1
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Lerma L, Muñoz AL, García Utrilla R, Sainz B, Lim F, Tabarés E, Gómez-Sebastián S. Partial complementation between the immediate early proteins ICP4 of herpes simplex virus type 1 and IE180 of pseudorabies virus. Virus Res 2020; 279:197896. [PMID: 32045631 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.197896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We previously described that the immediate early (IE) IE180 protein of PRV can down-regulate the transactivation of the ICP4 promoter of HSV-1, and that the d120 virus (an ICP4-deficient HSV-1 strain) can partially replicate its viral DNA in the presence of the IE180 protein. Herein, we demonstrate that this partial complementation of d120 by IE180 is sufficient for transcription of β, γ1 and γ2 products such as DNA pol, VP16 and gC, respectively. However, expression levels are low for VP16 and even lower for the gC, such that IE180 is unable to fully substitute for ICP4 functionally. Viral progeny was not detected in PK15 cells expressing PRV IE180.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lerma
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Salud Pública y Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - A L Muñoz
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Salud Pública y Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - R García Utrilla
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Salud Pública y Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - B Sainz
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Lim
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - E Tabarés
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Salud Pública y Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - S Gómez-Sebastián
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Salud Pública y Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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2
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Haas JG, Weber J, Gonzalez O, Zimmer R, Griffiths SJ. Antiviral activity of the mineralocorticoid receptor NR3C2 against Herpes simplex virus Type 1 (HSV-1) infection. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15876. [PMID: 30367157 PMCID: PMC6203759 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34241-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of a genome-scale RNA interference screen of host factors affecting herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) revealed that the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) inhibits HSV-1 replication. As a ligand-activated transcription factor the MR regulates sodium transport and blood pressure in the kidney in response to aldosterone, but roles have recently been elucidated for the MR in other cellular processes. Here, we show that the MR and other members of the mineralocorticoid signalling pathway including HSP90 and FKBP4, possess anti-viral activity against HSV-1 independent of their effect on sodium transport, as shown by sodium channel inhibitors. Expression of the MR is upregulated upon infection in an interferon (IFN) and viral transcriptional activator VP16-dependent fashion. Furthermore, the MR and VP16, together with the cellular co-activator Oct-1, transactivate the hormone response element (HRE) present in the MR promoter and those of its transcriptional targets. As the MR induces IFN expression, our data suggests the MR is involved in a positive feedback loop that controls HSV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen G Haas
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Julia Weber
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Orland Gonzalez
- Institute for Informatics, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, 80333, München, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmer
- Institute for Informatics, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, 80333, München, Germany
| | - Samantha J Griffiths
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.
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3
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Three newly identified Immediate Early Genes of Bovine herpesvirus 1 lack the characteristic Octamer binding motif- 1. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11441. [PMID: 30061689 PMCID: PMC6065388 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29490-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Only three immediate early genes (IE) BICP0, BICP4 and BICP22 of Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) are known. These genes are expressed coordinately and their promoters are well characterized. We provide evidence for expression of three additional IE genes of BoHV-1 i.e. UL21, UL33 and UL34. These genes are expressed in the presence of cycloheximide (CH) at the same time as known IE genes. Surprisingly, the promoters of newly identified IE genes (UL21, UL33, UL34) lack the OCT-1 binding site, a considered site of transactivation of the BoHV-1 IE genes. The other difference in the promoters of the newly identified IE genes is the presence of TATA box at near optimal site. However, all the IE genes have similar spatial placements of C/EBPα, DPE and INR elements.
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4
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Meyer F. Viral interactions with components of the splicing machinery. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2016; 142:241-68. [PMID: 27571697 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic genes are often interrupted by stretches of sequence with no protein coding potential or obvious function. After transcription, these interrupting sequences must be removed to give rise to the mature messenger RNA. This fundamental process is called RNA splicing and is achieved by complicated machinery made of protein and RNA that assembles around the RNA to be edited. Viruses also use RNA splicing to maximize their coding potential and economize on genetic space, and use clever strategies to manipulate the splicing machinery to their advantage. This article gives an overview of the splicing process and provides examples of viral strategies that make use of various components of the splicing system to promote their replicative cycle. Representative virus families have been selected to illustrate the interaction with various regulatory proteins and ribonucleoproteins. The unifying theme is fine regulation through protein-protein and protein-RNA interactions with the spliceosome components and associated factors to promote or prevent spliceosome assembly on given splice sites, in addition to a strong influence from cis-regulatory sequences on viral transcripts. Because there is an intimate coupling of splicing with the processes that direct mRNA biogenesis, a description of how these viruses couple the regulation of splicing with the retention or stability of mRNAs is also included. It seems that a unique balance of suppression and activation of splicing and nuclear export works optimally for each family of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Meyer
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Entomology & Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA.
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5
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The histone acetyltransferase CLOCK is an essential component of the herpes simplex virus 1 transcriptome that includes TFIID, ICP4, ICP27, and ICP22. J Virol 2011; 85:9472-7. [PMID: 21734043 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00876-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies published elsewhere have shown that the herpes simplex virus regulatory protein ICP0 interacts with BMAL1, a partner and regulator of circadian histone acetyltransferase CLOCK, that both proteins localize at ND10 bodies and are stabilized by viral proteins, that enzymatically active CLOCK partially complements ΔICP0 mutants, and that silencing of CLOCK suppresses the expression of viral genes. Here we report that CLOCK is a component of the transcriptional complex that includes TFIID, ICP4, ICP27, and ICP22. The results suggest that the CLOCK histone acetyltransferase is a component of the viral transcriptional machinery throughout the replicative cycle of the virus and that ICP27 and ICP22 initiate their involvement in viral gene expression as components of viral transcriptome.
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6
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Miller CS. Pleiotropic mechanisms of virus survival and persistence. ORAL SURGERY, ORAL MEDICINE, ORAL PATHOLOGY, ORAL RADIOLOGY, AND ENDODONTICS 2005; 100:S27-36. [PMID: 16037790 PMCID: PMC7118778 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2005.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2005] [Revised: 03/22/2005] [Accepted: 03/22/2005] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are enormously efficient infectious agents that have been implicated in causing human disease for centuries. Transmission of these pathogens continues to be from one life form to another in the form of isolated cases, epidemics, and pandemics. Each infection requires entry into a susceptible host, replication, and evasion of the immune system. Viruses are successful pathogens because they target specific cells for their attack, exploit the cellular machinery, and are efficient in circumventing and/or inhibiting key cellular events required of survival. This article reviews some of the advances that have taken place in human virology in the past 50 years, emphasizing mechanisms that contribute to, and are involved with, virus survival and persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig S. Miller
- Professor, Section of Oral Medicine, Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, and Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky
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7
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Advani SJ, Durand LO, Weichselbaum RR, Roizman B. Oct-1 is posttranslationally modified and exhibits reduced capacity to bind cognate sites at late times after infection with herpes simplex virus 1. J Virol 2003; 77:11927-32. [PMID: 14581529 PMCID: PMC254286 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.22.11927-11932.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In herpes simplex virus 1-infected cells, a high level of alpha gene expression requires the transactivation of the genes by a complex containing the viral alpha transinducing factor (alphaTIF) and two cellular proteins. The latter two, HCF-1 and octamer binding protein Oct-1, are transcriptional factors regulated in a cell cycle-dependent manner. alphaTIF is a protein made late in infection but packaged with the virion to transactivate viral genes in newly infected cells. In light of the accumulation of large amounts of alphaTIF, the absence of alpha gene expression late in infection suggested the possibility that one or more transcriptional factors required for alpha gene expression is modified late in infection. Here we report that Oct-1 is posttranscriptionally modified late in infection, that the modification is mediated by the virus but does not involve viral protein kinases or cdc2 kinase activated by the virus late in infection, and that the modified Oct-1 has a reduced affinity for its cognate DNA site. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that modification of Oct-1 transcriptional factor could account at least in part for the shutoff of alpha gene expression late in infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil J Advani
- The Marjorie B. Kovler Viral Oncology Laboratories, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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8
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Knez J, Bilan PT, Capone JP. A single amino acid substitution in herpes simplex virus type 1 VP16 inhibits binding to the virion host shutoff protein and is incompatible with virus growth. J Virol 2003; 77:2892-902. [PMID: 12584313 PMCID: PMC149789 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.5.2892-2902.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to its well-established role in the activation of herpes simplex virus immediate-early gene transcription, VP16 interacts with and downregulates the function of the virion host shutoff protein (vhs), thereby attenuating vhs-mediated destruction of viral mRNAs and translational arrest at late times of infection. We have carried out two-hybrid analysis in vivo and protein-protein interaction assays in vitro to identify determinants in VP16 necessary for interaction with vhs. The minimal amino-terminal subfragment of VP16 capable of binding to vhs encompassed residues 1 to 345. Alteration of a single leucine at position 344 to alanine (L344A) in the context of the amino-terminal fragment of VP16 containing residues 1 to 404 was sufficient to abolish interaction with vhs in vitro and in vivo. Leu344 could be replaced with hydrophobic amino acids (Ile, Phe, Met, or Val) but not by Asn, Lys, or Pro, indicating that hydrophobicity is an important property of binding to vhs. VP16 harboring a loss-of-function mutation at L344 was not compromised in its ability to interact with host cell factor (HCF-1) or to activate transcription of viral immediate-early genes in transient-transfection assays. Virus complementation assays using the VP16-null virus 8MA and the VP16/vhs double-mutant virus 8MAdeltaSma showed that VP16(L344A) was able to complement the growth of 8MAdeltaSma but not 8MA. Thus, a single point mutation in VP16 uncouples binding to vhs from other functions of VP16 required for virus growth and indicates that direct physical association between VP16 and vhs is necessary to sustain a productive infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Knez
- Department of Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3Z5
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9
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Park R, Giza PE, Mold DE, Huang RCC. Inhibition of HSV-1 replication and reactivation by the mutation-insensitive transcription inhibitor tetra-O-glycyl-nordihydroguaiaretic acid. Antiviral Res 2003; 58:35-45. [PMID: 12719005 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-3542(02)00165-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Methylated derivatives of nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA)were previously shown to be potent mutation-resistant inhibitors of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) which target Sp1 protein binding to critical viral promoters. The hydrophobic nature of these agents, however, renders them relatively water-insoluble and, therefore, limits their applicability. We report here on the anti-HSV-1 properties of a related but water-soluble glycylated derivative of NDGA, tetra-O-glycyl-NDGA (G(4)N). In yield reduction assays, G(4)N inhibited replication of laboratory and clinical strains of wild type HSV-1 and ACV-resistant (HSV-1(R)) strains of HSV-1 in a dose-dependent manner, with average IC(50) values of 4.7 and 3.2 microM against wild-type and HSV-1(R) strains, respectively. An MTT-based cytotoxicity assay revealed a TC(50) value of 73.2 microM for G(4)N on Vero cells, with no reduction in viability detected at concentrations below 30 microM. Similar to its methylated counterparts, G(4)N was found to inhibit transcription of the HSV-1 ICP4 gene, a major immediate early viral regulator, and gel mobility shift assays showed it can block Sp1 protein binding to cognate sites on the ICP4 promoter. In anticipation of its potential use as a systemic anti-HSV-1 agent, we tested G(4)N in a murine trigeminal ganglia (TG) explant model system, and found G(4)N was able to prevent HSV-1 reactivation from explanted and cultured latently infected TG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Park
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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10
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Poppers J, Mulvey M, Khoo D, Mohr I. Inhibition of PKR activation by the proline-rich RNA binding domain of the herpes simplex virus type 1 Us11 protein. J Virol 2000; 74:11215-21. [PMID: 11070019 PMCID: PMC113216 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.23.11215-11221.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon activation by double-stranded RNA in virus-infected cells, the cellular PKR kinase phosphorylates the translation initiation factor eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2) and thereby inhibits protein synthesis. The gamma 34.5 and Us11 gene products encoded by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) are dedicated to preventing the accumulation of phosphorylated eIF2. While the gamma 34.5 gene specifies a regulatory subunit for protein phosphatase 1 alpha, the Us11 gene encodes an RNA binding protein that also prevents PKR activation. gamma 34.5 mutants fail to grow on a variety of human cells as phosphorylated eIF2 accumulates and protein synthesis ceases prior to the completion of the viral life cycle. We demonstrate that expression of a 68-amino-acid fragment of Us11 containing a novel proline-rich basic RNA binding domain allows for sustained protein synthesis and enhanced growth of gamma 34.5 mutants. Furthermore, this fragment is sufficient to inhibit activation of the cellular PKR kinase in a cell-free system, suggesting that the intrinsic activities of this small fragment, notably RNA binding and ribosome association, may be required to prevent PKR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Poppers
- Department of Microbiology and Kaplan Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
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11
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Lagunoff M, Roizman B. The regulation of synthesis and properties of the protein product of open reading frame P of the herpes simplex virus 1 genome. J Virol 1995; 69:3615-23. [PMID: 7745709 PMCID: PMC189076 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.69.6.3615-3623.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Open reading frame P (ORF P) maps in the inverted repeat sequence ab and b'a' flanking the long unique (UL) sequence of the herpes simplex virus 1 genome, within the sequence reported to be transcribed during latent infection of sensory neurons. Both the protein and the RNA were previously reported to be expressed only in cells infected with a deletion mutant or with a mutant carrying a ts lesion in the alpha 4 gene encoding the infected cell protein no. 4 (ICP4), a major regulatory protein of the virus. In this report we show that (i) disruption of the ICP4 DNA binding site by replacement mutagenesis resulted in the overexpression of ORF P protein even at permissive temperatures, leading to productive infection; (ii) the expression of ORF P does not require prior viral protein synthesis; (iii) late in infection the ORF protein P is processed into multiple forms characterized by a slower electrophoretic mobility in denaturing gels; (iv) ORF P protein accumulates in nuclei of infected cells; and (v) in some nuclei of infected cells, ORF P protein is organized in the form of rods traversing the nucleus from the basolateral to the apical side. We conclude that ORF P has many of the properties predictive of a viral gene group, which we designate pre-alpha. Specifically, these could be induced by the alpha transinducing factor (also known as VP16) carried in the virion; they would be firmly shut off by the onset of expression of alpha genes required for productive infection; and in the absence of repressive effects of ICP4, their expression could be dependent on the number of viral DNA copies available for transcription. Finally, the productively infected cell would evolve a way of disposing excess pre-alpha proteins by posttranslational processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lagunoff
- Marjorie B. Kovler Viral Oncology Laboratories, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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12
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Leopardi R, Michael N, Roizman B. Repression of the herpes simplex virus 1 alpha 4 gene by its gene product (ICP4) within the context of the viral genome is conditioned by the distance and stereoaxial alignment of the ICP4 DNA binding site relative to the TATA box. J Virol 1995; 69:3042-8. [PMID: 7707531 PMCID: PMC189004 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.69.5.3042-3048.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Infected cell protein no. 4 (ICP4), the major regulatory protein encoded by the alpha 4 gene of herpes simplex virus 1, binds to a site (alpha 4-2) at the transcription initiation site of the alpha 4 gene. An earlier report described the construction of recombinant viruses that contained chimeric genes (alpha 4-tk) that consisted of the 5' untranscribed and transcribed noncoding domains of the alpha 4 gene fused to the coding sequences of the thymidine kinase gene and showed that disruption of the alpha 4-2 binding site by mutagenesis derepressed transcription of this gene (N. Michael and B. Roizman, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:2286-2290, 1993). This experimental design was used to determine the effect of displacement of the alpha 4-2 binding site on the repression of alpha 4 gene transcription by ICP4. We report the following findings. (i) In the absence of the alpha 4-2 binding site, at 4 h after infection, alpha 4-tk RNA levels increased 10-fold relative to the corresponding RNA levels of a gene that contained the alpha 4-2 site at its natural location. Displacement of the alpha 4-2 binding site by approximately one, two, and three turns of the DNA helix, i.e., by 10, 21, and 30 nucleotides downstream of the original site, increased the concentration of alpha 4-tk RNA 2.4-, 3.5-, and 5.8-fold, respectively. (ii) Displacement of 16 nucleotides, i.e., approximately 1.5 helical turns, increased the accumulation of alpha 4-tk by 5.3-fold, i.e., more than predicted by displacement alone. (iii) At 8 h after infection in the absence of the binding site, the accumulation of alpha 4-tk RNA increased 13.6-fold. However, in cells infected with recombinants that carried displaced alpha 4-2 binding sites, RNA accumulation decreased relative to the levels seen at 4 h after infection. The insertion of DNA sequences in order to displace the alpha 4-2 binding site had no effect on accumulation of RNA in the presence of cycloheximide, i.e., in the absence of ICP4, or on maximum accumulation of alpha 4-tk RNA in the absence of the alpha 4-2 binding site.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- R Leopardi
- Marjorie B. Kovler Viral Oncology Laboratories, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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13
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Glazenburg KL, Elgersma-Hooisma M, Briaire J, Voermans J, Kimman TG, Gielkens AL, Moormann RJ. Vaccine properties of pseudorabies virus strain 783 are not affected by a deletion of 71 base pairs in the promoter/enhancer region of the viral immediate early gene. Vaccine 1994; 12:1097-100. [PMID: 7998419 DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(94)90179-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Strain 783 of pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a genetically engineered vaccine which contains three deletions. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of one of the deletions, which until now has not been characterized. The deletion occurs within the inverted repeats. Seventy-one base pairs (bp) were deleted, including one of the repeat sequence elements related to the TAATGARATTC boxes detected within the promoter and enhancer region of the immediate early (IE) genes of herpes simplex virus. The deletion affected neither the transcription of the IE gene nor viral growth in vitro. In our animal experiments, one group of pigs was inoculated with the original strain 783 and another with strain 783 which had had the repeat sequences restored. These two groups were then compared to determine the protective efficacy of the two vaccine strains against PRV infection. The deletion in the inverted repeats does not affect the vaccine properties of PRV strain 783: strain 783, with and without the 71 bp deletion in the repeats, protected pigs equally well.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Base Composition
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Southern
- Cell Line
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic/genetics
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral/genetics
- Genes, Immediate-Early/genetics
- Herpesvirus 1, Suid/genetics
- Herpesvirus 1, Suid/immunology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Pseudorabies/prevention & control
- Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- Sequence Alignment
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- Swine
- Transcription, Genetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Virus Shedding/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Glazenburg
- Central Veterinary Institute, Department of Virology, Lelestad, The Netherlands
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14
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Arnosti DN, Preston CM, Hagmann M, Schaffner W, Hope RG, Laughlan G, Luisi BF. Specific transcriptional activation in vitro by the herpes simplex virus protein VP16. Nucleic Acids Res 1993; 21:5570-6. [PMID: 8284200 PMCID: PMC310517 DOI: 10.1093/nar/21.24.5570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The herpes simplex virus protein VP16 interacts with cellular factors, including the protein Oct-1, to activate viral immediate early (IE) gene transcription. We have reproduced this effect by addition of purified, full-length VP16 and the DNA-binding 'POU' domain of Oct-1 (Oct-1/POU) to a HeLa cell in vitro transcription system. Stimulation of transcription was dependent on the IE-specific element, TAATGARAT. In agreement with earlier observations from electrophoretic mobility shift assays, activation was not observed when Oct-2/POU, the DNA-binding domain from the Oct-2 protein, was substituted for Oct-1/POU. Single round transcription assays revealed that, together, VP16 and Oct-1/POU facilitate the assembly of pre-initiation complexes at target gene promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Arnosti
- Institut für Molekularbiologie II, Universitat Zürich, Switzerland
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15
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Purves FC, Ogle WO, Roizman B. Processing of the herpes simplex virus regulatory protein alpha 22 mediated by the UL13 protein kinase determines the accumulation of a subset of alpha and gamma mRNAs and proteins in infected cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:6701-5. [PMID: 8393574 PMCID: PMC47000 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.14.6701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We reported previously that the posttranslational processing associated with phosphorylation of the herpes simplex virus 1 infected-cell protein 22 (ICP22), a regulatory protein, is encoded by UL13, a gene encoding a structural protein of the virion. We now report the following. (i) In cells infected with a mutant lacking UL13 (delta UL13), restricted infected cells accumulate reduced levels of the regulatory protein ICP0 and several late viral proteins. Identical reductions have been observed in the same cell lines infected with a mutant from which the alpha 22 gene, encoding ICP22, had been deleted (delta alpha 22). We conclude that the UL13-mediated processing of ICP22 is essential for its gene-regulatory function. (ii) The reduced accumulations of specific viral protein in cells infected with either delta UL13 or delta alpha 22 viruses correlate with reduced levels of specific mRNAs for both ICP0 and the affected late genes. (iii) ICP22 is not modified by the UL13 protein introduced into cells during infection. (iv) ICP22 is also modified by the protein kinase encoded by US3, but this modification is different from that of the UL13 protein kinase. These results predict that UL13 encodes a protein kinase or phosphotransferase which is expressed late in the replicative life cycle and which directly or indirectly phosphorylates ICP22. This modification is essential for stabilization or increased transcription of a specific subset of viral RNAs and, ultimately, for the accumulation of corresponding viral proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C Purves
- Majorie B. Kovler Viral Oncology Laboratories, University of Chicago, IL 60637
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Kristie T, Sharp P. Purification of the cellular C1 factor required for the stable recognition of the Oct-1 homeodomain by the herpes simplex virus alpha-trans-induction factor (VP16). J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53282-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Abstract
Expression from the promoter for the large subunit (ICP6) of the ribonucleotide reductase encoded by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) has been examined. Using the lacZ reporter gene fused in-frame with ICP6 regulatory sequences to assay expression quantitatively, we showed that the ICP6 promoter responded very weakly to the alpha-transinducing factor (TIF) in the absence of all other viral gene products, but much more strongly to immediate early proteins. Similar patterns of regulation were observed when the reporter gene construct was located at two different positions within the the viral genome or in a stably transfected Vero cell line. Infection of the stably transfected cells with various HSV-1 mutants identified ICP0 as the major transactivator of the ICP6 promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sze
- Syntex Research, Palo Alto, CA 94304
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Romanelli MG, Mavromara-Nazos P, Spector D, Roizman B. Mutational analysis of the ICP4 binding sites in the 5' transcribed noncoding domains of the herpes simplex virus 1 UL 49.5 gamma 2 gene. J Virol 1992; 66:4855-63. [PMID: 1321274 PMCID: PMC241316 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.66.8.4855-4863.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A previous report (P. Mavromara-Nazos and B. Roizman, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:4071-4075, 1989) demonstrated that substitution of sequences of the thymidine kinase (tk) gene, a beta gene, extending from -16 to +51 with sequences extending from -12 to +104 of the gamma 2 UL 49.5 gene in viral recombinant R3820 conferred upon the chimeric gene gamma 2 attributes in the context of the viral genome in a productive infection. The UL49.5 gene sequences extending from -179 to +104 contain four DNA binding sites for the major regulatory protein ICP4. Of these sites, two map between nucleotides +20 and +80 within the sequence which confers gamma 2 regulation upon the chimeric gene. To determine the role of these ICP4 binding sites in conferring the gamma 2 gene attributes, sequences comprising the two ICP4 binding sites were mutagenized and used to reconstruct the R3820 recombinant virus. In addition, a new recombinant virus (R8023) was constructed in which tk sequences extending from -240 to +51 were replaced with wild-type or mutated sequences contained between nucleotides -179 to +104 of the UL 49.5 gene. Vero cells infected with the recombinant viruses in the presence or absence of phosphonoacetate, a specific inhibitor of viral DNA synthesis, were then tested for accumulation of tk RNA by using an RNase protection assay. The results indicate that in the recombinant R3820, a mutation which destroyed one of the two UL49.5 ICP4 DNA binding sites significantly reduced the accumulation of tk RNA at both early and late times after infection. The effect of this mutation was less pronounced in cells infected with the R8023 virus, whose chimeric tk gene contains the two upstream UL49.5 ICP4 binding sites. None of the mutations affected the sensitivity of the chimeric genes to phosphonoacetate. The mutated site appears to be involved in the accumulation of RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Romanelli
- Marjorie B. Kovler Viral Oncology Laboratories, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637
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