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Zheng B, Li M, Gao S, Wang L, Qi Y, Ma Y, Ruan Q. Characterization of a novel group of antisense transcripts in human cytomegalovirus UL83 gene region. J Med Virol 2014; 86:2033-41. [PMID: 24615924 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The rapid advances in research on antisense transcripts are gradually changing our understanding of the expression of the Herpesviridae genome. In this study, the transcripts of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) UL83 antisense strand were investigated in three clinical isolates. Three cDNA clones containing sequences with an antisense orientation to the UL83 gene were identified in a late HCMV cDNA library. The UL83 antisense transcripts (UL83asts) were then shown to be transcribed only in the late infection phase of the three clinical HCMV strains, using rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) and northern blotting. These UL83asts were identical at their 3' termini but different at 5' ends. Two open reading frames were predicted in the UL83asts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zheng
- Virus Laboratory, The affiliated Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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2
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Penkert RR, Kalejta RF. Tale of a tegument transactivator: the past, present and future of human CMV pp71. Future Virol 2012; 7:855-869. [PMID: 23378857 DOI: 10.2217/fvl.12.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Herpesviruses assemble large virions capable of delivering to a newly infected cell not only the viral genome, but also viral proteins packaged within the tegument layer between the DNA-containing capsid and the lipid envelope. In this review, we describe the tegument transactivator of the β-herpesvirus human CMV, the pp71 protein. We present the known mechanistic features through which it activates viral gene expression during a lytic infection but fails to do so when the virus establishes latency, and describe how pp71 stimulates the cell cycle and may help infected cells avoid detection by the adaptive immune system. A historical overview of pp71 is extended with current perceptions of its roles during human CMV infections and suggestions for future avenues of experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon R Penkert
- Institute for Molecular Virology & McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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3
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Towler JC, Ebrahimi B, Lane B, Davison AJ, Dargan DJ. Human cytomegalovirus transcriptome activity differs during replication in human fibroblast, epithelial and astrocyte cell lines. J Gen Virol 2012; 93:1046-1058. [PMID: 22258857 PMCID: PMC3541802 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.038083-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Broad cell tropism contributes to the pathogenesis of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), but the extent to which cell type influences HCMV gene expression is unclear. A bespoke HCMV DNA microarray was used to monitor the transcriptome activity of the low passage Merlin strain of HCMV at 12, 24, 48 and 72 h post-infection, during a single round of replication in human fetal foreskin fibroblast cells (HFFF-2s), human retinal pigmented epithelial cells (RPE-1s) and human astrocytoma cells (U373MGs). In order to correlate transcriptome activity with concurrent biological responses, viral cytopathic effect, growth kinetics and genomic loads were examined in the three cell types. The temporal expression pattern of viral genes was broadly similar in HFFF-2s and RPE-1s, but dramatically different in U373MGs. Of the 165 known HCMV protein-coding genes, 41 and 48 were differentially regulated in RPE-1s and U373MGs, respectively, compared with HFFF-2s, and 22 of these were differentially regulated in both RPE-1s and U373MGs. In RPE-1s, all differentially regulated genes were downregulated, but, in U373MGs, some were down- and others upregulated. Differentially regulated genes were identified among the immediate-early, early, early late and true-late viral gene classes. Grouping of downregulated genes according to function at landmark stages of the replication cycle led to the identification of potential bottleneck stages (genome replication, virion assembly, and virion maturation and release) that may account for cell type-dependent viral growth kinetics. The possibility that cell type-specific differences in expressed cellular factors are responsible for modulation of viral gene expression is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Towler
- MRC - University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G11 5JR, UK
| | - Bahram Ebrahimi
- Department of Functional and Comparative Genomics, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Brian Lane
- Liverpool Microarray Facility, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Andrew J Davison
- MRC - University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G11 5JR, UK
| | - Derrick J Dargan
- MRC - University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G11 5JR, UK
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4
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Cui Z, Zhang K, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Zhou Y, Wei H, Zhang XE. Visualization of the dynamic multimerization of human Cytomegalovirus pp65 in punctuate nuclear foci. Virology 2009; 392:169-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Revised: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 06/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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5
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Abstract
SUMMARY Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a common, medically relevant human herpesvirus. The tegument layer of herpesvirus virions lies between the genome-containing capsids and the viral envelope. Proteins within the tegument layer of herpesviruses are released into the cell upon entry when the viral envelope fuses with the cell membrane. These proteins are fully formed and active and control viral entry, gene expression, and immune evasion. Most tegument proteins accumulate to high levels during later stages of infection, when they direct the assembly and egress of progeny virions. Thus, viral tegument proteins play critical roles at the very earliest and very last steps of the HCMV lytic replication cycle. This review summarizes HCMV tegument composition and structure as well as the known and speculated functions of viral tegument proteins. Important directions for future investigation and the challenges that lie ahead are identified and discussed.
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Arcangeletti MC, De Conto F, Ferraglia F, Pinardi F, Gatti R, Orlandini G, Calderaro A, Motta F, Medici MC, Martinelli M, Valcavi P, Razin SV, Chezzi C, Dettori G. Human cytomegalovirus proteins PP65 and IEP72 are targeted to distinct compartments in nuclei and nuclear matrices of infected human embryo fibroblasts. J Cell Biochem 2003; 90:1056-67. [PMID: 14624464 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.10655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The cellular distribution of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-specific UL83 phosphoprotein (pp65) and UL123 immediate-early protein (IEp72) in lytically infected human embryo fibroblasts was studied by means of indirect immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. Both proteins were found to have a nuclear localization, but they were concentrated in different compartments within the nuclei. The pp65 was located predominantly in the nucleoli; this was already evident with the parental viral protein, which was targeted to the above nuclear compartment very soon after infection. The nucleolar localization of pp65 was also observed at later stages of the HCMV infectious cycle. After chromatin extraction (in the so-called in situ nuclear matrices), a significant portion of the pp65 remained associated with nucleoli within the first hour after infection, then gradually redistributed in a perinucleolar area, as well as throughout the nucleus, with a granular pattern. A quite different distribution was observed for IEp72 at very early stages after infection of human embryo fibroblasts with HCMV; indeed, this viral protein was found in bright foci, clearly observable in both non-extracted nuclei and in nuclear matrices. At later stages of infection, IEp72 became almost homogeneously distributed within the whole nucleus, while the foci increased in size and were more evenly spread; in several infected cells some of them lay within nucleoli. This peculiar nuclear distribution of IEp72 was preserved in nuclear matrices as well. The entire set of data is discussed in terms of the necessity of integration for HCMV-specific products into the pre-existing nuclear architecture, with the possibility of subsequent adaptation of nuclear compartments to fit the needs of the HCMV replicative cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Arcangeletti
- Microbiology Section, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
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7
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Trang P, Kilani A, Lee J, Hsu A, Liou K, Kim J, Nassi A, Kim K, Liu F. RNase P ribozymes for the studies and treatment of human cytomegalovirus infections. J Clin Virol 2002; 25 Suppl 2:S63-74. [PMID: 12361758 DOI: 10.1016/s1386-6532(02)00097-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Ribozymes are promising gene-targeting agents for regulation of gene expression. In our recent studies, RnaseP (M1GS) ribozymes were constructed to target the overlapping region (IE mRNA) of IE1 and IE2 mRNAs of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and the mRNA (TK mRNA) coding for thymidine kinase (TK) of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). Our results indicate that RNase P ribozymes efficiently cleaved the IE mRNA and TK mRNA sequences in vitro. Significant inhibitions (approximately 75-85%) of HCMV IE1/IE2 and HSV-1 TK expression were observed in cells that expressed these ribozymes while a reduction of less than 10% was found in cells that did not express the ribozymes or expressed a disabled one that contained mutations abolishing catalytic activity. Ribozyme variants, which cleaved a TK mRNA sequence in vitro more efficiently than the ribozyme derived from the wildtype RNase P sequence, were selected by an in vitro selection system. When the selected ribozymes were expressed in cultured cells, they were more effective in inhibiting viral IE1/IE2 and TK expression and viral growth than the wildtype ribozyme sequence. Our results provide the first direct evidence that RNase P ribozymes are highly effective in inhibiting HCMV gene expression and growth. Moreover, a selection system was developed for generating novel ribozyme variants that cleave a mRNA substrate efficiently in vitro. These results suggest that M1GS ribozyme-mediated inhibition of expression of viral genes can be used as a new approach for the studies of HCMV gene function and the treatment of HCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phong Trang
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Program in Comparative Biochemistry, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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8
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Yao ZQ, Gallez-Hawkins G, Lomeli NA, Li X, Molinder KM, Diamond DJ, Zaia JA. Site-directed mutation in a conserved kinase domain of human cytomegalovirus-pp65 with preservation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte targeting. Vaccine 2001; 19:1628-35. [PMID: 11166885 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00423-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The major target of human cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) is the tegument protein CMVpp65. However, this protein has protein kinase (PK) activity, and the unknown effects on cell replication of an exogenous PK in healthy cells could limit the use of CMVpp65 as a vaccine, especially in children. In this report we show that a point mutation converting lysine to asparagine at the invariant lysine (K436), an essential site for phosphotransfer, abolishes the threonine kinase activity. The mutant CMVpp65 maintains its immunologic target characteristics, including antibody and CTL reactivity. This kinase-deficient CMVpp65 is a candidate for evaluation in future CMV vaccine development.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antigens, Viral/chemistry
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Caseins/metabolism
- Catalytic Domain
- Cell Line
- Chromium/metabolism
- Conserved Sequence/genetics
- Cytomegalovirus/enzymology
- Cytomegalovirus/genetics
- Cytomegalovirus/immunology
- Cytomegalovirus Vaccines/genetics
- Cytomegalovirus Vaccines/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- HLA-A2 Antigen/immunology
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed/genetics
- Mutation/genetics
- Phosphoproteins/chemistry
- Phosphoproteins/genetics
- Phosphoproteins/immunology
- Phosphoproteins/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Phosphothreonine/metabolism
- Protein Kinases/chemistry
- Protein Kinases/genetics
- Protein Kinases/immunology
- Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccinia virus/genetics
- Viral Matrix Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Matrix Proteins/genetics
- Viral Matrix Proteins/immunology
- Viral Matrix Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Q Yao
- Department of Virology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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Reschke M, Revello MG, Percivalle E, Radsak K, Landini MP. Constitutive expression of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) glycoprotein gpUL75 (gH) in astrocytoma cells: a study of the specific humoral immune response. Viral Immunol 1999; 12:249-62. [PMID: 10532653 DOI: 10.1089/vim.1999.12.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The humoral immune response to gpUL75 (gH) was determined in different groups of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infected subjects using a full-length glycoprotein constitutively expressed in an astrocytoma cell line. The recombinant molecule consisted of two distinct isoforms resembling the authentic protein of infected cells. Separated from the interactions of other viral gene products gH failed to form an oligomeric complex, thus exhibiting exclusively epitopes present on the monomer. Ninety five percent of serum samples from latently-infected healthy adults revealed the presence of gH-specific IgG. Moreover, examination of sequential sera from immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals undergoing active HCMV infection demonstrated that antibodies to gH occurred in most cases simultaneously with those to the abundant surface antigen gpUL55 (gB) and at similar titres. Appearance of this response was correlated with a considerable increase of the virus-neutralizing activity and most likely associated with restriction of viral dissemination during subsequent viremic episodes. Together, these results suggest that glycoprotein H of HCMV is like gB, a highly immunogenic component of the infectious particle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Reschke
- Dipartmento di Medicina Clinica Specialistica e Sperimentale, Ospedale Policlinico S. Orsola, Bologna, Italy.
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10
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Zal B, Booth J, Chadwick J, Baboonian C. Epitope mapping of mouse monoclonal antibodies to the ppUL83 lower matrix phosphoprotein of human cytomegalovirus. J Med Virol 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9071(199903)57:3<290::aid-jmv13>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Zal
- Department of Cardiological Sciences, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London, England
| | - James Booth
- Department of Medical Microbiology, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London, England
| | - James Chadwick
- Centre for Applied Microbiological Research, Salisbury, England
| | - Christina Baboonian
- Department of Cardiological Sciences, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London, England
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11
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Gallina A, Simoncini L, Garbelli S, Percivalle E, Pedrali-Noy G, Lee KS, Erikson RL, Plachter B, Gerna G, Milanesi G. Polo-like kinase 1 as a target for human cytomegalovirus pp65 lower matrix protein. J Virol 1999; 73:1468-78. [PMID: 9882353 PMCID: PMC103972 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.2.1468-1478.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/1998] [Accepted: 11/13/1998] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) pp65 protein is the major constituent of viral dense bodies but is dispensable for viral growth in vitro. pp65 copurifies with a S/T kinase activity and has been implicated in phosphorylation of HCMV IE1 immediate-early protein and its escape from major histocompatibility complex 1 presentation. Furthermore, the presence of pp65 correlates with a virion-associated kinase activity. To clarify the role of pp65, yeast two-hybrid system (THS) screening was performed to identify pp65 cellular partners. A total of 18 out of 48 yeast clones harboring cDNAs for putative pp65 binding proteins encoded the Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) C-terminal domain. Plk1 behaved as a bona fide pp65 partner in THS control crosses, and the interaction was confirmed by in vitro binding experiments. Endogenous Plk1 was coimmunoprecipitated with pp65 from transiently transfected COS7 cells. In infected fibroblasts, Plk1 was coimmunoprecipitated with pp65 at late infection stages. Furthermore, Plk1 was detected within wild-type HCMV particles but not within the particles of a pp65-negative mutant (RVAd65). The hydrophilic region of pp65 was phosphorylated in vitro by Plk1. These results suggest that one function of pp65 may be to capture a cell kinase, perhaps in order to alter its activity, nucleotide preference, substrate specificity, or subcellular localization to the advantage of HCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gallina
- Istituto di Genetica Biochimica ed Evoluzionistica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pavia, Italy
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12
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zu Putlitz J, Wieland S, Blum HE, Wands JR. Antisense RNA complementary to hepatitis B virus specifically inhibits viral replication. Gastroenterology 1998; 115:702-13. [PMID: 9721168 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5085(98)70150-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major public health problem, and currently available therapies have limited efficacy. Gene therapy strategies for HBV infection are under active investigation. We evaluated the potential of antisense RNA transcribed from antisense genes to interfere with HBV replication. METHODS Subgenomic fragments of the HBV genome were studied with respect to the property of inhibiting HBV replication when intracellularly expressed in the antisense orientation. RESULTS Antisense RNAs derived from the HBV genome specifically inhibited HBV replication and antigen expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells by 60%-75%. DNA sequences corresponding to the identified RNAs had no effect on HBV replication, indicating that inhibitory effects are mediated by RNA. Transcripts corresponding to the inhibitory subgenomic fragments were present at high levels. One antisense RNA was found to reduce the amount of pregenomic RNA encapsidated into core particles as a molecular mechanism of antiviral effects. CONCLUSIONS Certain antisense RNA molecules will have substantial antiviral effects against HBV. Antisense RNAs derived from the HBV genome are promising candidates as antiviral agents and may serve as novel tools to identify functionally important regions of HBV transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- J zu Putlitz
- Molecular Hepatology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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13
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Wing BA, Johnson RA, Huang ES. Identification of positive and negative regulatory regions involved in regulating expression of the human cytomegalovirus UL94 late promoter: role of IE2-86 and cellular p53 in mediating negative regulatory function. J Virol 1998; 72:1814-25. [PMID: 9499032 PMCID: PMC109471 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.3.1814-1825.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) UL94 gene product is a herpesvirus-common virion protein that is expressed with true late kinetics. To identify the important cis- and trans-acting factors which contribute to UL94 transcriptional regulation, we have cloned, sequenced, and analyzed UL94 promoter function by transient transfection analysis. Transfection of UL94 promoter-reporter gene constructs into permissive human fibroblasts or U373(MG) cells indicated that promoter activity was detected following infection with HCMV. Point mutations within a TATA-like element located upstream of the RNA start site significantly reduced UL94 promoter activity. Deletion mutagenesis of the promoter indicated that a positive regulatory element (PRE) was likely to exist downstream of the UL94 mRNA start site, while a negative regulatory element (NRE) was present upstream of the TATA box. At late times of infection, the PRE appeared to have a dominant effect over the NRE to stimulate maximum levels of UL94 promoter activity, while at earlier times of infection, no activity associated with the PRE could be detected. The NRE, however, appeared to cause constitutive down-regulation of UL94 promoter activity. Binding sites for the cellular p53 protein located within the NRE appeared to contribute to NRE function, and NRE function could be recapitulated in cotransfection assays by concomitant expression of p53 and HCMV IE2-86 protein. Our results suggest a novel mechanism by which the cellular protein p53, which is involved in both transcriptional regulation and progression of cellular DNA synthesis, plays a central role in the regulation of a viral promoter which is not activated prior the onset of viral DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Wing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599-7595, USA
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14
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Abstract
Gene therapy is being investigated as an alternative treatment for a wide range of infectious diseases that are not amenable to standard clinical management. Approaches to gene therapy for infectious diseases can be divided into three broad categories: (i) gene therapies based on nucleic acid moieties, including antisense DNA or RNA, RNA decoys, and catalytic RNA moieties (ribozymes); (ii) protein approaches such as transdominant negative proteins and single-chain antibodies; and (iii) immunotherapeutic approaches involving genetic vaccines or pathogen-specific lymphocytes. It is further possible that combinations of the aforementioned approaches will be used simultaneously to inhibit multiple stages of the life cycle of the infectious agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Bunnell
- Clinical Gene Therapy Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1851, USA
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15
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Bresnahan WA, Boldogh I, Chi P, Thompson EA, Albrecht T. Inhibition of cellular Cdk2 activity blocks human cytomegalovirus replication. Virology 1997; 231:239-47. [PMID: 9168886 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1997.8489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus is a herpesvirus that induces numerous cellular processes upon infection. Among these are activation of cyclin-dependent kinase 2, which regulates cell cycle progression in G1 and S phase. We report here that inhibition of cellular Cdk2 activity blocks HCMV replication. Inhibition of Cdk2 activity by roscovitine inhibits HCMV DNA synthesis, production of infectious progeny, and late antigen expression in infected cells in a dose-dependent manner. HCMV replication is also inhibited by the expression of a Cdk2 dominant negative mutant, whereas expression of wild-type Cdk2 has no effect on viral replication. These data indicate that activation of cellular Cdk2 is necessary for HCMV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Bresnahan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77550, USA
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