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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Vanpouille
- Program in Physical Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 9D58, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrea Lisco
- Program in Physical Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 9D58, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Leonid Margolis
- Program in Physical Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 9D58, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Lisco A, Vanpouille C, Tchesnokov EP, Grivel JC, Biancotto A, Brichacek B, Elliott J, Fromentin E, Shattock R, Anton P, Gorelick R, Balzarini J, McGuigan C, Derudas M, Götte M, Schinazi RF, Margolis L. Acyclovir is activated into a HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor in herpesvirus-infected human tissues. Cell Host Microbe 2008; 4:260-270. [PMID: 18779052 PMCID: PMC4210193 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2008.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Revised: 06/15/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
For most viruses, there is a need for antimicrobials that target unique viral molecular properties. Acyclovir (ACV) is one such drug. It is activated into a human herpesvirus (HHV) DNA polymerase inhibitor exclusively by HHV kinases and, thus, does not suppress other viruses. Here, we show that ACV suppresses HIV-1 in HHV-coinfected human tissues, but not in HHV-free tissue or cell cultures. However, addition of HHV-6-infected cells renders these cultures sensitive to anti-HIV ACV activity. We hypothesized that such HIV suppression requires ACV phosphorylation by HHV kinases. Indeed, an ACV monophosphorylated prodrug bypasses the HHV requirement for HIV suppression. Furthermore, phosphorylated ACV directly inhibits HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT), terminating DNA chain elongation, and can trap RT at the termination site. These data suggest that ACV anti-HIV-1 activity may contribute to the response of HIV/HHV-coinfected patients to ACV treatment and could guide strategies for the development of new HIV-1 RT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lisco
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Christophe Vanpouille
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Egor P. Tchesnokov
- McGill University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Charles Grivel
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Angélique Biancotto
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Beda Brichacek
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Julie Elliott
- Center for Prevention Research, UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, CA
| | - Emilie Fromentin
- Emory University School of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA
| | | | - Peter Anton
- Center for Prevention Research, UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, CA
| | - Robert Gorelick
- AIDS Vaccine Program SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, MD
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Marco Derudas
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK
| | - Matthias Götte
- McGill University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Raymond F. Schinazi
- Emory University School of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA
| | - Leonid Margolis
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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De Bolle L, Balzarini J, De Clercq E, Naesens L. Characterization of the catalytic subunit of the human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) DNA polymerase expressed in an in vitro transcription/translation assay. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2003; 22:999-1001. [PMID: 14565330 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-120022722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L De Bolle
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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De Bolle L, Michel D, Mertens T, Manichanh C, Agut H, De Clercq E, Naesens L. Role of the human herpesvirus 6 u69-encoded kinase in the phosphorylation of ganciclovir. Mol Pharmacol 2002; 62:714-21. [PMID: 12181449 DOI: 10.1124/mol.62.3.714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) U69 gene product (pU69) is the presumed functional homolog of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) UL97-encoded kinase (pUL97), which converts ganciclovir to its monophosphate metabolite in HCMV-infected cells. It has been reported that insertion of U69 into baculovirus confers sensitivity to ganciclovir in insect cells (J Virol 73:3284-3291, 1999). Our metabolic studies in HHV-6-infected human T-lymphoblast cells indicated that the efficiency of ganciclovir phosphorylation induced by HHV-6 was relatively poor. Recombinant vaccinia viruses (rVVs), expressing high levels of pU69 from two HHV-6 strains (representing the A and B variant), were constructed and used to compare the ganciclovir-phosphorylating capacity of pU69 and pUL97 in human cells. Metabolic studies with [8-(3)H]ganciclovir showed that ganciclovir was phosphorylated in human cells infected with pU69-expressing rVVs, although the levels of phosphorylated ganciclovir metabolites were approximately 10-fold lower than those observed with pUL97. We also demonstrated that pU69, like pUL97, is expressed as a nuclear protein. Our results indicate that the limited phosphorylation of ganciclovir by pU69 may contribute to its modest antiviral activity against HHV-6 in certain cell systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leen De Bolle
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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De Clercq E, Naesens L, De Bolle L, Schols D, Zhang Y, Neyts J. Antiviral agents active against human herpesviruses HHV-6, HHV-7 and HHV-8. Rev Med Virol 2001; 11:381-95. [PMID: 11747000 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A series of antiviral compounds were examined for their activity against human herpesvirus type 6 (HHV-6), type 7 (HHV-7) and type 8 (HHV-8). They were selected either because they are already approved for clinical use in the treatment of herpesvirus infections (acyclovir, valaciclovir, penciclovir, famciclovir, ganciclovir, brivudin, foscarnet and cidofovir) or have demonstrated marked activity against herpesviruses (lobucavir, H2G, A-5021, D/L-cyclohexenyl G and S2242). In view of their host cell specificity, different cells and assays had to be used for determining antiviral activity against these three viruses. The most potent compounds with the highest antiviral selectivity index were: (i) for HHV-6; foscarnet, S2242, A-5021 and cidofovir; (ii) for HHV-7; S2242, cidofovir and foscarnet; and (iii) for HHV-8; S2242, cidofovir and ganciclovir. As mycophenolic acid has been shown to enhance significantly the activity of acyclic guanosine analogues (such as acyclovir, penciclovir and ganciclovir) in vitro against HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV and HCMV, it would seem worth evaluating whether mycophenolic acid also potentiates the activity of these acyclic guanosine analogues against HHV-6, -7 and -8.
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Affiliation(s)
- E De Clercq
- Division of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, K.U. Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6 variant A (HHV-6A) and human herpesvirus 6 variant B (HHV-6B) are two closely related yet distinct viruses. These visuses belong to the Roseolovirus genus of the betaherpesvirus subfamily; they are most closely related to human herpesvirus 7 and then to human cytomegalovirus. Over 95% of people older than 2 years of age are seropositive for either or both HHV-6 variants, and current serologic methods are incapable of discriminating infection with one variant from infection with the other. HHV-6A has not been etiologically linked to any human disease, but such an association will probably be found soon. HHV-6B is the etiologic agent of the common childhood illness exanthem subitum (roseola infantum or sixth disease) and related febrile illnesses. These viruses are frequently active and associated with illness in immunocompromised patients and may play a role in the etiology of Hodgkin's disease and other malignancies. HHV-6 is a commensal inhabitant of brains; various neurologic manifestations, including convulsions and encephalitis, can occur during primary HHV-6 infection or in immunocompromised patients. HHV-6 and distribution in the central nervous system are altered in patients with multiple sclerosis; the significance of this is under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Braun
- Eli Lilly, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lusso
- Unit of Human Virology, DIBIT, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
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Reymen D, Naesens L, Balzarini J, Holý A, Dvoráková H, De Clercq E. Antiviral activity of selected acyclic nucleoside analogues against human herpesvirus 6. Antiviral Res 1995; 28:343-57. [PMID: 8669893 DOI: 10.1016/0166-3542(95)00058-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) was examined in vitro for its sensitivity to a broad range of nucleoside analogues, including acyclovir (ACV), ganciclovir (GCV), penciclovir (PCV), buciclovir (BCV), brivudin (BVDU), the N7-isomer of 6-deoxyganciclovir (S2242), foscarnet (phosphonoformic acid, PFA), and several acyclic nucleoside phosphonate (ANP) analogues such as (S)-HPMPA, (S)-HPMPC, PMEA and PMEDAP. Antiviral efficacy was monitored microscopically by the inhibitory effect of the compounds on HHV-6-induced cytopathic effect in human T-lymphoblastoid HSB-2 cells. In addition, a newly developed immunofluorescence/flow cytometric assay (FACS) was used to determine HHV-6-specific antigen expression. A close correlation was observed between the antiviral data obtained by the microscopic assay and the flow cytometric assay. Marked antiviral efficacy was noted for S2242, PFA and the ANP analogues (S)-HPMPA, (S)-HPMPC, (S)-cHPMPC, (S)-3-deaza-HPMPA, (S)-3-deaza-cHPMPA, (S)-HPMPG and (R)-HPMPG. Also, PMEA and PMEDAP proved highly active against HHV-6 infection, whereas (S)-FPMPA and (R)-PMPDAP were inactive. ACV was only slightly protective against HHV-6, and no activity was found for GCV, PCV, BCV and BVDU. Overall, the efficacy of the nucleoside analogues against HHV-6 appeared to correlate with their efficacy against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV).
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Affiliation(s)
- D Reymen
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yamanishi
- Department of Virology, Osaka University, Japan
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Merelli E, Sola P, Faglioni P, Poggi M, Montorsi M, Torelli G. Newest human herpesvirus (HHV-6) in the Guillain-Barré syndrome and other neurological diseases. Acta Neurol Scand 1992; 85:334-6. [PMID: 1320318 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1992.tb04054.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the presence of human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) in patients affected by Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and by other neurological diseases (OND), we examined by indirect immunofluorescence analysis (IFA) the sera and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 28 GBS and 63 OND. Moreover, we tested 150 blood donors (BD) to appreciate the diffusion of HHV-6 infection in the Italian adult healthy population. We found a significantly higher titre of antibody to HHV-6 in the GBS patients compared with OND and BD, although the pathogenicity of the virus is not known.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Merelli
- Department of Neurology, University of Modena, Italy
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Pellett PE, Black JB, Yamamoto M. Human herpesvirus 6: the virus and the search for its role as a human pathogen. Adv Virus Res 1992; 41:1-52. [PMID: 1315478 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60034-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P E Pellett
- Herpesvirus Section, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
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Chapter 23 HHV-6: response to antiviral agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0168-7069(08)70074-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Di Luca D, Katsafanas G, Schirmer EC, Balachandran N, Frenkel N. The replication of viral and cellular DNA in human herpesvirus 6-infected cells. Virology 1990; 175:199-210. [PMID: 2155509 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(90)90200-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) is a newly identified lymphotropic herpesvirus. We have analyzed viral and host DNA replication in peripheral blood lymphocytes infected in the absence of drugs or infected in the presence of phosphonoacetic acid (PAA) or acyclovir (ACV). The results revealed the following: (i) Infection with HHV-6 resulted in the shutoff of host DNA replication. (ii) PAA at concentrations of 100 and 300 micrograms/ml significantly reduced virus replication. The drug inhibited viral DNA replication, whereas host cell DNA replication was not affected. This strongly suggests that HHV-6 encodes a PAA sensitive viral DNA polymerase. (iii) ACV at 20 microM did not interfere with virus production and virus spread. ACV at 100 microM only partly interfered with virus replication, whereas at 400 microM the block was more complete. Viral DNA replication was not affected by ACV at 20 microM. However, approximately 60 and 85% inhibition in viral DNA replication was observed in the presence of 100 and 400 microM of ACV. (iv) Assays for viral thymidine kinase (TK) revealed no significant increase in TK activity, whereas increased TK activity was noted following infection of the same peripheral blood lymphocytes with herpes simplex virus. Thus, either HHV-6 does not encode a tk enzyme which can phosphorylate ACV or the inefficient block may reflect lower sensitivity of the HHV-6 DNA polymerase to the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Di Luca
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, Maryland 20852
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Shiraki K, Okuno T, Yamanishi K, Takahashi M. Phosphonoacetic acid inhibits replication of human herpesvirus-6. Antiviral Res 1989; 12:311-8. [PMID: 2561336 DOI: 10.1016/0166-3542(89)90058-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Phosphonoacetic acid (PAA) inhibits the replication of human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) in mononuclear cells from cord bloods which are susceptible for natural HHV-6 infection in humans. Nuclear extracts of uninfected or HHV-6-infected mononuclear cells were applied to phosphocellulose column chromatography, and DNA polymerase activity was measured with or without the addition of 100 mM ammonium sulfate. The major DNA polymerase activities eluted at 0.47 M KCl were suppressed in both uninfected and HHV-6 infected cells by the addition of 100 mM ammonium sulfate. DNA polymerase activity eluted at 0.47 M KCl was observed only from HHV-6-infected cells; it was enhanced by 100 mM ammonium sulfate and neutralized with immune serum. DNA polymerase activity eluted at 0.73 M KCl was determined to be HHV-6 specific and had the properties of a typical herpesvirus-induced DNA polymerase. PAA inhibited HHV-6-specific DNA polymerase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Shiraki
- Department of Virology, Osaka University, Japan
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Williams MV, Ablashi DV, Salahuddin SZ, Glaser R. Demonstration of the human herpesvirus 6-induced DNA polymerase and DNase. Virology 1989; 173:223-30. [PMID: 2554571 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(89)90238-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Infection of HSB-2 cells with human herpesvirus 6 (HHV6) results in an approximately 51-fold increase in the level of DNA polymerase activity and a 4.44-fold increase in the level of DNase activity when compared to mock-infected cells. There was no increase in thymidine kinase, uracil-DNA glycosylase, or deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase activities in the infected cells. The HHV6-induced DNase and DNA polymerase activities could be distinguished from their normal cellular counterparts on the basis of immunological specificities and in the case of DNA polymerase based upon differences in electrophoretic migration. Serological studies also demonstrated reactivity of the antisera not only for HHV6 but also for Epstein-Barr virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Williams
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
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