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Gray ME, Meehan J, Sullivan P, Marland JRK, Greenhalgh SN, Gregson R, Clutton RE, Ward C, Cousens C, Griffiths DJ, Murray A, Argyle D. Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma: A Unique Model to Improve Lung Cancer Research. Front Oncol 2019; 9:335. [PMID: 31106157 PMCID: PMC6498990 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer represents a major worldwide health concern; although advances in patient management have improved outcomes for some patients, overall 5-year survival rates are only around 15%. In vitro studies and mouse models are commonly used to study lung cancer and their use has increased the molecular understanding of the disease. Unfortunately, mouse models are poor predictors of clinical outcome and seldom mimic advanced stages of the human disease. Animal models that more accurately reflect human disease are required for progress to be made in improving treatment outcomes and prognosis. Similarities in pulmonary anatomy and physiology potentially make sheep better models for studying human lung function and disease. Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) is a naturally occurring lung cancer that is caused by the jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus. The disease is endemic in many countries throughout the world and has several features in common with human lung adenocarcinomas, including histological classification and activation of common cellular signaling pathways. Here we discuss the in vivo and in vitro OPA models that are currently available and describe the advantages of using pre-clinical naturally occurring OPA cases as a translational animal model for human lung adenocarcinoma. The challenges and options for obtaining these OPA cases for research purposes, along with their use in developing novel techniques for the evaluation of chemotherapeutic agents or for monitoring the tumor microenvironment in response to treatment, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E. Gray
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and Division of Pathology Laboratories, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - James Meehan
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and Division of Pathology Laboratories, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Institute of Sensors, Signals and Systems, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Sullivan
- School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie R. K. Marland
- School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen N. Greenhalgh
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael Gregson
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Eddie Clutton
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Carol Ward
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and Division of Pathology Laboratories, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Cousens
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Griffiths
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Murray
- School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David Argyle
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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He Y, Zhang Q, Wang J, Zhou M, Fu M, Xu X. Full-length genome sequence analysis of enzootic nasal tumor virus isolated from goats in China. Virol J 2017; 14:141. [PMID: 28747230 PMCID: PMC5530571 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0795-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enzootic nasal tumor virus (ENTV) is a betaretrovirus of sheep (ENTV-1) and goats (ENTV-2) associated with neoplastic transformation of epithelial cells of the ethmoid turbinate. Confirmation of the role of ENTV in the pathogenesis of enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma (ENA) has yet to be resolved due to the inability to culture the virus. Very little is known about the prevalence of this disease, particularly in China. Methods To evaluate the genetic diversity of ENTV-2 from Shaanxi province of China, the complete genome sequence of four isolates from Shaanxi province was determined by RT-PCR. These sequences were analyzed to evaluate their genetic relatedness with other small ruminant betaretroviruses. Phylogenetic analyses based on the gag gene and env gene were performed. Results The ENTV-2-Shaanxi1 genome shared 97.0% sequence identity with ENTV-2-SC (accession number HM104174.1), and 89.6% sequence identity with the ENTV-2 sequences (accession number AY197548.1). ENTV-2 is closely related to the ENTV-1 and jaagsiekte retrovirus (JSRV). The main sequence differences between these viruses reside in LTR, two small regions of Gag, Orf-x, and the transmembrane (TM) region of Env. A stretch of 6 consecutive proline residues exists in VR1 of the ENTV-2-Shaanxi1 ~ 4 isolates. All the ENTV-2-Shaanxi isolates have the YXXM motif in the cytoplasmic tail of the Env. Phylogenetic analysis by nucleotide sequences showed that ENTV-2-Shaanxi1 ~ 4 isolates were closest related to two ENTV-2 isolates published in NCBI, especially with ENTV-2-SC strain. Conclusions This finding indicates that ENA most likely was introduced to Shaanxi province by the movement of contaminated goats from other areas in China. This study adds to understand the circulation, variation and distribution of ENTV-2, and may prove beneficial in future control or eradication programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yapeng He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Man Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingzhe Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xingang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China.
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Youssef G, Wallace WAH, Dagleish MP, Cousens C, Griffiths DJ. Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma: a large animal model for human lung cancer. ILAR J 2016; 56:99-115. [PMID: 25991702 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilv014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Recent progress in understanding the molecular pathogenesis of this disease has resulted in novel therapeutic strategies targeting specific groups of patients. Further studies are required to provide additional advances in diagnosis and treatment. Animal models are valuable tools for studying oncogenesis in lung cancer, particularly during the early stages of disease where tissues are rarely available from human cases. Mice have traditionally been used for studying lung cancer in vivo, and a variety of spontaneous and transgenic models are available. However, it is recognized that other species may also be informative for studies of cancer. Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) is a naturally occurring lung cancer of sheep caused by retrovirus infection and has several features in common with adenocarcinoma of humans, including a similar histological appearance and activation of common cell signaling pathways. Additionally, the size and organization of human lungs are much closer to those of sheep lungs than to those of mice, which facilitates experimental approaches in sheep that are not available in mice. Thus OPA presents opportunities for studying lung tumor development that can complement conventional murine models. Here we describe the potential applications of OPA as a model for human lung adenocarcinoma with an emphasis on the various in vivo and in vitro experimental systems available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gehad Youssef
- Gehad Youssef, BSc, is a research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK. William A. H. Wallace, MBChB(Hons), PhD, FRCPE, FRCPath, is a consultant pathologist at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh and Honorary Reader in Pathology, Edinburgh University, UK; Mark P. Dagleish BVM&S, PhD, MRCVS, FRCPath, is Head of Pathology at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK. Chris Cousens, PhD, is a senior research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK, and David J. Griffiths, PhD, is a principal research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - William A H Wallace
- Gehad Youssef, BSc, is a research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK. William A. H. Wallace, MBChB(Hons), PhD, FRCPE, FRCPath, is a consultant pathologist at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh and Honorary Reader in Pathology, Edinburgh University, UK; Mark P. Dagleish BVM&S, PhD, MRCVS, FRCPath, is Head of Pathology at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK. Chris Cousens, PhD, is a senior research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK, and David J. Griffiths, PhD, is a principal research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark P Dagleish
- Gehad Youssef, BSc, is a research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK. William A. H. Wallace, MBChB(Hons), PhD, FRCPE, FRCPath, is a consultant pathologist at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh and Honorary Reader in Pathology, Edinburgh University, UK; Mark P. Dagleish BVM&S, PhD, MRCVS, FRCPath, is Head of Pathology at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK. Chris Cousens, PhD, is a senior research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK, and David J. Griffiths, PhD, is a principal research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Chris Cousens
- Gehad Youssef, BSc, is a research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK. William A. H. Wallace, MBChB(Hons), PhD, FRCPE, FRCPath, is a consultant pathologist at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh and Honorary Reader in Pathology, Edinburgh University, UK; Mark P. Dagleish BVM&S, PhD, MRCVS, FRCPath, is Head of Pathology at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK. Chris Cousens, PhD, is a senior research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK, and David J. Griffiths, PhD, is a principal research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David J Griffiths
- Gehad Youssef, BSc, is a research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK. William A. H. Wallace, MBChB(Hons), PhD, FRCPE, FRCPath, is a consultant pathologist at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh and Honorary Reader in Pathology, Edinburgh University, UK; Mark P. Dagleish BVM&S, PhD, MRCVS, FRCPath, is Head of Pathology at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK. Chris Cousens, PhD, is a senior research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK, and David J. Griffiths, PhD, is a principal research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
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Berthet N, Frangeul L, Olaussen KA, Brambilla E, Dorvault N, Girard P, Validire P, Fadel E, Bouchier C, Gessain A, Soria JC. No evidence for viral sequences in five lepidic adenocarcinomas (former "BAC") by a high-throughput sequencing approach. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:782. [PMID: 26667652 PMCID: PMC4678645 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1669-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The hypothesis of an infectious etiology of the formerly named bronchiolo-alveolar carcinoma (BAC) has raised controversy. We investigated tumor lung tissues from five patients with former BAC histology using high-throughput sequencing technologies to discover potential viruses present in this type of lung cancer. Around 180 million single reads of 100 bases were generated for each BAC sample. Results None of the reads showed a significant similarity for Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) and no other viruses were found except for endogenous retroviruses. Conclusions In conclusion, we have demonstrated the absence of JSRV and other known human viruses in five samples of well-characterized lepidic adenocarcinoma. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13104-015-1669-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Berthet
- Epidemiology and Physiopathology of Oncogenic Viruses Unit, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015, Paris, France. .,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 3569, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015, Paris, France. .,Département Zoonoses et Maladies Emergentes, Groupe Syndromes Cliniques et Virus Associés, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), BP 769, Franceville, Gabon.
| | - Lionel Frangeul
- Viruses and RNAi Unit, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015, Paris, France.
| | - Ken André Olaussen
- INSERM - U981, 94805, Villejuif, France. .,Gustave Roussy, DHU TORINO, 94805, Villejuif, Paris, France. .,Univ Paris-Sud, UMR-S981, 94805, Villejuif, Paris, France.
| | - Elisabeth Brambilla
- INSERM U823, Institut Albert Bonniot-Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble Cedex 09, France. .,Département d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, CHU Albert Michallon, BP 217, 38043, Grenoble Cedex 09, France.
| | - Nicolas Dorvault
- INSERM - U981, 94805, Villejuif, France. .,Gustave Roussy, DHU TORINO, 94805, Villejuif, Paris, France. .,Univ Paris-Sud, UMR-S981, 94805, Villejuif, Paris, France.
| | - Philippe Girard
- Département thoracique, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, 42 Boulevard Jourdan, 75014, Paris, France.
| | - Pierre Validire
- Département d'anatomie pathologique, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, 42 Boulevard Jourdan, 75014, Paris, France.
| | - Elie Fadel
- INSERM, U999, 92350, Le Plessis-Robinson, France. .,Univ Paris-Sud, UMR-S999, 92350, Le Plessis-Robinson, France. .,Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery and Heart-Lung Transplantation, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, 92350, Le Plessis-Robinson, France.
| | - Christiane Bouchier
- Plateforme de Génomique, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015, Paris, France.
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Epidemiology and Physiopathology of Oncogenic Viruses Unit, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015, Paris, France. .,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 3569, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015, Paris, France.
| | - Jean-Charles Soria
- INSERM - U981, 94805, Villejuif, France. .,Gustave Roussy, DHU TORINO, 94805, Villejuif, Paris, France. .,Univ Paris-Sud, UMR-S981, 94805, Villejuif, Paris, France.
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Armezzani A, Varela M, Spencer TE, Palmarini M, Arnaud F. "Ménage à Trois": the evolutionary interplay between JSRV, enJSRVs and domestic sheep. Viruses 2014; 6:4926-45. [PMID: 25502326 PMCID: PMC4276937 DOI: 10.3390/v6124926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Sheep betaretroviruses represent a fascinating model to study the complex evolutionary interplay between host and pathogen in natural settings. In infected sheep, the exogenous and pathogenic Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) coexists with a variety of highly related endogenous JSRVs, referred to as enJSRVs. During evolution, some of them were co-opted by the host as they fulfilled important biological functions, including placental development and protection against related exogenous retroviruses. In particular, two enJSRV loci, enJS56A1 and enJSRV-20, were positively selected during sheep domestication due to their ability to interfere with the replication of related competent retroviruses. Interestingly, viruses escaping these transdominant enJSRVs have recently emerged, probably less than 200 years ago. Overall, these findings suggest that in sheep the process of endogenization is still ongoing and, therefore, the evolutionary interplay between endogenous and exogenous sheep betaretroviruses and their host has not yet reached an equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Armezzani
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61-1QH, UK.
| | - Mariana Varela
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61-1QH, UK.
| | - Thomas E Spencer
- Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, PO Box 646310 Pullman, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Massimo Palmarini
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61-1QH, UK.
| | - Frédérick Arnaud
- UMR754, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, SFR BioSciences Gerland, 50 avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France.
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Ballandras-Colas A, Naraharisetty H, Li X, Serrao E, Engelman A. Biochemical characterization of novel retroviral integrase proteins. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76638. [PMID: 24124581 PMCID: PMC3790719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrase is an essential retroviral enzyme, catalyzing the stable integration of reverse transcribed DNA into cellular DNA. Several aspects of the integration mechanism, including the length of host DNA sequence duplication flanking the integrated provirus, which can be from 4 to 6 bp, and the nucleotide preferences at the site of integration, are thought to cluster among the different retroviral genera. To date only the spumavirus prototype foamy virus integrase has provided diffractable crystals of integrase-DNA complexes, revealing unprecedented details on the molecular mechanisms of DNA integration. Here, we characterize five previously unstudied integrase proteins, including those derived from the alpharetrovirus lymphoproliferative disease virus (LPDV), betaretroviruses Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV), and mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), epsilonretrovirus walleye dermal sarcoma virus (WDSV), and gammaretrovirus reticuloendotheliosis virus strain A (Rev-A) to identify potential novel structural biology candidates. Integrase expressed in bacterial cells was analyzed for solubility, stability during purification, and, once purified, 3′ processing and DNA strand transfer activities in vitro. We show that while we were unable to extract or purify accountable amounts of WDSV, JRSV, or LPDV integrase, purified MMTV and Rev-A integrase each preferentially support the concerted integration of two viral DNA ends into target DNA. The sequencing of concerted Rev-A integration products indicates high fidelity cleavage of target DNA strands separated by 5 bp during integration, which contrasts with the 4 bp duplication generated by a separate gammaretrovirus, the Moloney murine leukemia virus (MLV). By comparing Rev-A in vitro integration sites to those generated by MLV in cells, we concordantly conclude that the spacing of target DNA cleavage is more evolutionarily flexible than are the target DNA base contacts made by integrase during integration. Given their desirable concerted DNA integration profiles, Rev-A and MMTV integrase proteins have been earmarked for structural biology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Ballandras-Colas
- Department of Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hema Naraharisetty
- Department of Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Erik Serrao
- Department of Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alan Engelman
- Department of Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus biology and oncogenesis. Viruses 2010; 2:2618-48. [PMID: 21994634 PMCID: PMC3185594 DOI: 10.3390/v2122618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) is the causative agent of a lung cancer in sheep known as ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA). The disease has been identified around the world in several breeds of sheep and goats, and JSRV infection typically has a serious impact on affected flocks. In addition, studies on OPA are an excellent model for human lung carcinogenesis. A unique feature of JSRV is that its envelope (Env) protein functions as an oncogene. The JSRV Env-induced transformation or oncogenesis has been studied in a variety of cell systems and in animal models. Moreover, JSRV studies have provided insights into retroviral genomic RNA export/expression mechanisms. JSRV encodes a trans-acting factor (Rej) within the env gene necessary for the synthesis of Gag protein from unspliced viral RNA. This review summarizes research pertaining to JSRV-induced pathogenesis, Env transformation, and other aspects of JSRV biology.
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Clinical features of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma with new histologic and staging definitions. J Thorac Oncol 2010; 5:1213-20. [PMID: 20592627 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e3181e2f645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To assess clinical features of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC) based on the 1999 World Health Organization Classification ("pure BAC"), compare patients with pure BAC with patients previously diagnosed as BAC not meeting the 1999 definition, and compare survival changes of pure BAC based on the old and new (2009) staging systems. METHODS A pulmonary pathologist reviewed each BAC tumor diagnosed between January 1, 1997, and December 31, 2007, identifying cases meeting the new criteria. Cases were restaged according to the seventh edition of the tumor, node, metastasis classification introduced in 2009. Patients with pure BAC were analyzed under both staging systems for changes in overall survival estimation. RESULTS Of 338 total patients who were diagnosed with BAC, 117 were classified as pure and 221 were non-pure BAC. Seventy-eight of the 117 and 178 of the 221 had no other primary lung cancer. One-year and 5-year survival for the 78 patients with pure BAC were 94.8 and 83.5%, and for the 178 patients were 92.6 and 46.4%, respectively. Restaging for pure BAC cases resulted in nine of the 78 cases (12%) changing stage. Compared with the old staging, patients with advanced stage under the new stage had a worse 5-year survival (53% versus 45%), but no change was observed for stage IA. CONCLUSIONS For patients with pure BAC, the new pathologic system favorably affects survival and the new staging system may more accurately reflect prognosis in advanced stage cancer. Our results have important implications for researchers, clinicians, and patients.
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Fox KA, Wootton SK, Quackenbush SL, Wolfe LL, Levan IK, Miller MW, Spraker TR. Paranasal sinus masses of Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis canadensis). Vet Pathol 2010; 48:706-12. [PMID: 20926735 DOI: 10.1177/0300985810383873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This article describes 10 cases of paranasal sinus masses in Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis canadensis). Among 21 bighorns that were examined from 11 herds in Colorado, 10 individuals (48%) from 4 herds (36%) had masses arising from the paranasal sinuses. Affected animals included 9 of 17 females (53%) and 1 of 4 males (25%), ranging in age from approximately 2 years to greater than 10 years. Defining gross features of these masses included unilateral or bilateral diffuse thickening of the respiratory lining of the maxillary and/or frontal sinuses, with abundant seromucinous exudate in the affected sinus cavities. Defining histologic features of these masses included chronic inflammation and proliferation of mesenchymal and epithelial cells of the mucosa and submucosa. Epithelial changes included hyperplasia of mucosal epithelium, hyperplasia of submucosal glands and ducts, and neoplasia (adenocarcinoma). Mesenchymal changes included submucosal myxedema, submucosal fibroplasia/fibrosis, bone destruction, and neoplasia (myxomatous fibroma). Specific immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction for Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus and enzootic nasal tumor virus were performed with negative results.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Fox
- Department of Microbiology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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Griffiths D, Martineau H, Cousens C. Pathology and Pathogenesis of Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma. J Comp Pathol 2010; 142:260-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2009.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Revised: 11/28/2009] [Accepted: 12/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Leroux C, Girard N, Cottin V, Greenland T, Mornex JF, Archer F. Jaagsiekte Sheep Retrovirus (JSRV): from virus to lung cancer in sheep. Vet Res 2007; 38:211-28. [PMID: 17257570 DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2006060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2006] [Accepted: 11/23/2006] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Jaagsiekte Sheep Retrovirus (JSRV) is a betaretrovirus infecting sheep. This virus is responsible for a pulmonary adenocarcinoma, by transformation of epithelial cells from the bronchioli and alveoli. This animal cancer is similar to human bronchioloalveolar cancer (BAC), a specific form of human lung cancer for which a viral aetiology has not yet been identified. JSRV interacts with target cells through the membrane receptor Hyal2. The JSRV genome is simple and contains no recognised oncogene. It is now well established that the viral envelope protein is oncogenic by itself, via the cytoplasmic domain of the transmembrane glycoprotein and some domains of the surface glycoprotein. Activation of the PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways participates in the envelope-induced transformation. Tumour development is associated with telomerase activation. This review will focus on the induction of cancer by JSRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Leroux
- Université de Lyon 1, INRA, UMR754, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon, IFR 128, F-69007, Lyon, France.
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Palmarini M, Mura M, Spencer TE. Endogenous betaretroviruses of sheep: teaching new lessons in retroviral interference and adaptation. J Gen Virol 2004; 85:1-13. [PMID: 14718613 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.19547-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The endogenous betaretroviruses of small ruminants offer an excellent model to investigate the biological relevance of endogenous retroviruses (ERVs). Approximately twenty copies of endogenous betaretroviruses (enJSRVs) are present in the genome of sheep and goats. enJSRVs are highly related to Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) and the Enzootic nasal tumour virus (ENTV), the causative agents of naturally occurring carcinomas of the respiratory tract of sheep. enJSRVs interact/interfere at different levels both with the host and with their exogenous and pathogenic counterparts. enJSRVs blocks the exogenous JSRV replication by a novel two-step interference mechanism acting both early and late during the virus replication cycle. enJSRVs are highly active, they are abundantly and specifically expressed in the epithelium of most of the ovine female reproductive tract. The specific spatial and temporal expression of enJSRVs supports a role in trophoblast development and differentiation as well as conceptus implantation. In addition, enJSRVs are expressed during fetal ontogeny leading to the apparent tolerance of sheep towards the pathogenic JSRV. Thus, the sheep/enJSRVs system is a model that can be utilized to study many different aspects of ERVs and retrovirus biology. The impressive technologies developed to study the sheep reproductive biology, in conjunction with the knowledge gained on the molecular biology of enJSRVs, makes the ovine system an ideal model to design experiments that can functionally address the role of ERVs in mammalian physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Palmarini
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Manuela Mura
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Thomas E Spencer
- Center for Animal Biotechnology and Genomics, and Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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York DF, Querat G. A history of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (jaagsiekte) and experiments leading to the deduction of the JSRV nucleotide sequence. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2003; 275:1-23. [PMID: 12596893 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55638-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Jaagsiekte (JS), a contagious cancer affecting the lungs of sheep has been called many names over the years. At a recent workshop in Missilac, France it was agreed that the disease would be called ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA). The disease is caused by an infectious retrovirus called jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV). This chapter focuses on the early research that led up to the isolation, cloning and sequencing of the exogenous infectious form of JSRV and the demonstration that it has an endogenous counter part that is present in all sheep. As there was no in vitro production source of the virus much of the early research focused on the in vivo production and purification of the virus to obtain sufficient material to use to identify the viral proteins and purify the viral genetic material. Typically, new born lambs were inoculated intra-tracheally with concentrated lung lavage from previously infected sheep lungs. The optimal purification involved the concentration of lung lavage of freshly slaughtered sheep, an extraction with organic solvent, and final purification by both rate zonal and isopycnic centrifugation. Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies were made against the purified fractions. The polyclonal antibodies were not very specific and the monoclonal antibodies proved to be against antigens expressed in high concentrations in response to any lung pathology. The genomic RNA of the virus was isolated from ex vivo purified materials, and cloned as a collection of cDNAs. The full length sequence was assembled by walking through the cDNA clones. The genome of the exogenous virus is 7462 bases and has the classical gag, pol, env genome arrangement and is flanked by a long terminal repeat (LTR) on each end. An additional open reading frame (ORF) was observed in the viral genome and has been called orfX. A function has not been determined for this ORF. JSRV is classified as a betaretrovirus, with gag and pol closely related to D type retrovirus, whereas env is related to the B type viruses such as the human endogenous retrovirus HERV-K. An interesting finding was that the exogenous infectious virus had an endogenous counter part which is present in the genomes of all sheep and goats. It is estimated that there are between 15 and 20 endogenous loci per sheep genome. No circulating antibodies have been found in OPA-affected sheep. It is suggested that the endogenous JSRV transcripts are expressed at an early age and are cause for the clonal elimination of JSRV specific T cells during T-cell ontogeny. Histopathologically the sheep disease resembles human bronchiolar alveolar carcinoma and has been identified as a natural out bred animal model that could be used to study the human disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/history
- Base Sequence
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Viral/chemistry
- DNA, Viral/history
- Genome, Viral
- History, 19th Century
- History, 20th Century
- Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus/genetics
- Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus/immunology
- Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus/isolation & purification
- Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus/pathogenicity
- Phylogeny
- Pulmonary Adenomatosis, Ovine/epidemiology
- Pulmonary Adenomatosis, Ovine/history
- Pulmonary Adenomatosis, Ovine/pathology
- Pulmonary Adenomatosis, Ovine/virology
- Sheep
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Affiliation(s)
- D F York
- Department of Virology, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of Natal, South Africa.
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14
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Abstract
Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) is the causative agent of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA), a contagious lung cancer of sheep. Until recently, research on JSRV/OPA was hampered by the lack of a tissue culture system for the propagation of the virus. Historically, pathological samples (lung fluid) collected from sheep affected by OPA were the only source of infectious JSRV. Thus studies on the JSRV/OPA system were conducted only where field isolates of OPA cases were readily available. In the past 10 years, the deduction of the JSRV sequence (York et al. 1991; York 1992), the isolation of an infectious and oncogenic JSRV molecular clone (JSRV21) (Palmarini et al. 1999a) and the establishment of a rapid method to produce infectious virus in vitro (Palmarini et al. 1999a) sparked many studies at the molecular level that strengthened past observations and revealed new properties of this unique virus. Here, we will review the data accumulated so far on the molecular biology of JSRV using the infectious and oncogenic JSRV21 molecular clone as virus of reference.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Palmarini
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-7386, USA.
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15
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Fan H, Palmarini M, DeMartini JC. Transformation and oncogenesis by jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2003; 275:139-77. [PMID: 12596898 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55638-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) is an exogenous retrovirus of sheep that induces a contagious lung cancer, ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA). JSRV is a potent carcinogen in the experimental setting, inducing end-stage tumors at around 6 weeks of age when newborn lambs are inoculated intratracheally. Despite this rapid oncogenesis, inspection of the JSRV genome sequence does not reveal any obvious viral oncogenes. In this review, recent advances in studies of JSRV oncogenic transformation are described. Molecular cloning of an infectious and oncogenic JSRV provirus was instrumental in the studies. DNA transfection of JSRV proviral DNA into mouse NIH3T3 cells results in morphological transformation, indicating that the JSRV genome carries an oncogene. Further experiments identified the JSRV envelope protein as the transforming gene, and a PI3 kinase docking site in the cytoplasmic tail of the transmembrane (TM) protein was shown to be necessary for transformation. Avian DF-1 cells infected with an avian retroviral vector (RCAS) expressing the JSRV envelope protein also undergo tumorigenic transformation. Possible mechanisms of transformation are discussed, and a cooperating role for insertional activation of proto-oncogenes in tumorigenesis is also considered. The transforming potential of the JSRV envelope protein may be necessary for JSRV infection and replication in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Fan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Cancer Research Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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16
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DeMartini JC, Carlson JO, Leroux C, Spencer T, Palmarini M. Endogenous retroviruses related to jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2003; 275:117-37. [PMID: 12596897 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55638-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ovine betaretroviruses consist of exogenous viruses [jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) and enzootic nasal tumor virus, (ENTV)] associated with neoplastic diseases of the respiratory tract and 15-20 endogenous viruses (enJSRV) stably integrated in the ovine and caprine genome. Phylogenetic analysis of this group of retroviruses suggests that the enJSRV can be considered as 'modern' endogenous retroviruses with active, exogenous counterparts. Sequence analysis of JSRV, ENTV and enJSRV suggests that enJSRV do not directly contribute to the pathogenesis of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) or enzootic nasal tumor through large-scale recombination events, but small-scale recombination or complementation of gene function cannot be excluded; experiments involving enJSRV-free sheep, which have not been found, would be needed to investigate this possibility. Evidence of expression of enJSRV structural proteins in tissues of the reproductive tract and lung implies that they do not have a primary role in disease. However, experimental exploitation of exogenous/endogenous retrovirus sequence differences by producing chimeras has been useful in establishing the determinants of JSRV Env-induced transformation. Even if enJSRV do not have a direct role in OPA, their expression during ontogeny or in neonatal life may impact the likelihood of exogenous JSRV infection and disease outcome via the induction of immunological tolerance. Aside from any role in disease, enJSRV loci may serve as useful genetic markers in the sheep and their frequent expression in the reproductive tract of the ewe may portend an important physiologic role in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C DeMartini
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1619, USA.
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17
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Spencer TE, Mura M, Gray CA, Griebel PJ, Palmarini M. Receptor usage and fetal expression of ovine endogenous betaretroviruses: implications for coevolution of endogenous and exogenous retroviruses. J Virol 2003; 77:749-53. [PMID: 12477881 PMCID: PMC140614 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.1.749-753.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Betaretroviruses of sheep include two exogenous viruses, Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) and enzootic nasal tumor virus (ENTV), and a group of endogenous viruses known as enJSRVs. The exogenous JSRV and ENTV are the etiological agents of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) and enzootic nasal tumor (ENT), respectively. Sheep affected by OPA or ENT do not show an appreciable antibody response to JSRV or ENTV. Consequently, it is conceivable that enJSRV expression in the fetal lamb tolerizes sheep to the related exogenous viruses. In this study, possible mechanisms of interference between the sheep exogenous and endogenous betaretroviruses were investigated. In situ hybridization detected enJSRV RNAs in lymphoid cells associated with the lamina propria of the small intestine and in the thymus of sheep fetuses. Low-level expression of enJSRVs was also detected in the lungs. In addition, expression of enJSRVs was found to block entry of the exogenous JSRV, presumably via mechanisms of receptor interference. Indeed, enJSRVs, like JSRV and ENTV, were found to utilize hyaluronidase-2 as a cellular receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Spencer
- Center for Animal Biotechnology and Genomics and Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
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18
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Summers C, Neill W, Dewar P, Gonzalez L, van der Molen R, Norval M, Sharp JM. Systemic immune responses following infection with Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus and in the terminal stages of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma. J Gen Virol 2002; 83:1753-1757. [PMID: 12075095 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-83-7-1753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) is the aetiological agent of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA). To monitor changes in cellular immune function during JSRV infection, lymphoproliferation in response to various mitogens was measured in the blood of conventionally housed and specific-pathogen-free lambs experimentally infected with JSRV until the development of OPA and compared with uninfected control lambs. In addition, blood samples collected from adult field cases in the terminal stages of OPA and control adult sheep were compared. No difference in the proliferative response to phytohaemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen between the animal groups was detected. In contrast, reduced responses to concanavalin A stimulation were demonstrated in the JSRV-inoculated lambs, prior to the onset of clinical disease, and also in the terminally ill adult sheep. Peripheral blood leukocytes were monitored to identify phenotypic frequency alterations. The CD4 lymphocytopaenia and neutrophilia reported previously in adult OPA cases were demonstrated but similar phenotypic changes were not identified during experimental infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Summers
- Medical Microbiology, University of Edinburgh, Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, UK2
- Moredun Research Institute1 and Veterinary Laboratory Agencies3, Pentland Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - William Neill
- Medical Microbiology, University of Edinburgh, Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, UK2
| | - Patricia Dewar
- Moredun Research Institute1 and Veterinary Laboratory Agencies3, Pentland Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Lorenzo Gonzalez
- Moredun Research Institute1 and Veterinary Laboratory Agencies3, Pentland Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Renate van der Molen
- Medical Microbiology, University of Edinburgh, Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, UK2
| | - Mary Norval
- Medical Microbiology, University of Edinburgh, Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, UK2
| | - James Michael Sharp
- Moredun Research Institute1 and Veterinary Laboratory Agencies3, Pentland Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
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19
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Palmarini M, Fan H. Retrovirus-induced ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma, an animal model for lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001; 93:1603-14. [PMID: 11698564 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/93.21.1603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on the molecular mechanisms of transformation of retrovirus-induced neoplasms in domestic and laboratory animal species have provided insights into the genetic basis of cancer. Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) is a retrovirus-induced spontaneous lung tumor of sheep that has striking analogies to some forms of human adenocarcinoma. The etiologic agent of OPA, jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV), is unique among retroviruses for having a specific tropism for the differentiated epithelial cells of the lung, and it is the only virus known to cause a naturally occurring lung adenocarcinoma. Expression of the JSRV envelope protein is sufficient to induce cell transformation in vitro, possibly via the activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt-signaling pathway mediated by the cytoplasmic tail of the transmembrane protein. The aim of this review is to draw the attention of basic and clinical scientists engaged in lung cancer research to this unique animal model, to explore the possible use of OPA as a tool to investigate the mechanisms of pulmonary carcinogenesis, and to underline the similarities between OPA and some forms of human lung adenocarcinoma. The possibility of a viral etiology for the latter will be evaluated in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Palmarini
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602, USA.
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20
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Rosati S, Pittau M, Alberti A, Pozzi S, York DF, Sharp JM, Palmarini M. An accessory open reading frame (orf-x) of jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus is conserved between different virus isolates. Virus Res 2000; 66:109-16. [PMID: 10653922 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(99)00118-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) is the etiological agent of a contagious lung tumour of sheep known as sheep pulmonary adenomatosis (syn: ovine pulmonary carcinoma, jaagsiekte). JSRV exhibits a simple genetic organization, characteristic of the type D and type B retroviruses, with the canonical retroviral sequences gag, pro, pol and env encoding the structural proteins of the virion. An additional open reading frame (orf-x), of approximately 500 bp overlapping pol, is present in the only two complete sequences of JSRV published to date. Since very little information is available on the biology of JSRV it is important to establish if orf-x is conserved between different virus isolates. In this study we analysed the orf-x region of JSRV isolates collected from the United Kingdom, Italy, Spain and South Africa. In addition we also analysed the presence of orf-x in JSRV-related endogenous sequences (enJSRVs) present in the sheep genome. Orf-x was highly conserved in all the exogenous isolates (n=10) and in most of the endogenous sequences (n=8). Thus orf-x may be an accessory gene of JSRV and haves a biological function which might be advantageous to JSRV. Phenetic analysis conducted on the complete orf-x nucleotide sequences seems to highlight the presence of three distinct groups statistically well supported by bootstrapping: i) exogenous JSRV sequence from the UK; ii) exogenous JSRV sequences from Southern Europe and iii) the exogenous South African strain plus all the endogenous sequences analyzed and collected from Australia, Italy, UK and South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rosati
- Dipartimento di Produzioni Animali, Epidemiologia ed Ecologia, Universita di Torino, Via Nizza n.52, I-10126, Torino, Italy.
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21
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Abstract
Sheep pulmonary adenomatosis (SPA), also known as jaagsiekte or ovine pulmonary carcinoma, is a contagious lung cancer of sheep, originating from type II pneumocytes and Clara cells. Previous studies have implicated a type D retrovirus (jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus [JSRV]) as the causative agent of SPA. We recently isolated a proviral clone of JSRV from an animal with a spontaneous case of SPA (JSRV(21)) and showed that it harbors an infectious and oncogenic virus. This demonstrated that JSRV is necessary and sufficient to induce SPA. A major impediment in research on JSRV has been the lack of an in vitro tissue culture system for the virus. The experiments reported here show the first successful in vitro infection with this virus, using the JSRV(21) clone. JSRV(21) virus was obtained by transiently transfecting human 293T cells with a plasmid containing the JSRV(21) provirus driven by the human cytomegalovirus immediate-early promoter. Virus produced in this manner exhibited reverse transcriptase (RT) activity that banded at 1.15 g/ml in sucrose density gradients. Infection of concentrated JSRV(21) into ovine choroid plexus (CP), testes (OAT-T3), turbinate (FLT), and intestinal carcinoma (ST6) cell lines resulted in establishment of infection as measured by PCR amplification. Evidence that this reflected genuine infection included the fact that heat inactivation of the virus eliminated it, the levels of viral DNA increased with passage of the infected cells, and the infected cells released active RT as measured by the sensitive product enhancement RT assay. The RT activity released from the infected cells banded at 1.15 g/ml, and JSRV(21) provirus was transmitted from infected cells to uninfected ones by cocultivation. However, the amount of virus released from infected cells was low. These results suggest that the JSRV receptor is present on many ovine cell types and that the observed restriction of JSRV expression in vivo to tumor cells might be controlled by factors other than the viral receptor. Finally we tagged the U3 of pJSRV(21) with the bacterial supF gene, an amber suppressor tRNA gene. The resulting clone, termed pJSRV(supF), is infectious in vitro. It may be a useful tool for future studies on viral DNA integration, since the normal sheep genome contains 15 to 20 copies of highly JSRV-related endogenous sequences that cross-react with many JSRV hybridization probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Palmarini
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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22
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Palmarini M, Sharp JM, de las Heras M, Fan H. Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus is necessary and sufficient to induce a contagious lung cancer in sheep. J Virol 1999; 73:6964-72. [PMID: 10400795 PMCID: PMC112782 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.8.6964-6972.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sheep pulmonary adenomatosis (SPA) is a contagious and experimentally transmissible lung cancer of sheep resembling human bronchiolo-alveolar carcinoma. A type D retrovirus, known as jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV), has been associated with the etiology of SPA, but its exact role in the induction of the tumor has not been clear due to the lack of (i) a tissue culture system for the propagation of JSRV and (ii) an infectious JSRV molecular clone. To investigate the role of JSRV in the etiology of SPA, we isolated a full-length JSRV proviral clone, pJSRV21, from a tumor genomic DNA library derived from a natural case of SPA. pJSRV21 was completely sequenced and showed open reading frames in agreement with those deduced for the original South African strain of JSRV. In vivo transfection of three newborn lambs by intratracheal inoculation with pJSRV21 DNA complexed with cationic lipids showed that pJSRV21 is an infectious molecular clone. Viral DNA was detected in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of the transfected animals by a highly sensitive JSRV-U3 heminested PCR at various time points ranging from 2 weeks to 6 months posttransfection. In addition, proviral DNA was detected in the PBMCs, lungs, and mediastinal lymph nodes of two lambs sacrificed 9 months posttransfection, but no macroscopic or histological SPA lesion was induced. We prepared JSRV particles by transient transfection of 293T cells with a JSRV construct (pCMV2JS21) in which the upstream U3 was replaced with the cytomegalovirus early promoter. Four newborn lambs were inoculated with JSRV21 particles produced in this manner, and two of them showed the classical signs of SPA 4 months postinfection. The resulting tumors were positive for JSRV DNA and protein. Thus, JSRV21 is an infectious and pathogenic molecular clone and is necessary and sufficient to induce sheep pulmonary adenomatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Palmarini
- Cancer Research Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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23
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Ristevski S, Purcell DF, Marshall J, Campagna D, Nouri S, Fenton SP, McPhee DA, Kannourakis G. Novel endogenous type D retroviral particles expressed at high levels in a SCID mouse thymic lymphoma. J Virol 1999; 73:4662-9. [PMID: 10233925 PMCID: PMC112507 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.6.4662-4669.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/1998] [Accepted: 02/19/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A xenograft model of the human disease Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) was investigated with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice. Transplantation of human LCH biopsy material into SCID mice resulted in the generation of mouse tumors resembling lymphomas. A thymoma cell line (ThyE1M6) was generated from one of these mice and found to display significant levels of Mg2+-dependent reverse transcriptase activity. Electron microscopy revealed particles with type D retroviral morphology budding from ThyE1M6 cells at a high frequency, whereas control cultures were negative. Reverse transcription-PCR of virion RNA with degenerate primers for conserved regions of various mouse, human, and primate retroviruses amplified novel sequences related to primate type D retroviruses, murine intracisternal A particles, Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus, and murine long interspersed nuclear elements but not other retroviral classes. We demonstrate that these sequences represent a novel group of endogenous retroviruses expressed at low levels in mice but expressed at high levels in the ThyE1M6 cell line. Furthermore, we propose that the activation of endogenous retroviral elements may be associated with a high incidence of thymomas in SCID mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ristevski
- L.A.R.C.H. Cancer Research Unit, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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DeMartini JC, York DF. Retrovirus-associated neoplasms of the respiratory system of sheep and goats. Ovine pulmonary carcinoma and enzootic nasal tumor. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 1997; 13:55-70. [PMID: 9071746 DOI: 10.1016/s0749-0720(15)30364-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
As retrovirus-induced neoplasms of the respiratory epithelium of sheep and goats, OPC and ENT rank as economically important diseases in many countries of the world. They are also important as models of retroviral carcinogenesis of the secretory epithelium of the respiratory system. Control of both diseases is dependent on development and application of sensitive and specific assays for identification of carrier animals infected with the causative agents of these diseases. Recent progress in characterization of type D/B retroviruses associated with the diseases and development of new reagents for the immunologic or molecular detection of antiviral antibodies, viral proteins, or viral nucleic acids bodes well for improved control or prevention of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C DeMartini
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
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Abstract
Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are estimated to comprise up to 1% of human DNA. While the genome of many ERVs is interrupted by termination codons, deletions or frame shift mutations, some ERVs are transcriptionally active and recent studies reveal protein expression or particle formation by human ERVs. ERVs have been implicated as aetiological agents of autoimmune disease, because of their structural and sequence similarities to exogenous retroviruses associated with immune dysregulation and their tissue-specific or differentiation-dependent expression. In fact, retrovirus-like particles distinct from those of known exogenous retroviruses and immune responses to ERV proteins have been observed in autoimmune disease. Quantitatively or structurally aberrant expression of normally cryptic ERVs, induced by environmental or endogenous factors, could initiate autoimmunity through direct or indirect mechanisms. ERVs may lead to immune dysregulation as insertional mutagens or cis-regulatory elements of cellular genes involved in immune function. ERVs may also encode elements like tax in human T-lymphotrophic virus type I (HTLV-I) or tat in human immunodeficiency virus-I (HIV-I) that are capable of transactivating cellular genes. More directly, human ERV gene products themselves may be immunologically active, by analogy with the superantigen activity in the long terminal repeat (LTR) of mouse mammary tumour viruses (MMTV) and the non-specific immunosuppressive activity in mammalian type C retrovirus env protein. Alternatively, increased expression of an ERV protein, or expression of a novel ERV protein not expressed in the thymus during acquisition of immune tolerance, may lead to its perception as a neoantigen. Paraneoplastic syndromes raise the possibility that novel ERV-encoded epitopes expressed by a tumour elicit immunity to cross-reactive epitopes in normal tissues. Recombination events between different but related ERVs, to whose products the host is immunologically tolerant, may also generate new antigenic determinants. Frequently reported humoral immunity to exogenous retrovirus proteins in autoimmune disease could be elicited by cross-reactive ERV proteins. A review of the evidence implicating ERVs in immune dysfunction leads to the conclusion that direct molecular studies are likely to establish a pathogenic role for ERVs in autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nakagawa
- Burnet Clinical Research Unit, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
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26
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Hecht SJ, Sharp JM, Demartini JC. Retroviral aetiopathogenesis of ovine pulmonary carcinoma: a critical appraisal. THE BRITISH VETERINARY JOURNAL 1996; 152:395-409. [PMID: 8791848 DOI: 10.1016/s0007-1935(96)80034-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Although it has long been thought that a retrovirus is the responsible agent for ovine pulmonary carcinoma (OPC), identification of a replicative viral agent has proven difficult. Recently, the genome of a new retrovirus, jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV), found in the lung-wash of affected sheep lung, has been cloned and sequenced; characterization of this virus and its consistent presence in tumor cells argue for its role as the aetiologic agent of OPC. Analysis of the nucleic acid sequence of the JSRV genome, suggests a new class of retrovirus, one that is chimeric according to the morphological classification scheme used for retroviruses. The genome of this virus does not appear to contain an oncogene, and the mechanism by which it causes disease is still unknown. The presence of multiple copies of endogenous retroviruses related to JSRV in DNA of OPC-affected and unaffected sheep further complicates investigation of oncogenesis in OPC. This review examines the evidence for a retrovirus as the causative agent for OPC, with particular emphasis on the viruses studied to date. The significance of endogenous JSRV-related sequences is considered. The mechanisms by which a retrovirus such as JSRV might induce lung tumours in sheep, and which of these are most likely, are discussed in light of these developments, as are the prospects for new means of diagnosis and treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Hecht
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA
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Bai J, Zhu RY, Stedman K, Cousens C, Carlson J, Sharp JM, DeMartini JC. Unique long terminal repeat U3 sequences distinguish exogenous jaagsiekte sheep retroviruses associated with ovine pulmonary carcinoma from endogenous loci in the sheep genome. J Virol 1996; 70:3159-68. [PMID: 8627796 PMCID: PMC190179 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.70.5.3159-3168.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovine pulmonary carcinoma (OPC) is a contagious lung cancer of sheep that is presumed to be caused by an exogenous retrovirus of sheep, jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV). The sheep genome carries 15 to 20 copies of endogenous sheep retrovirus (ESRV) loci that hybridize to JSRV DNA probes. In order to clarity the etiologic roles of ESRV and an exogenous JSRV-like retrovirus (exJSRV) in OPC, we assessed sequence differences between ESRV and JSRV. Molecular characterization of six ESRV loci revealed restriction sites specific for JSRV. Nucleotide sequences of ESRVs from sheep of different breeds were similar to those of JSRV in structural genes but divergent in U3. Therefore, primers specific for the U3 sequences of exJSRV were designed for use in the PCR. Of 13 tumor DNAs tested by PCR with these exogenous-virus U3 primers, 8 produced DNA fragments that hybridized with the JSRV gag probe, but neither lung DNAs from healthy sheep nor DNAs from nontumor tissues of diseased sheep produced similar DNA fragments. exJSRV PCR products from tumor DNAs of sheep with OPC from three continents had restriction profiles similar to each other but different from those of ESRVs upon digestion with EcoRI, HindIII, NdeI, KpnI, and ScaI. These exjSRVs could be classified into two genotypes according to U3 sequences and restriction profiles. U3 sequences of exJSRV proviruses in tumors strongly resembled those of JSRV but differed from those of ESRVs, suggesting that exJSRVs, rather than ESRVs, are primarily associated with oncogenesis in OPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bai
- Department of Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA
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Bouljihad M, Drommer W, Leipold H. Pathologic and ultrastructural findings in sheep in Morocco with naturally occuring jaagsiekte (sheep pulmonary adenomatosis). Small Rumin Res 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0921-4488(95)00733-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kwang J, Keen J, Rosati S, Tolari F. Development and application of an antibody ELISA for the marker protein of ovine pulmonary carcinoma. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1995; 47:323-31. [PMID: 8571550 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2427(94)05409-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Ovine pulmonary carcinoma (OPC) is a contagious pulmonary neoplasia with a suspected retroviral etiology. The major core protein (P27) of the putative OPC virus cross-reacts with antibodies to P27 of the Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (MPMV), a type-D retrovirus. This serological reactivity serves as the only accepted biological marker for OPC. In order to make a useful reagent for the detection of the OPC marker for serodiagnosis and epidemiological studies, the MPMV-P27 coding region was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Gel purified recombinant MPMV-P27 protein was used to develop an immunoassay. This recombinant enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was then used to screen 223 sera from US sheep and 176 sera from Italian sheep. In this study, we found: (1) a high prevalence of infection with the putative OPC retrovirus in sheep with chronic pneumonia; (2) a subclinical infection with OPC virus may be more common in US sheep than indicated by the rare recorded occurrence of pulmonary carcinoma; (3) an apparent association between ovine lentivirus (OLV) and OPC infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kwang
- USDA, ARS, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
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Ellerbrok H, D'Auriol L, Vaquero C, Sitbon M. Functional tolerance of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope signal peptide to mutations in the amino-terminal and hydrophobic regions. J Virol 1992; 66:5114-8. [PMID: 1629966 PMCID: PMC241382 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.66.8.5114-5118.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrated that the leader sequence of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope functions as signal peptide (SP) despite low scoring in a prediction program. As expected for SP, the hydrophobic core (HC) is essential, and no other sequence could compensate for HC deletion. Contrary to other SPs, major substitutions in the HC, such as introduction of basic, polar, or alpha-helix-breaking residues, still allowed efficient translocation and glycosylation. Also, extensive deletions or substitutions of the charged residues at the N terminus had little if any inhibitory effect. This report, which is the first study of human immunodeficiency virus SP, describes the exceptional tolerance of this peptide to mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ellerbrok
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Oncologie des Maladies Rétrovirales, INSERM U152, Institut Cochin de Génétique Moléculaire, Université de Paris V, France
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York DF, Vigne R, Verwoerd DW, Querat G. Nucleotide sequence of the jaagsiekte retrovirus, an exogenous and endogenous type D and B retrovirus of sheep and goats. J Virol 1992; 66:4930-9. [PMID: 1629959 PMCID: PMC241337 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.66.8.4930-4939.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The complete genome of the jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV), the suspected etiological agent of ovine pulmonary carcinoma, has been cloned from viral particles secreted in lung exudates of affected animals and sequenced. The genome is 7,462 nucleotides long and exhibits a genetic organization characteristic of the type B and D oncoviruses. Comparison of the amino acid sequences of JSRV proteins with those of other retrovirus proteins and phylogenetic studies suggest that JSRV diverged from its type B and D lineage after the type B mouse mammary tumor virus but before the type D oncoviruses captured the env gene of a reticuloendotheliosislike virus. Southern blot studies show that closely related sequences are present in sheep and goat normal genomic DNA, indicating that JSRV could be endogenous in ovine and caprine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F York
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Faculté de Médecine Nord, Marseille, France
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New nucleotide sequence data on the EMBL File Server. Nucleic Acids Res 1992; 20:935-58. [PMID: 1542609 PMCID: PMC312073 DOI: 10.1093/nar/20.4.935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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