one (maximum for a 30 min. treatment), and may be directly related to the initiation of antiviral activity.
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37
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Joshi AR, Sarkar FH, Gupta SL. Interferon receptors. Cross-linking of human leukocyte interferon alpha-2 to its receptor on human cells. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)45311-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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38
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Sarkar FH, Gupta SL. On the inhibition of interferon action by inhibitors of fatty acid cyclooxygenase. Virology 1982; 123:448-51. [PMID: 6184880 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(82)90277-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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39
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West DK, Ball LA. Induction and maintenance of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase in interferon-treated chicken embryo cells. Mol Cell Biol 1982; 2:1436-43. [PMID: 6186904 PMCID: PMC369948 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.2.11.1436-1443.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of primary cultures of chicken embryo cells with homologous interferon results in a substantial increase in the level of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase activity that can be detected in cell extracts. This increase can be prevented by inhibitors of RNA or protein synthesis and is thus thought to represent the induction of an interferon-inducible gene, perhaps the 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase gene itself. To examine this response in greater detail, we studied its kinetics under the following conditions: (i) cessation of interferon treatment after different lengths of time, (ii) delayed inhibition of RNA or protein synthesis, and (iii) combinations of these treatments. The results showed that in cells treated continuously with interferon, the enzyme level reached a peak after 9 h of treatment and then decreased with a half-life of about 30 h, despite the continued presence of interferon. Removal of interferon during induction reduced the peak level of activity that was attained and somewhat accelerated its decline but did not otherwise affect the time-course of the response. On the other hand, removal of interferon after maximum induction clearly accelerated the decay of enzyme activity. This process could be delayed by inhibitors of protein synthesis, which effectively stabilized the induced enzyme. This behavior is reminiscent of other inducible enzymes, such as the steroid-induced tyrosine aminotransferase, and suggests that the level of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase, which is also inducible by steroid hormones in some cell types, is subject to similar control mechanisms.
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40
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41
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Fellous M, Nir U, Wallach D, Merlin G, Rubinstein M, Revel M. Interferon-dependent induction of mRNA for the major histocompatibility antigens in human fibroblasts and lymphoblastoid cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982; 79:3082-6. [PMID: 6179076 PMCID: PMC346357 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.79.10.3082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In human cells treated with interferons, there is an increase in the amount of HLA-A,B,C and beta 2-microglobulin exposed on the cell surface. We have used a cloned HLA-A,B,C cDNA probe to demonstrate by molecular hybridization that this effect of interferon is preceded by a large increase in the amount of HLA mRNA in the cell. This effect was found in five different human cell lines, with purified leukocyte and fibroblast interferons. The increase in HLA mRNA is comparable in its kinetics and dose-response to the induction of (2'-5') oligo(A) synthetase mRNA by interferons. Therefore, interferons seem to activate at least two cellular genes which have different biochemical functions.
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42
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Lee JC, Gauntt C. Human IFN alpha alters phosphorylation of ribosomal proteins. JOURNAL OF INTERFERON RESEARCH 1982; 2:345-54. [PMID: 7130758 DOI: 10.1089/jir.1982.2.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Incubation of HeLa cells with human alpha interferon (HuIFN-alpha) resulted in increased phosphorylation of total ribosomal proteins (ribosome-associated and ribosome structural proteins) above that found for cells incubated in medium alone. Maximum phosphorylation of these proteins occurred with 4000 units/ml of HuIFN-alpha, 1-2 h of incubation of cells with HuIFN-alpha and a 32P pulse period of 1 h. Fractionation of total ribosomal proteins into ribosome-associated and 80S ribosomal structural proteins showed that the interferon-induced increase in phosphorylation was associated only with a 36K ribosome-associated polypeptide and phosphorylation of 80S ribosomal structural proteins was inhibited in interferon-treated cells. The level of inhibition of phosphorylation of ribosomal structural proteins in large and small subunits in interferon-treated cells was 14-19% and 76-81%, respectively. The inhibition of phosphorylation of ribosomal structural proteins persisted for 24 h following an initial 2 h of incubation of cells with interferon. Interferon treatment inhibited phosphorylation of several proteins associated with purified 80S ribosomes. Interferon treatment considerably reduced yields of coxsackievirus B3 in HeLa cells, but had little to no effect on rates of protein synthesis during 10 h of incubation of cells with interferon. The results show that interferon induces rapid (within 1 h) phosphorylation-dephosphorylation reactions involving ribosome-associated and ribosomal structural proteins of HeLa cells.
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43
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Sen GC. Mechanism of interferon action: progress toward its understanding. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1982; 27:105-56. [PMID: 6179128 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60599-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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44
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Colonno RJ. Accumulation of newly synthesized mRNAs in response to human fibroblast (beta) interferon. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1981; 78:4763-6. [PMID: 6170980 PMCID: PMC320243 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.78.8.4763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of human fibroblast cells with human fibroblast (beta)interferon for up to 8 hr resulted in the accumulation of at least four mRNAs. The mRNAs were isolated from cellular polysomes and characterized by stimulation of translation in a wheat germ cell-free protein synthesis system. The mRNAs appear as early as 2 hr after exposure to interferon and can be translated in vitro into proteins having molecular weights of 61,000, 62,000, 64,000, and 68,000. The response is not elicited by mouse interferon or insulin and does not occur in the presence of actinomycin D. Chase experiments indicated that the induced mRNAs remain ribosome-associated for at least 3 hr after their synthesis. The appearance of the induced mRNAs correlated directly with the onset of an antiviral state. Velocity sedimentation of the induced mRNAs on sucrose gradients demonstrated that each of the four induced proteins are encoded by different-sized mRNAs.
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45
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Krishnan I, Baglioni C. Regulation of 2'5'-oligo(A) polymerase activity in quiescent human fibroblasts treated with interferon. Virology 1981; 111:666-70. [PMID: 6166120 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(81)90368-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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46
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Gupta SL, Rubin BY, Holmes SL. Regulation of interferon action in human fibroblasts: transient induction of specific proteins and amplification of the antiviral response by antinomycin D. Virology 1981; 111:331-40. [PMID: 6166117 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(81)90337-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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47
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Rubin BY, Gupta SL. Differential efficacies of human type I and type II interferons as antiviral and antiproliferative agents. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1980; 77:5928-32. [PMID: 6160587 PMCID: PMC350185 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.77.10.5928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of human fibroblast FS-4 cultures with human type II interferon preparations induced the synthesis of at least four proteins that were similar in size to four of the five proteins induced by type I interferons (Mr 120,000, 88,000, 67,000, and 56,000). However, the Mr 67,000 and 56,000 proteins were induced more strongly by type II than by type I interferon, and a counterpart of a Mr 80,000 protein induced by type I interferons was not noticeably induced by type II interferon preparations. We therefore compared type I and type II interferons for relative antiviral activities against different viruses (vesicular stomatitis, encephalomyocarditis, and vaccinia viruses and reovirus) and for cell growth-inhibitory activities on various cell types. The replication of vesicular stomatitis and encephalomyocarditis viruses was inhibited more strongly by type I interferon, whereas reovirus and vaccinia virus showed greater sensitivity to type II interferon preparations. This indicates that viruses may differ in their sensitivity to human type I and type II interferons and that the antiviral mechanisms induced by type I and type II interferons may have significant differences. The type I and type II interferons may have significant differences. The type I and type II interferons may also differ in their efficacies as antiproliferative agents. Type II interferon preparations at 2.5 units/ml inhibited the incorporatin of [3H]thymidine to a greater extent than did type I interferon at 400 units/ml. (For both type I and type II interferons, the unit of interferon activity was defined as the concentration that decreased the yield of vesicular stomatitis virus by 50% in FS-4 cultures.) Furthermore, whereas type II interferon preparations had a reversible cytostatic effect on normal human fibroblasts at 10 units/ml, the transformed cells tested (HeLa, osteosarcoma, U-amnion) showed extensive cell death, thus indicating that it may have a cytocidal effect on certain tumor cells. It appears that human type II interferon (or a factor present in these preparations) may be a potent antitumor agent.
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Weil J, Epstein LB, Epstein CJ. Synthesis of interferon-induced polypeptides in normal and chromosome 21-aneuploid human fibroblasts: relationship to relative sensitivities in antiviral assays. JOURNAL OF INTERFERON RESEARCH 1980; 1:111-24. [PMID: 6180034 DOI: 10.1089/jir.1980.1.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Localization of the gene for the species specific response to interferon (IFRC) to human chromosome 21 has stimulated interest in the effect of aneuploidy for chromosome 21 on cell sensitivity to interferon. Previous reports have shown that the relative sensitivities of trisomy 21, diploid and monosomy 21 human fibroblasts as measured in an antiviral assay are greater than the ratio 0.67 : 1.0 : 2 predicted on the basis of gene dosage for IFRC. As an alternative test for sensitivity, we have investigated the synthesis of interferon-induced polypeptides visualized by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. Of 10 such polypeptides identified, 3 were measured quantitatively in 2 diploid, 2 trisomic, and one monosomic fibroblast strains. In contrast to the antiviral response, the relative responses in this test correspond closely to expected gene dosage relationships over a range of interferon concentrations from 0.5 to 5000 units/ml. These results are compatible with the conclusion that the number of IFRC gene products (presumed to be the interferon receptor) per cell is proportional to the number of IFRC genes. Thus, the amplified effect of aneuploidy as measured in the antiviral response appears to result from some step subsequent to synthesis of interferon receptors and formation of interferon-receptor complexes.
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