1
|
Penza V, Russell SJ, Schulze AJ. The long-lasting enigma of polycytidine (polyC) tract. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009739. [PMID: 34347852 PMCID: PMC8336851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Long polycytidine (polyC) tracts varying in length from 50 to 400 nucleotides were first described in the 5'-noncoding region (NCR) of genomes of picornaviruses belonging to the Cardio- and Aphthovirus genera over 50 years ago, but the molecular basis of their function is still unknown. Truncation or complete deletion of the polyC tracts in picornaviruses compromises virulence and pathogenicity but do not affect replicative fitness in vitro, suggesting a role as "viral security" RNA element. The evidence available suggests that the presence of a long polyC tract is required for replication in immune cells, which impacts viral distribution and targeting, and, consequently, pathogenic progression. Viral attenuation achieved by reduction of the polyC tract length has been successfully used for vaccine strategies. Further elucidation of the role of the polyC tract in viral replication cycle and its connection with replication in immune cells has the potential to expand the arsenal of tools in the fight against cancer in oncolytic virotherapy (OV). Here, we review the published data on the biological significance and mechanisms of action of the polyC tract in viral pathogenesis in Cardio- and Aphthoviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Velia Penza
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Russell
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Autumn J. Schulze
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Engineering universal cells that evade immune detection. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 19:723-733. [DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0200-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
3
|
MicroRNA-Detargeted Mengovirus for Oncolytic Virotherapy. J Virol 2016; 90:4078-4092. [PMID: 26865716 PMCID: PMC4810567 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02810-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mengovirus, a member of the Picornaviridae family, has a broad cell tropism and can cause encephalitis and myocarditis in multiple mammalian species. Attenuation has been achieved by shortening the polycytidine tract in the 5′ noncoding region (NCR). A poly(C)-truncated strain of mengovirus, vMC24, resulted in significant tumor regression in immunocompetent BALB/c mice bearing syngeneic MPC-11 plasmacytomas, but the associated toxicities were unacceptable. To enhance its safety profile, microRNA target sequences complementary to miR-124 or miR-125 (enriched in nervous tissue), miR-133 and miR-208 (enriched in cardiac tissue), or miR-142 (control; enriched in hematopoietic tissues) were inserted into the vMC24 NCRs. The microRNA-detargeted viruses showed reduced replication and cell killing specifically in cells expressing the cognate microRNAs, but certain insertions additionally were associated with nonspecific suppression of viral fitness in vivo. In vivo toxicity testing confirmed that miR-124 targets within the 5′ NCR suppressed virus replication in the central nervous system while miR-133 and miR-208 targets in the 3′ NCR suppressed viral replication in cardiac tissue. A dual-detargeted virus named vMC24-NC, with miR-124 targets in the 5′ NCR and miR-133 plus miR-208 targets in the 3′ NCR, showed the suppression of replication in both nervous and cardiac tissues but retained full oncolytic potency when administered by intratumoral (106 50% tissue culture infectious doses [TCID50]) or intravenous (107 to 108 TCID50) injection into BALB/c mice bearing MPC-11 plasmacytomas. Overall survival of vMC24-NC-treated tumor-bearing mice was significantly improved compared to that of nontreated mice. MicroRNA-detargeted mengoviruses offer a promising oncolytic virotherapy platform that merits further development for clinical translation. IMPORTANCE The clinical potential of oncolytic virotherapy for cancer treatment has been well demonstrated, justifying the continued development of novel oncolytic viruses with enhanced potency. Here, we introduce mengovirus as a novel oncolytic agent. Mengovirus is appealing as an oncolytic virotherapy platform because of its small size, simple genome structure, rapid replication cycle, and broad cell/species tropism. However, mengovirus can cause encephalomyelitis and myocarditis. It can be partially attenuated by shortening the poly(C) tract in the 5′ NCR but remains capable of damaging cardiac and nervous tissue. Here, we further enhanced the safety profile of a poly(C)-truncated mengovirus by incorporating muscle- and neuron-specific microRNA target sequences into the viral genome. This dual-detargeted virus has reduced pathogenesis but retained potent oncolytic activity. Our data show that microRNA targeting can be used to further increase the safety of an attenuated mengovirus, providing a basis for its development as an oncolytic platform.
Collapse
|
4
|
Rieber N, Graf A, Hartl D, Urschel S, Belohradsky BH, Liese J. Acellular pertussis booster in adolescents induces Th1 and memory CD8+ T cell immune response. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17271. [PMID: 21408149 PMCID: PMC3050840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In a number of countries, whole cell pertussis vaccines (wcP) were replaced by acellular vaccines (aP) due to an improved reactogenicity profile. Pertussis immunization leads to specific antibody production with the help of CD4(+) T cells. In earlier studies in infants and young children, wcP vaccines selectively induced a Th1 dominated immune response, whereas aP vaccines led to a Th2 biased response. To obtain data on Th1 or Th2 dominance of the immune response in adolescents receiving an aP booster immunization after a wcP or aP primary immunization, we analyzed the concentration of Th1 (IL-2, TNF-α, INF-γ) and Th2 (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10) cytokines in supernatants of lymphocyte cultures specifically stimulated with pertussis antigens. We also investigated the presence of cytotoxic T cell responses against the facultative intracellular bacterium Bordetella pertussis by quantifying pertussis-specific CD8(+) T cell activation following the aP booster immunization. Here we show that the adolescent aP booster vaccination predominantly leads to a Th1 immune response based on IFNgamma secretion upon stimulation with pertussis antigen, irrespective of a prior whole cell or acellular primary vaccination. The vaccination also induces an increase in peripheral CD8(+)CD69(+) activated pertussis-specific memory T cells four weeks after vaccination. The Th1 bias of this immune response could play a role for the decreased local reactogenicity of this adolescent aP booster immunization when compared to the preceding childhood acellular pertussis booster. Pertussis-specific CD8(+) memory T cells may contribute to protection against clinical pertussis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Rieber
- University Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- University Children's Hospital, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Anna Graf
- University Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Dominik Hartl
- University Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- University Children's Hospital, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Simon Urschel
- University Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Johannes Liese
- University Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- University Children's Hospital, Julius-Maximilians-University, Wuerzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen Z, Guo X, Ge X, Jia H, Yang H. Protective immune response in mice vaccinated with a recombinant adenovirus containing capsid precursor polypeptide P1, nonstructural protein 2A and 3C protease genes (P12A3C) of encephalomyocarditis virus. Vaccine 2008; 26:573-80. [PMID: 18162265 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2007] [Revised: 10/22/2007] [Accepted: 11/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) infection can cause acute myocarditis and sudden death in pre-weaned piglets as well as severe reproductive failure in sows. In this study, two recombinant adenoviruses containing capsid precursor polypeptide P1 alone (Ad-P1) and P1 plus nonstructural protein 2A and 3C protease coding regions (Ad-P12A3C) of EMCV were respectively constructed using replication-defective human adenovirus serotype 5 as vector, and their antibody responses and protective efficacies against a lethal EMCV challenge were evaluated in mice. Both Ad-P1 and Ad-P12A3C were confirmed to be capable of expressing VP1 protein in BHK21 cells by immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (IPMA). The results showed that mice vaccinated once or twice with Ad-P1 and Ad-P12A3C generated specific antibody response against VP1 protein of EMCV. Although Ad-P1 induced higher antibody titers, virus-neutralizing antibody response was considerably less (p<0.05), compared to that of Ad-P12A3C. Upon challenging with a virulent EMCV strain, Ad-P12A3C elicited efficacious protection (100% for both vaccination once and twice) in the vaccinated mice; whereas the mice immunized with Ad-P1 showed a lower protection (12.5% for vaccination once and 75% for twice). Our work suggests that the recombinant adenovirus (Ad-P12A3C) containing the capsid precursor polypeptide coding region (P1) plus nonstructural protein 2A and 3C protease genes have an excellent potential to be used as a vaccine that can provide sufficient protective efficacy against EMCV infection in animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ilyinskii PO, Wang R, Balk SP, Exley MA. CD1d mediates T-cell-dependent resistance to secondary infection with encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) in vitro and immune response to EMCV infection in vivo. J Virol 2006; 80:7146-58. [PMID: 16809320 PMCID: PMC1489038 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02745-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate and adaptive immune responses have evolved distinct strategies for controlling different viral pathogens. Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) is a picornavirus that can cause paralysis, diabetes, and myocarditis within days of infection. The optimal innate immune response against EMCV in vivo requires CD1d. Interaction of antigen-presenting cell CD1d with distinct natural killer T-cell ("NKT") populations can induce rapid gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production and NK-cell activation. The T-cell response of CD1d-deficient mice (lacking all NKT cells) against acute EMCV infection was further studied in vitro and in vivo. EMCV persisted at higher levels in CD1d-knockout (KO) splenocyte cultures infected in vitro. Furthermore, optimal resistance to repeat cycles of EMCV infection in vitro was also shown to depend on CD1d. However, this was not reflected in the relative levels of NK-cell activation but rather by the responses of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell populations. Repeated EMCV infection in vitro induced less IFN-gamma and alpha interferon (IFN-alpha) from CD1d-deficient splenocytes than with the wild type. Furthermore, the level of EMCV replication in wild-type splenocytes was markedly and specifically increased by addition of blocking anti-CD1d antibody. Depletion experiments demonstrated that dendritic cells contributed less than the combination of NK and NKT cells to anti-EMCV responses and that none of these cell types was the main source of IFN-alpha. Finally, EMCV infection in vivo produced higher levels of viremia in CD1d-KO mice than in wild-type animals, coupled with significantly less lymphocyte activation and IFN-alpha production. These results point to the existence of a previously unrecognized mechanism of rapid CD1d-dependent stimulation of the antiviral adaptive cellular immune response.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigen Presentation/immunology
- Antigens, CD1/genetics
- Antigens, CD1/immunology
- Antigens, CD1d
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Cardiovirus Infections/genetics
- Cardiovirus Infections/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus/virology
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Immunity, Innate/immunology
- Interferon-alpha/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/virology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Maus Elberfeld virus/genetics
- Maus Elberfeld virus/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Myocarditis/immunology
- Myocarditis/virology
- Paralysis/immunology
- Paralysis/virology
- Viremia/genetics
- Viremia/immunology
- Virus Replication/drug effects
- Virus Replication/genetics
- Virus Replication/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petr O Ilyinskii
- Cancer Biology Program, Hematology/Oncology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, NRB 1030L, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Amineva SP, Mosser AG, Binder JJ, Aminev AG, Palmenberg AC, Gern JE. Synthesis of the allergen ovomucoid by a replicating Mengo virus. Arch Virol 2006; 151:1933-46. [PMID: 16732496 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-006-0778-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2005] [Accepted: 04/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Interferons induced by viral infections can have powerful immuno- modulatory effects, and several epidemiologic studies have found an association between certain viral infections and reduced prevalence of allergy. We hypothesized that allergenic proteins could be synthesized by a replicating virus, and this construct could be useful as an immunomodulator. To test this hypothesis, we cloned an allergenic protein (ovomucoid [OVM]) into a murine picornavirus (Mengo virus) vector. This plasmid has a multicloning site surrounded by auto-catalytic sequences so that a foreign protein will be cleaved from viral proteins during replication. OVM sequences were cloned in the context of full-length viral genome cDNA, T7 RNA transcripts of this plasmid were transfected into HeLa cells, and recombinant virus plaques appeared on the second passage. Sequence analysis of recombinant viruses derived from individual plaques demonstrated that three viral isolates contained up to 2/3 of the OVM coding sequence, which was retained by the viruses after 5 additional passages in HeLa cells. The experiments verify the stable expression of immunoreactive OVM subunits by replicating viruses. These virus/allergen constructs could provide a tool to evaluate whether intracellular presentation of allergenic proteins in the context of a viral infection could prevent allergic sensitization upon re-challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S P Amineva
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Exley MA, Bigley NJ, Cheng O, Shaulov A, Tahir SMA, Carter QL, Garcia J, Wang C, Patten K, Stills HF, Alt FW, Snapper SB, Balk SP. Innate immune response to encephalomyocarditis virus infection mediated by CD1d. Immunology 2004; 110:519-26. [PMID: 14632651 PMCID: PMC1783078 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2003.01779.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
CD1d-reactive natural killer T (NKT) cells can rapidly produce T helper type 1 (Th1) and/or Th2 cytokines, can activate antigen-presenting cell (APC) interleukin-12 (IL-12) production, and are implicated in the regulation of adaptive immune responses. The role of the CD1d system was assessed during infection with encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV-D), a picornavirus that causes acute diabetes, paralysis and myocarditis. EMCV-D resistance depends on IL-12-mediated interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production. CD1d-deficient mice, which also lack CD1d-reactive NKT cells, were substantially more sensitive to infection with EMCV-D. Infected CD1d knockout mice had decreased IL-12 levels in vitro and in vivo, and indeed were protected by treatment with exogenous IL-12. IFN-gamma production in CD1d knockout mice was decreased compared with that in wild-type (WT) mice in response to EMCV-D in vitro, although differences were not detected in vivo. Treatment with anti-asialo-GM1 antibody, to deplete NK cells, caused a marked increase in susceptibility of WT mice to EMCV-D infection, whereas CD1d knockout mice were little affected, suggesting that NK-cell-mediated protection is CD1d-dependent. Therefore, these data indicate that CD1d is essential for optimal responses to acute picornaviral infection. We propose that CD1d-reactive T cells respond to early immune signals and function in the innate immune response to a physiological viral infection by rapidly augmenting APC IL-12 production and activating NK cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Exley
- Cancer Biology Program, Hematology/Oncology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Neal ZC, Harms JS, Hill MR, Splitter GA. Encephalomyocarditis and Mengo viruses productively infect murine T-lymphocyte cell lines but not fresh ex vivo derived T lymphocytes. Viral Immunol 2002; 15:155-63. [PMID: 11952137 DOI: 10.1089/088282402317340305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) and Mengo virus are highly virulent murine cardioviruses that are found in abundant quantities in the spleen and lymph nodes after infection. T lymphocytes are pivotal mediators of humoral and cellular immunity against cardioviral challenge, and are highly suspect candidates of EMCV and Mengo virus infection. We found T lymphocyte-like cell lines CTLL-2, EL-4, LY1+2/9, and LBRM33 were susceptible to productive viral infection and exhibited cytopathology after infection with virulent EMCV-R or attenuated Mengo virus strains vMC0 and vMC24. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated progressive intracellular accumulation of viral proteins, such as the replication-dependent 3D viral polymerase, in EL-4 cells during infection. Conversely, freshly isolated and mitogen-stimulated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were resistant to productive infection with these viruses, exhibiting no viral-induced cytopathic effects or intracellular presence of viral proteins. These data indicate that although T-lymphocyte-like tumor cell lines are highly susceptible to viral infection and cytopathic effects, primary/freshly isolated T cells are resistant to infection by EMCV-R or Mengo virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zane C Neal
- Department of Animal Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706-1581, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Stebbings RJ, Almond NM, Stott EJ, Berry N, Wade-Evans AM, Hull R, Lines J, Silvera P, Sangster R, Corcoran T, Rose J, Walker KB. Mechanisms of protection induced by attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus. Virology 2002; 296:338-53. [PMID: 12069532 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2002.1379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To determine whether attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) vaccines confer protection against superinfection via secondary cellular immune responses, we searched for markers of immune activation following rechallenge. Productive infection with either attenuated SIVmacC8 or wild-type SIVmacJ5 resulted in a transient increase in T-lymphocyte CD25 and Mafa-DR expression. A pronounced increase in the frequency of FAS+ CD8+ lymphocytes was observed following SIVmacJ5 infection only. A transient increase in lymphocytes positive for intracellular IFN-gamma and IL-4 was observed following primary infection with either virus. In contrast, lymphocytes positive for intracellular IL-2 were reduced. Following SIVmacJ5 challenge of SIVmacC8-infected vaccinees, no evidence of detectable superinfection was obtained. Rechallenge of vaccinees did not alter the frequency of activated peripheral T-lymphocytes, perturb cytokine profiles, or generate an anamnestic antibody response. These data do not support the hypothesis that protection conferred by live attenuated SIV is mediated by the induction of vigorous T-cell responses upon rechallenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Stebbings
- Division of Immunobiology, Division of Retrovirology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Exley MA, Bigley NJ, Cheng O, Tahir SMA, Smiley ST, Carter QL, Stills HF, Grusby MJ, Koezuka Y, Taniguchi M, Balk SP. CD1d‐reactive T‐cell activation leads to amelioration of disease caused by diabetogenic encephalomyocarditis virus. J Leukoc Biol 2001. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.69.5.713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Exley
- Cancer Biology Program, Hematology/Oncology Division, Beth Israel‐Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nancy J. Bigley
- Microbiology/Immunology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Olivia Cheng
- Cancer Biology Program, Hematology/Oncology Division, Beth Israel‐Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Syed Muhammad Ali Tahir
- Cancer Biology Program, Hematology/Oncology Division, Beth Israel‐Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Masuru Taniguchi
- Core Research in Evolution, Science, and Technology (CREST), Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; and
| | - Steven P. Balk
- Cancer Biology Program, Hematology/Oncology Division, Beth Israel‐Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Parry DE, Busse WW, Sukow KA, Dick CR, Swenson C, Gern JE. Rhinovirus-induced PBMC responses and outcome of experimental infection in allergic subjects. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000; 105:692-8. [PMID: 10756217 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2000.104785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immune response to rhinovirus (RV) infections is considered to contribute to upper respiratory symptoms and may also be an important contributor to lower airway dysfunction in patients with asthma. OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to determine the relationship of RV-specific responses in PBMCs to the outcome of experimentally induced infection with RV16. METHODS Twenty-two subjects with either allergic rhinitis or asthma were inoculated with RV16: virus-induced proliferation and cytokine production were determined on PBMCs obtained before and then again 7 and 28 days after inoculation. RESULTS Several subjects had proliferative responses to RV16 before inoculation, and precold RV-specific proliferative responses were inversely correlated (r(s) = -0.62, P <. 005) with RV shedding after inoculation. In addition, there was a negative correlation (r(s) = -0.58, P = 0.01) between precold RV-induced IFN-gamma secretion ex vivo and peak RV shedding during the cold. CONCLUSIONS Certain RV-specific lymphocyte responses before the cold (vigorous proliferation or IFN-gamma secretion) were associated with reduced viral shedding after inoculation. These findings suggest that variations in mononuclear cell responses to RV could contribute to the individual variability in viral shedding during experimentally induced, and perhaps naturally acquired, RV infections in subjects with respiratory allergy or asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D E Parry
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|