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Gray LR, Cowley D, Welsh C, Lu HK, Brew BJ, Lewin SR, Wesselingh SL, Gorry PR, Churchill MJ. CNS-specific regulatory elements in brain-derived HIV-1 strains affect responses to latency-reversing agents with implications for cure strategies. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:574-84. [PMID: 26303660 PMCID: PMC4804184 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Latency-reversing agents (LRAs), including histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), are being investigated as a strategy to eliminate latency in HIV-infected patients on suppressive antiretroviral therapy. The effectiveness of LRAs in activating latent infection in HIV strains derived from the central nervous system (CNS) is unknown. Here we show that CNS-derived HIV-1 strains possess polymorphisms within and surrounding the Sp transcription factor motifs in the long terminal repeat (LTR). These polymorphisms result in decreased ability of the transcription factor specificity protein 1 to bind CNS-derived LTRs, reducing the transcriptional activity of CNS-derived viruses. These mutations result in CNS-derived viruses being less responsive to activation by the HDACi panobinostat and romidepsin compared with lymphoid-derived viruses from the same subjects. Our findings suggest that HIV-1 strains residing in the CNS have unique transcriptional regulatory mechanisms, which impact the regulation of latency, the consideration of which is essential for the development of HIV-1 eradication strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Gray
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - D Cowley
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - C Welsh
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - H K Lu
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - B J Brew
- Departments of Neurology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases and Peter Duncan Neurosciences Unit, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - S R Lewin
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - S L Wesselingh
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - P R Gorry
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,School of Applied Sciences and Program in Metabolism, Exercise and Disease, Health Initiatives Research Institute, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - M J Churchill
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia. E-mail:
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Gorantla S, Poluektova L, Gendelman HE. Rodent models for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Trends Neurosci 2012; 35:197-208. [PMID: 22305769 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) reflect the spectrum of neural impairments seen during chronic viral infection. Current research efforts focus on improving antiretroviral and adjunctive therapies, defining disease onset and progression, facilitating drug delivery, and halting neurodegeneration and viral resistance. Because HIV is species-specific, generating disease in small-animal models has proved challenging. After two decades of research, rodent HAND models now include those containing a human immune system. Antiviral responses, neuroinflammation and immunocyte blood-brain barrier (BBB) trafficking follow HIV infection in these rodent models. We review these and other rodent models of HAND and discuss their unmet potential in reflecting human pathobiology and in facilitating disease monitoring and therapeutic discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhi Gorantla
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders and Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Lee ES, Kalantari P, Tsutsui Section S, Klatt A, Holden J, Correll PH, Power Section C, Henderson AJ. RON Receptor Tyrosine Kinase, a Negative Regulator of Inflammation, Inhibits HIV-1 Transcription in Monocytes/Macrophages and Is Decreased in Brain Tissue from Patients with AIDS. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:6864-72. [PMID: 15557181 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.11.6864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Activation of macrophages and microglia cells after HIV-1 infection and their production of inflammatory mediators contribute to HIV-associated CNS diseases. The mechanisms that initiate and maintain inflammation after HIV-1 infection in the brain have not been well studied. Furthermore, it is not understood why in HIV-associated CNS disease, macrophages and microglia are biased toward inflammation rather than production of mediators that control inflammation. We have focused on the receptor tyrosine kinase RON, a critical negative regulator of macrophage function and inflammation, to determine whether this receptor regulates HIV-1 expression. Overexpressing RON in monocytes/macrophages demonstrates that RON inhibits HIV-1 proviral transcription in part by decreasing the binding activity of NF-kappaB to the HIV-1 long terminal repeat. Because macrophages and microglia cells are a critical reservoir for HIV-1 in the CNS, we examined brain tissues for RON expression and detected RON in astrocytes, cortical neurons, and monocytoid cells. RON was detected in all control patients who were HIV seronegative (n = 7), whereas six of nine brain samples obtained from AIDS patients exhibited reduced RON protein. These data suggest that RON initiates signaling pathways that negatively regulate HIV-1 transcription in monocytes/macrophages and that HIV-1 suppresses RON function by decreasing protein levels in the brain to assure efficient replication. Furthermore, HIV-1 infection would compromise the ability of RON to protect against inflammation and consequent CNS damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen S Lee
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Bruggeman LA, Adler SH, Klotman PE. Nuclear factor-kappa B binding to the HIV-1 LTR in kidney: implications for HIV-associated nephropathy. Kidney Int 2001; 59:2174-81. [PMID: 11380819 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.00732.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have recently shown that renal epithelium is infected by HIV-1 and supports HIV-1 transcription in seropositive patients with renal disease. To investigate the regulation of HIV-1 gene expression in kidney, an HIV-1 transgenic mouse model was used to analyze the host transcriptional proteins that bind the 5' long-terminal repeat (LTR). METHODS Viral gene expression was assessed in transgenic mouse tissue using Northern blotting and mRNA in situ hybridization. The transcription factors involved in LTR binding were determined using electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Cytoplasmic and nuclear extracts were prepared from tissues with varied levels of transgene expression. The binding of transcription factors to specific LTR fragments was determined using DNA competition experiments and supershifts with transcription factor-specific antibodies. RESULTS Tissue-specific expression of the transgene was variable, with viral gene expression in the kidney at an intermediate level as compared with other tissues. Overall, the level of transgene expression directly correlated with abundance of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) in the nuclear extracts. High expressing tissue, however, had a constitutively active form of NF-kappa B. In contrast, the kidney contained an inducible NF-kappa B, which bound the LTR in combination with Sp1, suggesting a requirement for an activating event in renal HIV-1 expression of the LTR. CONCLUSIONS These studies indicate that the regulation of the HIV-1 LTR in the kidney is similar to lymphoid tissues, and may explain, in part, why the HIV-1 life cycle is supported in kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Bruggeman
- Division of Nephrology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA.
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Recio JA, Martínez de la Mata J, Martín-Nieto J, Aranda A. Retinoic acid stimulates HIV-1 transcription in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. FEBS Lett 2000; 469:118-22. [PMID: 10708768 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(00)01249-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Although the brain is an important target for the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) and viral infection causes neuronal degeneration and dementia, the mechanisms responsible for HIV transcription in neuronal cells are largely unknown. We show here that retinoic acid (RA) stimulates HIV transcription in human neuronal SH-SY5Y cells. The steroid receptor coactivator 1 (SRC-1) enhances the transcriptional response to RA, and the viral protein Tat cooperates with RA and SRC-1 to induce a strong transactivation. These results suggest that retinoid receptors could play an important role as activators of viral gene expression in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Recio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
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Gorry PR, Howard JL, Churchill MJ, Anderson JL, Cunningham A, Adrian D, McPhee DA, Purcell DF. Diminished production of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in astrocytes results from inefficient translation of gag, env, and nef mRNAs despite efficient expression of Tat and Rev. J Virol 1999; 73:352-61. [PMID: 9847339 PMCID: PMC103840 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.1.352-361.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) produce only minimal quantities of virus. The molecular events that limit acute-phase HIV-1 infection of astrocytes were examined after inducing acute-phase replication by transfection with the pNL4-3 proviral plasmid. The levels of HIV-1 mRNA were similarly high in both astrocytes and HeLa cells, but astrocytes produced approximately 50-fold less supernatant p24 than HeLa cells. We found that diminished HIV-1 production in astrocytes resulted from inefficient translation of gag, env, and nef mRNAs that were efficiently transported to the cytoplasm. Tat- or Rev-dependent reporter constructs showed no defect in Tat or Rev function in astrocytes compared with HeLa cells. HIV-1 mRNAs were correctly spliced, but only Rev and Tat proteins were efficiently translated from their native mRNAs. Pulse-chase labelling and immunoblot experiments revealed no defect in protein processing, but levels of Gag, Env, or Nef protein expressed were dramatically reduced in astrocytes compared to HeLa cells. These results demonstrate that inefficient translation of HIV-1 structural proteins underlies the restricted infection of astrocytes. The efficient expression of functional Tat and Rev by astrocytes may contribute to HIV-1 neuropathogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- 5' Untranslated Regions
- Astrocytes/virology
- Gene Products, env/biosynthesis
- Gene Products, gag/biosynthesis
- Gene Products, nef/biosynthesis
- Gene Products, rev/biosynthesis
- Gene Products, tat/biosynthesis
- HIV Core Protein p24/biosynthesis
- HIV-1/physiology
- Humans
- Protein Biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- nef Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
- rev Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
- tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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Rohr O, Aunis D, Schaeffer E. COUP-TF and Sp1 interact and cooperate in the transcriptional activation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat in human microglial cells. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:31149-55. [PMID: 9388268 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.49.31149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We have recently reported that chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor (COUP-TF) activates human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gene transcription in glial and neuronal cells. Here, we have examined the role of COUP-TF in microglial cells, the major target cells for HIV-1 infection in brain. We show that COUP-TF activates gene expression from both the lymphotropic LAI and the macrophage-tropic JR-FL HIV-1 strains. Although COUP-TF binds to the -352/-320 nuclear receptor responsive element of the long terminal repeat, it functions as a transcriptional activator by acting on the -68/+29 minimal promoter. This region is a direct target of transcription factors Sp1 and Sp3. We report the discovery and features of a physical and functional interplay between COUP-TF and Sp1. Our cotransfection experiments provide evidence for a functional synergism between Sp1 and COUP-TF leading to enhanced transcriptional activity of the HIV-1 long terminal repeat through the Sp1 element. In contrast, Sp3 functions as a repressor of Sp1- or COUP-TF-induced activation. We further demonstrate that COUP-TF and Sp1 are capable of physically interacting, via the DNA-binding domain of COUP-TF, in vitro and in the cell. These findings reveal how the novel interplay of Sp1 and COUP-TF families of transcription factors regulate HIV-1 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Rohr
- Unité 338 INSERM, 5 rue Blaise Pascal, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
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