1
|
Hirose L, Hiramoto T, Tian Y, Kohara H, Kobayashi S, Nagai E, Denda T, Tanaka Y, Ota Y, Jiyuan L, Miyamoto S, Miura Y, Hijikata Y, Soda Y, Inoue T, Okahara N, Itoh T, Sasaki E, Tojo A, Uchimaru K, Tani K. A pilot study to establish human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) carrier model using common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). J Med Primatol 2020; 49:86-94. [PMID: 31930552 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For the diagnosis and treatment of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) caused by human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) are required therapeutic modalities urgently. Non-human primate models for ATLL would provide a valuable information for clinical studies. We did a pilot study to establish an ATLL non-human primate model using common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). METHODS We inoculated HTLV-1-producing MT-2 cells into 9-month-old marmosets, either intraperitoneally or intravenously. We next administrated MT-2 cells into 13-month-old marmosets under cyclosporine A (CsA) treatment to promote infection. HTLV-1 infection was determined by measuring HTLV-1 antibody titer in the common marmosets. RESULTS The HTLV-1 antibody titer increased in the intraperitoneally inoculated marmoset with or without CsA treatment, and it kept over five 5 years though proviral copy number (proviral load, PVL) remained low throughout the study. CONCLUSION We obtained HTLV-1 asymptomatic carriers of common marmosets by inoculating MT-2 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Hirose
- Project Division of ALA Advanced Medical Research, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takafumi Hiramoto
- Project Division of ALA Advanced Medical Research, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yamin Tian
- Project Division of ALA Advanced Medical Research, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kohara
- Project Division of ALA Advanced Medical Research, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Kobayashi
- Division of Molecular Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Etsuko Nagai
- Department of Pathology, Research Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tamami Denda
- Department of Pathology, Research Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukihisa Tanaka
- Department of Pathology, Research Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunori Ota
- Department of Pathology, Research Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Liao Jiyuan
- Project Division of ALA Advanced Medical Research, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shohei Miyamoto
- Project Division of ALA Advanced Medical Research, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshie Miura
- Project Division of ALA Advanced Medical Research, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuki Hijikata
- Project Division of ALA Advanced Medical Research, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Soda
- Project Division of ALA Advanced Medical Research, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Inoue
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Norio Okahara
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Toshio Itoh
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Erika Sasaki
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Arinobu Tojo
- Division of Molecular Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaoru Uchimaru
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Science, The Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenzaburo Tani
- Project Division of ALA Advanced Medical Research, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ando S, Hasegawa A, Murakami Y, Zeng N, Takatsuka N, Maeda Y, Masuda T, Suehiro Y, Kannagi M. HTLV-1 Tax-Specific CTL Epitope–Pulsed Dendritic Cell Therapy Reduces Proviral Load in Infected Rats with Immune Tolerance against Tax. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:1210-1219. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
3
|
Abstract
Since the isolation and discovery of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) over 30 years ago, researchers have utilized animal models to study HTLV-1 transmission, viral persistence, virus-elicited immune responses, and HTLV-1-associated disease development (ATL, HAM/TSP). Non-human primates, rabbits, rats, and mice have all been used to help understand HTLV-1 biology and disease progression. Non-human primates offer a model system that is phylogenetically similar to humans for examining viral persistence. Viral transmission, persistence, and immune responses have been widely studied using New Zealand White rabbits. The advent of molecular clones of HTLV-1 has offered the opportunity to assess the importance of various viral genes in rabbits, non-human primates, and mice. Additionally, over-expression of viral genes using transgenic mice has helped uncover the importance of Tax and Hbz in the induction of lymphoma and other lymphocyte-mediated diseases. HTLV-1 inoculation of certain strains of rats results in histopathological features and clinical symptoms similar to that of humans with HAM/TSP. Transplantation of certain types of ATL cell lines in immunocompromised mice results in lymphoma. Recently, “humanized” mice have been used to model ATL development for the first time. Not all HTLV-1 animal models develop disease and those that do vary in consistency depending on the type of monkey, strain of rat, or even type of ATL cell line used. However, the progress made using animal models cannot be understated as it has led to insights into the mechanisms regulating viral replication, viral persistence, disease development, and, most importantly, model systems to test disease treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R Panfil
- Center for Retrovirus Research, OH, USA. ; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, OH, USA
| | - Jacob J Al-Saleem
- Center for Retrovirus Research, OH, USA. ; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, OH, USA
| | - Patrick L Green
- Center for Retrovirus Research, OH, USA. ; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, OH, USA. ; Comprenhensive Cancer Center and Solove Research Institute, OH, USA. ; Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hajj HE, Nasr R, Kfoury Y, Dassouki Z, Nasser R, Kchour G, Hermine O, de Thé H, Bazarbachi A. Animal models on HTLV-1 and related viruses: what did we learn? Front Microbiol 2012; 3:333. [PMID: 23049525 PMCID: PMC3448133 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Retroviruses are associated with a wide variety of diseases, including immunological, neurological disorders, and different forms of cancer. Among retroviruses, Oncovirinae regroup according to their genetic structure and sequence, several related viruses such as human T-cell lymphotropic viruses types 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2), simian T cell lymphotropic viruses types 1 and 2 (STLV-1 and STLV-2), and bovine leukemia virus (BLV). As in many diseases, animal models provide a useful tool for the studies of pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention. In the current review, an overview on different animal models used in the study of these viruses will be provided. A specific attention will be given to the HTLV-1 virus which is the causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) but also of a number of inflammatory diseases regrouping the HTLV-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), infective dermatitis and some lung inflammatory diseases. Among these models, rabbits, monkeys but also rats provide an excellent in vivo tool for early HTLV-1 viral infection and transmission as well as the induced host immune response against the virus. But ideally, mice remain the most efficient method of studying human afflictions. Genetically altered mice including both transgenic and knockout mice, offer important models to test the role of specific viral and host genes in the development of HTLV-1-associated leukemia. The development of different strains of immunodeficient mice strains (SCID, NOD, and NOG SCID mice) provide a useful and rapid tool of humanized and xenografted mice models, to test new drugs and targeted therapy against HTLV-1-associated leukemia, to identify leukemia stem cells candidates but also to study the innate immunity mediated by the virus. All together, these animal models have revolutionized the biology of retroviruses, their manipulation of host genes and more importantly the potential ways to either prevent their infection or to treat their associated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiba El Hajj
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rahman S, Khan ZK, Wigdahl B, Jennings SR, Tangy F, Jain P. Murine FLT3 ligand-derived dendritic cell-mediated early immune responses are critical to controlling cell-free human T cell leukemia virus type 1 infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 186:390-402. [PMID: 21115731 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is associated with two immunologically distinct diseases: HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis and adult T cell leukemia. We observed previously that depletion of dendritic cells (DCs) in CD11c-diphtheria toxin receptor transgenic mice followed by infection with cell-free virus led to greater proviral and Tax mRNA loads and diminished cellular immune response compared with mice infected with cell-associated virus. To understand the significance of these in vivo results and explore the host-pathogen interaction between DCs and cell-free HTLV-1, we used FLT3 ligand-cultured mouse bone marrow-derived DCs (FL-DCs) and chimeric HTLV-1. Phenotypically, the FL-DCs upregulated expression of surface markers (CD80, CD86, and MHC class II) on infection; however, the level of MHC class I remained unchanged. We performed kinetic studies to understand viral entry, proviral integration, and expression of the viral protein Tax. Multiplex cytokine profiling revealed production of an array of proinflammatory cytokines and type 1 IFN (IFN-α) by FL-DCs treated with virus. Virus-matured FL-DCs stimulated proliferation of autologous CD3(+) T cells as shown by intracellular nuclear Ki67 staining and produced IFN-γ when cultured with infected FL-DCs. Gene expression studies using type 1 IFN-specific and DC-specific arrays revealed upregulation of IFN-stimulated genes, most cytokines, and transcription factors, but a distinct downregulation of many chemokines. Overall, these results highlight the critical early responses generated by FL-DCs on challenge with cell-free chimeric HTLV-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saifur Rahman
- Drexel Institute for Biotechnology and Virology Research, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1): Molecular Biology and Oncogenesis. Viruses 2010; 2:2037-2077. [PMID: 21994719 PMCID: PMC3185741 DOI: 10.3390/v2092037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T lymphotropic viruses (HTLVs) are complex deltaretroviruses that do not contain a proto-oncogene in their genome, yet are capable of transforming primary T lymphocytes both in vitro and in vivo. There are four known strains of HTLV including HTLV type 1 (HTLV-1), HTLV-2, HTLV-3 and HTLV-4. HTLV-1 is primarily associated with adult T cell leukemia (ATL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). HTLV-2 is rarely pathogenic and is sporadically associated with neurological disorders. There have been no diseases associated with HTLV-3 or HTLV-4 to date. Due to the difference in the disease manifestation between HTLV-1 and HTLV-2, a clear understanding of their individual pathobiologies and the role of various viral proteins in transformation should provide insights into better prognosis and prevention strategies. In this review, we aim to summarize the data accumulated so far in the transformation and pathogenesis of HTLV-1, focusing on the viral Tax and HBZ and citing appropriate comparisons to HTLV-2.
Collapse
|
7
|
Zimmerman B, Niewiesk S, Lairmore MD. Mouse models of human T lymphotropic virus type-1-associated adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Vet Pathol 2010; 47:677-89. [PMID: 20442421 DOI: 10.1177/0300985810370009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1), the first human retrovirus discovered, is the causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and a number of lymphocyte-mediated inflammatory conditions including HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. Development of animal models to study the pathogenesis of HTLV-1-associated diseases has been problematic. Mechanisms of early infection and cell-to-cell transmission can be studied in rabbits and nonhuman primates, but lesion development and reagents are limited in these species. The mouse provides a cost-effective, highly reproducible model in which to study factors related to lymphoma development and the preclinical efficacy of potential therapies against ATL. The ability to manipulate transgenic mice has provided important insight into viral genes responsible for lymphocyte transformation. Expansion of various strains of immunodeficient mice has accelerated the testing of drugs and targeted therapy against ATL. This review compares various mouse models to illustrate recent advances in the understanding of HTLV-1-associated ATL development and how improvements in these models are critical to the future development of targeted therapies against this aggressive T-cell lymphoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Zimmerman
- The Ohio State University, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Goss Laboratory, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1093, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rahman S, Manuel SL, Khan ZK, Wigdahl B, Acheampong E, Tangy F, Jain P. Depletion of dendritic cells enhances susceptibility to cell-free infection of human T cell leukemia virus type 1 in CD11c-diphtheria toxin receptor transgenic mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:5553-61. [PMID: 20382884 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is associated with two immunologically distinct diseases: HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis and adult T cell leukemia. The genesis of these diseases is believed to be associated with the route (mucosa versus blood) and mode (cell-free versus cell-associated) of primary infection as well as the modulation of dendritic cell (DC) functions. To explore the role of DCs during early HTLV-1 infection in vivo, we used a chimeric HTLV-1 with a replaced envelope gene from Moloney murine leukemia virus to allow HTLV-1 to fuse with murine cells, which are generally not susceptible to infection with human retroviruses. We also used a CD11c-diphtheria toxin receptor transgenic mouse model system that permits conditional transient depletion of CD11c(+) DCs. We infected these transgenic mice with HTLV-1 using both cell-free and cell-associated infection routes in the absence and presence of DCs. The ablation of DCs led to an enhanced susceptibility to infection with cell-free but not cell-associated HTLV-1 in both CD4 and non-CD4 fractions, as measured by the proviral load. Infection with cell-free virus in the absence of DCs was also found to have increased levels of Tax mRNA in the non-CD4 fraction. Moreover, depletion of DCs significantly dampened the cellular immune response (IFN-gamma(+)CD8(+) T cells) against both cell-free and cell-associated virus. These results uniquely differentiate the involvement of DCs in early cell-free versus late cell-associated infection of HTLV-1 and highlight a significant aspect of viral immunopathogenesis related to the progression of adult T cell leukemia and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis after the initial infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saifur Rahman
- Drexel Institute for Biotechnology and Virology Research, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19127, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cyclosporine-induced immune suppression alters establishment of HTLV-1 infection in a rabbit model. Blood 2009; 115:815-23. [PMID: 19965683 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-07-230912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection causes adult T-cell leukemia and several lymphocyte-mediated inflammatory diseases. Persistent HTLV-1 infection is determined by a balance between host immune responses and virus spread. Immunomodulatory therapy involving HTLV-1-infected patients occurs in a variety of clinical settings. Knowledge of how these treatments influence host-virus relationships is not understood. In this study, we examined the effects of cyclosporine A (CsA)-induced immune suppression during early infection of HTLV-1. Twenty-four New Zealand white rabbits were split into 4 groups. Three groups were treated with either 10 or 20 mg/kg CsA or saline before infection. The fourth group was treated with 20 mg/kg CsA 1 week after infection. Immune suppression, plasma CsA concentration, ex vivo lymphocyte HTLV-1 p19 production, anti-HTLV-1 serologic responses, and proviral load levels were measured during infection. Our data indicated that CsA treatment before HTLV-1 infection enhanced early viral expression compared with untreated HTLV-1-infected rabbits, and altered long-term viral expression parameters. However, CsA treatment 1 week after infection diminished HTLV-1 expression throughout the 10-week study course. Collectively, these data indicate immunologic control is a key determinant of early HTLV-1 spread and have important implications for therapeutic intervention during HTLV-1-associated diseases.
Collapse
|
10
|
Takayanagi R, Ohashi T, Shida H. Functional analysis of Foxp3 and CTLA-4 expressing HTLV-1-infected cells in a rat model. Microbes Infect 2009; 11:964-72. [PMID: 19596078 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2009.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Revised: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiologic agent of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). Some ATL cells express Foxp3, which is known as regulatory T cell (Treg cell) specific transcription factor. It is suggested that Treg cell like suppressive activity of Foxp3 expressing ATL cells is associated to ATL development and related immunodeficiency. To develop an HTLV-1 model system that enables to investigate the association of Treg function in ATL progression, we examined the expression of Foxp3 and CTLA-4, Treg cell-associated factor, in established HTLV-1-infected rat cell lines and their regulatory function. We found the expression of Foxp3 in 10 of 22 and CTLA-4 in 10 of 19 HTLV-1-infected rat cell lines. Moreover, some of the Foxp3 and/or CTLA-4 expressing cell lines suppressed proliferation of naïve T cells that were stimulated with anti-CD3 antibody. Particularly all Foxp3(+) CTLA-4(+) cells showed the suppressive activity. Our data suggest the usefulness of our rat model systems for further analysis of the role of Treg cell-associated factors on the development of ATL and related immunodeficiency in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Takayanagi
- Department of Molecular Virology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ohashi T, Nagai M, Okada H, Takayanagi R, Shida H. Activation and detection of HTLV-I Tax-specific CTLs by epitope expressing single-chain trimers of MHC class I in a rat model. Retrovirology 2008; 5:90. [PMID: 18840303 PMCID: PMC2579301 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-5-90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human T cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) causes adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) in infected individuals after a long incubation period. Immunological studies have suggested that insufficient host T cell response to HTLV-I is a potential risk factor for ATL. To understand the relationship between host T cell response and HTLV-I pathogenesis in a rat model system, we have developed an activation and detection system of HTLV-I Tax-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) by Epitope expressing Single-Chain Trimers (SCTs) of MHC Class I. Results We have established expression vectors which encode SCTs of rat MHC-I (RT1.Al) with Tax180-188 peptide. Human cell lines transfected with the established expression vectors were able to induce IFN-γ and TNF-α production by a Tax180-188-specific CTL line, 4O1/C8. We have further fused the C-terminus of SCTs to EGFP and established cells expressing SCT-EGFP fusion protein on the surface. By co-cultivating the cells with 4O1/C8, we have confirmed that the epitope-specific CTLs acquired SCT-EGFP fusion proteins and that these EGFP-possessed CTLs were detectable by flow cytometric analysis. Conclusion We have generated a SCT of rat MHC-I linked to Tax epitope peptide, which can be applicable for the induction of Tax-specific CTLs in rat model systems of HTLV-I infection. We have also established a detection system of Tax-specific CTLs by using cells expressing SCTs fused with EGFP. These systems will be useful tools in understanding the role of HTLV-I specific CTLs in HTLV-I pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ohashi
- Division of Molecular Virology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Takayanagi R, Ohashi T, Yamashita E, Kurosaki Y, Tanaka K, Hakata Y, Komoda Y, Ikeda S, Tsunetsugu-Yokota Y, Tanaka Y, Shida H. Enhanced replication of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 in T cells from transgenic rats expressing human CRM1 that is regulated in a natural manner. J Virol 2007; 81:5908-18. [PMID: 17360758 PMCID: PMC1900248 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02811-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2006] [Accepted: 03/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiologic agent of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). To develop a better animal model for the investigation of HTLV-1 infection, we established a transgenic (Tg) rat carrying the human CRM1 (hCRM1) gene, which encodes a viral RNA transporter that is a species-specific restriction factor. At first we found that CRM1 expression is elaborately regulated through a pathway involving protein kinase C during lymphocyte activation, initially by posttranscriptional and subsequently by transcriptional mechanisms. This fact led us to use an hCRM1-containing bacterial artificial chromosome clone, which would harbor the entire regulatory and coding regions of the CRM1 gene. The Tg rats expressed hCRM1 protein in a manner similar to expression of intrinsic rat CRM1 in various organs. HTLV-1-infected T-cell lines derived from these Tg rats produced 100- to 10,000-fold more HTLV-1 than did T cells from wild-type rats, and the absolute levels of HTLV-1 were similar to those produced by human T cells. We also observed enhancement of the dissemination of HTLV-1 to the thymus in the Tg rats after intraperitoneal inoculation, although the proviral loads were low in both wild-type and Tg rats. These results support the essential role of hCRM1 in proper HTLV-1 replication and suggest the importance of this Tg rat as an animal model for HTLV-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Takayanagi
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kobayashi H, Ngato T, Sato K, Aoki N, Kimura S, Tanaka Y, Aizawa H, Tateno M, Celis E. In vitro peptide immunization of target tax protein human T-cell leukemia virus type 1-specific CD4+ helper T lymphocytes. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:3814-22. [PMID: 16778109 PMCID: PMC1986724 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-0384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma induced by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is usually a fatal lymphoproliferative malignant disease. HTLV-1 Tax protein plays a critical role in HTLV-1-associated leukemogenesis and is an attractive target for vaccine development. Although HTLV-1 Tax is the most dominant antigen for HTLV-1-specific CD8(+) CTLs in HTLV-1-infected individuals, few epitopes recognized by CD4(+) helper T lymphocytes in HTLV-1 Tax protein have been described. The aim of the present study was to study T-helper-cell responses to HTLV-1 Tax and to identify naturally processed MHC class II-restricted epitopes that could be used for vaccine development. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN An MHC class II binding peptide algorithm was used to predict potential T-helper cell epitope peptides from HTLV-1 Tax. We assessed the ability of the corresponding peptides to elicit helper T-cell responses by in vitro vaccination of purified CD4(+) T lymphocytes. RESULTS Peptides Tax(191-205) and Tax(305-319) were effective in inducing T-helper-cell responses. Although Tax(191-205) was restricted by the HLA-DR1 and DR9 alleles, responses to Tax(305-319) were restricted by either DR15 or DQ9. Both these epitopes were found to be naturally processed by HTLV-1(+) T-cell lymphoma cells and by autologous antigen-presenting cells that were pulsed with HTLV-1 Tax(+) tumor lysates. Notably, the two newly identified helper T-cell epitopes are found to lie proximal to known CTL epitopes, which will facilitate the development of prophylactic peptide-based vaccine capable of inducing simultaneous CTL and T-helper responses. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that HTLV-1 Tax protein could serve as tumor-associated antigen for CD4(+) helper T cells and that the present epitopes might be used for T-cell-based immunotherapy against tumors expressing HTLV-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroya Kobayashi
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kurihara K, Shimizu Y, Takamori A, Harashima N, Noji M, Masuda T, Utsunomiya A, Okamura J, Kannagi M. Human T-cell leukemia virus type-I (HTLV-I)-specific T-cell responses detected using three-divided glutathione-S-transferase (GST)-Tax fusion proteins. J Immunol Methods 2006; 313:61-73. [PMID: 16723135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2006.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2005] [Revised: 03/16/2006] [Accepted: 03/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Insufficient T-cell response to human T-cell leukemia virus type-I (HTLV-I) is a potential risk factor in adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). We established an assay system for detecting HTLV-I-specific T-cell response by using recombinant glutathione-S-transferase (GST) proteins fused with HTLV-I Tax protein that was divided into three portions, Tax-A, -B, and -C, corresponding to the N-terminal, central and C-terminal regions, respectively. When splenocytes from rats immunized with plasmids encoding Tax cDNA were incubated with these recombinant proteins, strong interferon gamma (IFN-gamma-producing responses occurred against GST-Tax proteins but not against control GST proteins. No such Tax-specific responses were observed in splenocytes from naive rats. Cocktails of oligopeptides corresponding to the Tax-A, -B, and -C regions also induced IFN-gamma-producing responses when incubated with splenocytes from immunized rats, but required higher amounts of antigens and there were a shorter periods of sustained T-cell responses than with GST-Tax protein-based assay. Although splenocytes from immunized rats predominantly reacted against GST-Tax-B protein, they failed to react with peptide cocktails corresponding to the Tax-B region, likely because the major epitope was interrupted in the initially prepared series of peptides. Using a newly prepared peptide series we found that splenocytes predominantly reacted with a peptide located in the Tax-B region that overlaps with a previously identified cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) epitope of this rat strain. Using this system, we examined peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from an ATL patient who underwent complete remission following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). PBMC from this patient produced a significant Tax-specific T-cell response predominantly against GST-Tax-A protein. This is consistent with the previous finding that this patient exhibited a strong HLA-A2-restricted CTL response to Tax 11-19 epitope, which is located in the Tax-A region. This study provides a diagnostic tool, useful for monitoring HTLV-I-specific T-cell immunity in patients and for surveying HTLV-I-carriers to identify an immunological group at high risk for ATL development, regardless of their human leukocyte antigen (HLA) types. It is also useful for predicting the location of T-cell epitopes, which may be applicable in future vaccine strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Kurihara
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Medical Research Division, 1-5-45 Yushima, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lairmore MD, Silverman L, Ratner L. Animal models for human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection and transformation. Oncogene 2005; 24:6005-15. [PMID: 16155607 PMCID: PMC2652704 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 25 years, animal models of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection and transformation have provided critical knowledge about viral and host factors in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). The virus consistently infects rabbits, some non-human primates, and to a lesser extent rats. In addition to providing fundamental concepts in viral transmission and immune responses against HTLV-1 infection, these models have provided new information about the role of viral proteins in carcinogenesis. Mice and rats, in particular immunodeficient strains, are useful models to assess immunologic parameters mediating tumor outgrowth and therapeutic invention strategies against lymphoma. Genetically altered mice including both transgenic and knockout mice offer important models to test the role of specific viral and host genes in the development of HTLV-1-associated lymphoma. Novel approaches in genetic manipulation of both HTLV-1 and animal models are available to address the complex questions that remain about viral-mediated mechanisms of cell transformation and disease. Current progress in the understanding of the molecular events of HTLV-1 infection and transformation suggests that answers to these questions are approachable using animal models of HTLV-1-associated lymphoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Lairmore
- Center for Retrovirus Research and Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1093, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kannagi M, Harashima N, Kurihara K, Ohashi T, Utsunomiya A, Tanosaki R, Masuda M, Tomonaga M, Okamura J. Tumor immunity against adult T-cell leukemia. Cancer Sci 2005; 96:249-55. [PMID: 15904464 PMCID: PMC11158966 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2005.00050.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type-I (HTLV-I) causes adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) in a small population of infected individuals after a long incubation period. Although the process of clonal evolution of ATL cells may involve multiple steps, ATL cells from half of the ATL cases still retain the ability to express HTLV-I Tax, a key molecule of HTLV-I leukemogenesis. A recent finding of reactivation of Tax-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in ATL patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation suggests the presence of Tax expression in vivo and potential contribution of the CTL to antitumor immunity. This is consistent with the results of a series of animal experiments indicating that Tax-specific CTL limit the growth of HTLV-I-infected cells in vivo, although the animal model mimics only an early phase of HTLV-I infection and leukemogenesis. Establishment of an insufficient HTLV-I-specific T-cell response and an increased viral load in orally HTLV-I-infected rats suggests that host HTLV-I-specific T-cell response at a primary HTLV-I infection can be a critical determinant of persistent HTLV-I levels thereafter. These findings indicate that Tax-targeted vaccines may be effective for prophylaxis of ATL in a high-risk group, and also for therapy of ATL in at least half the cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mari Kannagi
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Medical Research Division, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kurihara K, Harashima N, Hanabuchi S, Masuda M, Utsunomiya A, Tanosaki R, Tomonaga M, Ohashi T, Hasegawa A, Masuda T, Okamura J, Tanaka Y, Kannagi M. Potential immunogenicity of adult T cell leukemia cells in vivo. Int J Cancer 2005; 114:257-67. [PMID: 15551352 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Experimental vaccines targeting human T cell leukemia virus type-I (HTLV-I) Tax have been demonstrated in a rat model of HTLV-I-induced lymphomas. However, the scarcity of HTLV-I-expression and the presence of defective HTLV-I-proviruses in adult T cell leukemia (ATL) cells have raised controversy about the therapeutic potential of HTLV-I-targeted immunotherapy in humans. We investigated the expression of HTLV-I antigens in fresh ATL cells by using both in vitro and in vivo assays. In flow cytometric analysis, we found that 3 of 5 acute-type and six of fifteen chronic-type ATL patients tested showed significant induction of HTLV-I Tax and Gag in their ATL cells in a 1-day culture. Concomitantly with HTLV-I-expression, these ATL cells expressed co-stimulatory molecules such as CD80, CD86 and OX40, and showed elevated levels of antigenicity against allogeneic T cells and HTLV-I Tax-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL). Representative CTL epitopes restricted by HLA-A2 or A24 were conserved in 4 of 5 acute-type ATL patients tested. Furthermore, spleen T cells from rats, which had been subcutaneously inoculated with formalin-fixed uncultured ATL cells, exhibited a strong interferon gamma-producing helper T cell responses specific for HTLV-I Tax-expressing cells. Our study indicated that ATL cells from about half the patients tested readily express HTLV-I antigens including Tax in vitro, and that ATL cells express sufficient amounts of Tax or Tax-induced antigens to evoke specific T cell responses in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Kurihara
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Medical Research Division, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kannagi M. [Anti-tumor immunity in adult T-cell leukemia]. Uirusu 2004; 54:67-74. [PMID: 15449906 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.54.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) occurs in a small population of human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I)-infected individuals. It has been noted that ATL is incidentally associated with mother-to-child infection which occurs mainly through breast-feeding, elevated levels of proviral load, and insufficiency in HTLV-I-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses. Among these, anti-tumor potentials of HTLV-I-specific CTL have been shown in ex vivo analysis of human HTLV-I-infected individuals and also in vivo experiments by using rat models of HTLV-I-infected lymphomas. In another rat model of HTLV-I-infection, orally infected rats showed significantly higher HTLV-I proviral load but lower HTLV-I-specific cellular immune responses than in intraperitoneally infected rats. As a result, persistent viral load was inversely correlated with levels of virus-specific T-cell responses. HTLV-I-specific T-cell responses in orally infected rats recovered by re-immunization. Conversion of Tax-specific T-cell responses from low to high levels was also observed in an ATL patient who obtained complete remission after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. These findings suggest that HTLV-I-specific immune unresponsiveness associated with oral HTLV-I infection may be a potential risk factor for development of ATL, allowing expansion of the infected cell reservoir in vivo, and that immunological strategies targeting Tax may potentially reduce the risk of ATL and induce therapeutic effects on ATL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mari Kannagi
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kannagi M, Ohashi T, Harashima N, Hanabuchi S, Hasegawa A. Immunological risks of adult T-cell leukemia at primary HTLV-I infection. Trends Microbiol 2004; 12:346-52. [PMID: 15223062 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2004.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A small percentage of human T-cell leukemia virus type-I (HTLV-I)-infected individuals develop adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). In animal experiments, inoculation of HTLV-I via the oral route, which is the main route of mother-to-child viral transmission in humans as a result of breastfeeding, induced host HTLV-I-specific T-cell unresponsiveness and resulted in increased viral load. This strongly suggested that the known epidemiological risk factors for ATL (i.e. vertical HTLV-I infection and elevated viral load) are linked by an insufficient HTLV-I-specific T-cell response. Recent findings on the anti-tumor effects of Tax-targeted vaccination in rats and the reactivation of Tax-specific T cells in ATL patients as a result of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation imply promising immunological approaches for the prophylaxis and therapy of ATL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mari Kannagi
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Medical Research Division, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Nomura M, Ohashi T, Nishikawa K, Nishitsuji H, Kurihara K, Hasegawa A, Furuta RA, Fujisawa JI, Tanaka Y, Hanabuchi S, Harashima N, Masuda T, Kannagi M. Repression of tax expression is associated both with resistance of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1-infected T cells to killing by tax-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes and with impaired tumorigenicity in a rat model. J Virol 2004; 78:3827-36. [PMID: 15047798 PMCID: PMC374260 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.8.3827-3836.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) causes adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). Although the viral transactivation factor, Tax, has been known to have apparent transforming ability, the exact function of Tax in ATL development is still not clear. To understand the role of Tax in ATL development, we introduced short-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) against Tax in a rat HTLV-1-infected T-cell line. Our results demonstrated that expression of siRNA targeting Tax successfully downregulated Tax expression. Repression of Tax expression was associated with resistance of the HTLV-1-infected T cells to Tax-specific cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte killing. This may be due to the direct effect of decreased Tax expression, because the Tax siRNA did not alter the expression of MHC-I, CD80, or CD86. Furthermore, T cells with Tax downregulation appeared to lose the ability to develop tumors in T-cell-deficient nude rats, in which the parental HTLV-1-infected cells induce ATL-like lymphoproliferative disease. These results indicated the importance of Tax both for activating host immune response against the virus and for maintaining the growth ability of infected cells in vivo. Our results provide insights into the mechanisms how the host immune system can survey and inhibit the growth of HTLV-1-infected cells during the long latent period before the onset of ATL.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cell Line
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Female
- Gene Products, tax/genetics
- Gene Products, tax/physiology
- Genes, pX
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/metabolism
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/genetics
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/immunology
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/pathogenicity
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/physiology
- Humans
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/etiology
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/immunology
- Mice
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred F344
- Rats, Mutant Strains
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Machiko Nomura
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Department of Microbiology and Transplantation Center, Kansai Medical University, Osaka 570-8506, Department of Immunology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohashi
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Department of Microbiology and Transplantation Center, Kansai Medical University, Osaka 570-8506, Department of Immunology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
- Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Immunotherapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan. Phone: 81(3)5803-5798. Fax: 81(3)5803-0235. E-mail:
| | - Keiko Nishikawa
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Department of Microbiology and Transplantation Center, Kansai Medical University, Osaka 570-8506, Department of Immunology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Hironori Nishitsuji
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Department of Microbiology and Transplantation Center, Kansai Medical University, Osaka 570-8506, Department of Immunology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Kurihara
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Department of Microbiology and Transplantation Center, Kansai Medical University, Osaka 570-8506, Department of Immunology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Hasegawa
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Department of Microbiology and Transplantation Center, Kansai Medical University, Osaka 570-8506, Department of Immunology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Rika A. Furuta
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Department of Microbiology and Transplantation Center, Kansai Medical University, Osaka 570-8506, Department of Immunology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Fujisawa
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Department of Microbiology and Transplantation Center, Kansai Medical University, Osaka 570-8506, Department of Immunology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Yuetsu Tanaka
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Department of Microbiology and Transplantation Center, Kansai Medical University, Osaka 570-8506, Department of Immunology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Shino Hanabuchi
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Department of Microbiology and Transplantation Center, Kansai Medical University, Osaka 570-8506, Department of Immunology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Nanae Harashima
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Department of Microbiology and Transplantation Center, Kansai Medical University, Osaka 570-8506, Department of Immunology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Takao Masuda
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Department of Microbiology and Transplantation Center, Kansai Medical University, Osaka 570-8506, Department of Immunology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Mari Kannagi
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Department of Microbiology and Transplantation Center, Kansai Medical University, Osaka 570-8506, Department of Immunology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Harashima N, Kurihara K, Utsunomiya A, Tanosaki R, Hanabuchi S, Masuda M, Ohashi T, Fukui F, Hasegawa A, Masuda T, Takaue Y, Okamura J, Kannagi M. Graft-versus-Tax response in adult T-cell leukemia patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Cancer Res 2004; 64:391-9. [PMID: 14729650 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-1452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) caused by human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) is characterized by poor prognosis after chemotherapy. Recent clinical trials have indicated, however, that allogeneic but not autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for ATL can yield better clinical outcomes. In the present study, we investigated cellular immune responses of ATL patients who obtained complete remission after nonmyeloablative allogeneic peripheral blood HSCT from HLA-identical sibling donors. In the culture of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from a post-HSCT but not pre-HSCT ATL patient, CD8(+) CTLs proliferated vigorously in response to stimulation with autologous HTLV-I-infected T cells that had been established before HSCT in vitro. These CTLs contained a large number of monospecific CTL population directed to a HLA-A2-restricted HTLV-I Tax 11-19 epitope. The frequency of Tax 11-19-specific CD8+ CTLs in this patient markedly increased also in vivo after HSCT, as determined by staining with HLA-A2/Tax 11-19 tetramers. Similar clonal expansion of HTLV-I Tax-specific CTLs exclusively directed to a HLA-A24-restricted Tax 301-309 epitope was observed in the PBMCs from another ATL patient after HSCT from a HTLV-I-negative donor. Among four post-HSCT ATL patients tested, HTLV-I-specific CTLs were induced in the PBMC culture from three patients but not from the remaining one who had later recurrence of ATL. These observations suggested that reconstituted immunity against antigen presentation in ATL patients after HSCT resulted in strong and selective graft-versus-HTLV-I response, which might contribute to graft-versus-leukemia effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nanae Harashima
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Medical Research Division, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sundaram R, Sun Y, Walker CM, Lemonnier FA, Jacobson S, Kaumaya PTP. A novel multivalent human CTL peptide construct elicits robust cellular immune responses in HLA-A*0201 transgenic mice: implications for HTLV-1 vaccine design. Vaccine 2003; 21:2767-81. [PMID: 12798617 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(03)00179-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are critical in the clearance of chronic viral infections such as HTLV-1. Peptide-based vaccines may have potential application in invoking antiviral CTL responses. In the development of vaccination strategies, it is becoming increasingly important to elicit a broad immune response against several epitopes simultaneously that may provide large population coverage. In the present study, we addressed this issue, namely the processing and presentation of multiple CTL epitopes simultaneously for the generation of multispecific CTL responses. We designed a novel multivalent peptide consisting of three HLA-A(*)0201 restricted CTL epitopes, with intervening double arginine residues in tandem. These epitopes were derived from the HTLV-1 regulatory protein Tax, which is an attractive target for vaccine development against HTLV-1. Arginine residues were included to provide cleavage sites for proteasomes, to generate the intended MHC Class I ligands. Proteasomal digestion studies and mass spectrometry analysis showed cleavage of the multivalent construct to generate the individual epitopes. Immunization of HLA-A(*)0201 transgenic mice with this construct efficiently elicited cellular responses to each intended epitope in vivo, further validating the applicability of this approach. These data may have potential in the development of immunotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of HTLV-1 disease and in the future design of multivalent subunit peptide vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roshni Sundaram
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
The primate T-cell lymphoma/leukemia viruses belong to an oncogenic genus of complex retroviruses. Members of this genus have been shown to be pathogenic in man. The human T-cell lymphoma/leukemia virus (HTLV) type I has been linked in the etiology of T-cell malignancies and "autoimmune-like" neurologic and rheumatic disorders; a related virus, HTLV-II, is becoming increasingly associated with similar disorders. Cell transformation is thought to be caused predominantly by the effects of the viral regulatory protein, Tax. An additional induced host cell molecule, adult T-cell lymphoma-derived factor, may contribute to cell immortalization. Like the DNA tumor viruses, HTLV activates transcription of cellular proto-oncogenes and inhibits cellular mechanisms of tumor suppression, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. However, individuals who are able to mount a strong cell-mediated immune response and limit viral entry into uninfected cells do not develop associated malignancies. Unfortunately, HTLV-induced malignancies are difficult to treat with conventional chemotherapy, and disease progression is often rapid with a median survival of less than 2 years. There are, however, some novel approaches that have yet to be fully tested that may have greater efficacy in the treatment of HTLV-induced diseases. In the future, better screening and detection methods, along with new vaccines and therapies, may contribute to the increased prevention and control of HTLV infection and its associated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard J Poiesz
- Department of Medicine, Upstate Medical University, SUNY Syracuse, New York 13120, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hasegawa A, Ohashi T, Hanabuchi S, Kato H, Takemura F, Masuda T, Kannagi M. Expansion of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) reservoir in orally infected rats: inverse correlation with HTLV-1-specific cellular immune response. J Virol 2003; 77:2956-63. [PMID: 12584320 PMCID: PMC149753 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.5.2956-2963.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) occurs in a small population of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-infected individuals. Although the critical risk factor for ATL development is not clear, it has been noted that ATL is incidentally associated with mother-to-child infection, elevated proviral loads, and weakness in HTLV-1-specific T-cell immune responses. In the present study, using a rat system, we investigated the relationships among the following conditions: primary HTLV-1 infection, a persistent HTLV-1 load, and host HTLV-1-specific immunity. We found that the persistent HTLV-1 load in orally infected rats was significantly greater than that in intraperitoneally infected rats. Even after inoculation with only 50 infected cells, a persistent viral load built up to considerable levels in some orally infected rats but not in intraperitoneally infected rats. In contrast, HTLV-1-specific cellular immune responses were markedly impaired in orally infected rats. As a result, a persistent viral load was inversely correlated with levels of virus-specific T-cell responses in these rats. Otherwise very weak HTLV-1-specific cellular immune responses in orally infected rats were markedly augmented after subcutaneous reimmunization with infected syngeneic rat cells. These findings suggest that HTLV-1-specific immune unresponsiveness associated with oral HTLV-1 infection may be a potential risk factor for development of ATL, allowing expansion of the infected cell reservoir in vivo, but could be overcome with immunological strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsuhiko Hasegawa
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Franchini G, Nicot C, Johnson JM. Seizing of T Cells by Human T-Cell Leukemia⧸Lymphoma Virus Type 1. Adv Cancer Res 2003; 89:69-132. [PMID: 14587871 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(03)01003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type 1 (HTLV-1) causes neoplastic transformation of human T-cells in a small number of infected individuals several years from infection. Several viral proteins act in concert to increase the responsiveness of T-cells to extracellular stimulation, modulate proapoptotic and antiapoptotic gene signals, enhance T-cell survival, and avoid immune recognition of the infected T-cells. The virus promotes T-cell proliferation by usurping several signaling pathways central to immune T-cell function. Viral proteins modulate the downstream effects of antigen stimulation and receptor-ligand interaction, suggesting that extracellular signals are important for HTLV-1 oncogenesis. Environmental factors such as chronic antigen stimulation are therefore important, as also suggested by epidemiological data. The ability of a given individual to respond to specific antigens is determined genetically. Thus, genetic and environmental factors, together with the virus, contribute to disease development. As in the case of other virus-associated cancers, HTLV-1-induced leukemia/lymphoma can be prevented by avoiding viral infection or by intervention during the asymptomatic phase with approaches able to interrupt the vicious cycle of virus-induced proliferation of a subset of T-cells. This review focuses on current knowledge of the mechanisms regulating HTLV-1 replication and the T-cell pathways that are usurped by viral proteins to induce and maintain clonal proliferation of infected T-cells in vitro. The relevance of these laboratory findings will be related to clonal T-cell proliferation and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma development in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Genoveffa Franchini
- National Cancer Institute, Basic Research Laboratory, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Effective cancer therapy or prevention has been the dream of physicians and scientists for many years. Although we are still very far from our ultimate goal of cancer prevention, significant milestones have been realized in terms of our knowledge base and understanding of the pathogenesis of cancerous cells and the involvement of the immune system against both self- and virus-associated tumor antigens. Immunotherapeutic strategies are now accepted to being superior in terms of the exquisite specificity that they offer in targeting only tumor cells as opposed to the existent chemotherapy or radiation therapy that is more general and invasive with many associated side effects. There are several immunotherapeutic strategies that are currently under investigation. This review primarily focuses on the significant advances made in the use of synthetic peptides in the development of subunit cancer vaccines. We have attempted to highlight some of the fundamental issues regarding antigen processing and presentation, Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) restriction, T-cell help, structural determinants in antibody recognition, and the use of these concepts in the rational design and delivery of peptide vaccines to elicit protective humoral and cell mediated immune responses. The recent use of costimulatory molecules and cytokines to augment immune responses also has been discussed along with the contributions of our laboratory to the field of synthetic peptide vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roshni Sundaram
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ohashi T, Hanabuchi S, Suzuki R, Kato H, Masuda T, Kannagi M. Correlation of major histocompatibility complex class I downregulation with resistance of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1-infected T cells to cytotoxic T-lymphocyte killing in a rat model. J Virol 2002; 76:7010-9. [PMID: 12072501 PMCID: PMC136333 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.14.7010-7019.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) causes adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) in infected individuals after a long incubation period. Despite the apparent transforming ability of HTLV-1 under experimental conditions, most HTLV-1 carriers are asymptomatic. These facts suggest that HTLV-1 is controlled by host immunity in most carriers. To understand the interplay between host immunity and HTLV-1-infected cells, in this study, we isolated several HTLV-1 Tax-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) lines from rats inoculated with Tax-coding DNA and investigated the long-term effects of the CTL on syngeneic HTLV-1-infected T cells. Our results demonstrated that long-term mixed culture of these CTL and the virus-infected T cells led to the emergence of CTL-resistant HTLV-1-infected cells. Although the Tax expression level in these resistant cells was equivalent to that in the parental cells, expression of surface major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) was significantly downregulated in the resistant cells. Downregulation of MHC-I was more apparent in RT1.A(l), which presents a Tax epitope recognized by the CTL established in this study. Moreover, peptide pulsing resulted in killing of the resistant cells by CTL, indicating that resistance was caused by a decreased epitope density on the infected cell surface. This may be one of the mechanisms for persistence of HTLV-1-infected cells that evade CTL lysis and potentially develop ATL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ohashi
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Medical and Dental Research Division, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hanabuchi S, Ohashi T, Koya Y, Kato H, Hasegawa A, Takemura F, Masuda T, Kannagi M. Regression of human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I)-associated lymphomas in a rat model: peptide-induced T-cell immunity. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001; 93:1775-83. [PMID: 11734593 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/93.23.1775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) is etiologically linked to adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). The disease has a high mortality rate and is resistant to chemotherapy; therefore, immunologic approaches to treatment could be of interest. We have previously shown that athymic rats inoculated with a syngeneic (i.e., with the same genetic background) HTLV-I-infected T-cell line (FPM1-V1AX) develop ATL-like disease and that the transfer of T cells from normal syngeneic rats immunized with FPM1-V1AX cells prevents disease development. In this study, we further characterized the host antitumor immunity to explore the possibility of peptide-based vaccination against the ATL-like disease. METHODS Immune T cells from rats immunized with FPM1-V1AX cells were analyzed for their phenotypes and cytotoxic properties. The epitope recognized by the T cells was analyzed by fine mapping. To evaluate the antitumor effects of a peptide-based vaccine, normal rats were immunized with synthetic oligopeptides corresponding to the epitope, the T cells were transferred to athymic rats inoculated with HTLV-I infected cells, and tumor size was monitored. RESULTS Both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell populations from rats immunized with FPM1-V1AX cells inhibited the growth of FPM1-V1AX cell-induced lymphomas in vivo. Long-term culture of splenic T cells from the immunized rats repeatedly resulted in establishment of CD8+ HTLV-I-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) lines restricted to the rat major histocompatibility complex class I molecule, RT1.A(l). The cytotoxicity of these lines was directed against the HTLV-I regulatory protein Tax and, specifically, against the epitope, amino acids 180-188 (GAFLTNVPY). Adoptive transfer of the Tax 180-188-specific CTL line or freshly prepared T cells from rats vaccinated with the Tax 180-188 oligopeptide prevented the development of FPM1-V1AX-cell induced lymphomas in athymic rats in comparison with control groups (two rats in each group). CONCLUSIONS This study indicated a potential therapeutic effect of peptide-based vaccination against HTLV-I-induced lymphoproliferative disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Hanabuchi
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Medical Research Division, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hakata Y, Yamada M, Shida H. Rat CRM1 is responsible for the poor activity of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Rex protein in rat cells. J Virol 2001; 75:11515-25. [PMID: 11689633 PMCID: PMC114738 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.23.11515-11525.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2001] [Accepted: 08/25/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rat models of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-related diseases such as adult T-cell leukemia and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis have been reported. However, these models do not completely reproduce human diseases partly because HTLV-1 replicates poorly in rats. We investigated here the possible reason for this. We found that the activity of Rex in rat cells is quite low compared to that in human cells. As Rex function depends largely on the CRM1 protein, whose human type (human CRM1 [hCRM1]) directly binds to Rex and exports it from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, we assessed whether rat CRM1 (rCRM1) could act as well as hCRM1 as a cofactor for Rex activity. We first cloned a cDNA encoding rCRM1 and found that both rCRM1 and hCRM1 could bind to and export Rex protein to the cytoplasm with similar efficiencies. However, unlike hCRM1, rCRM1 could hardly support Rex function because of its poor ability in inducing the Rex-Rex interaction required for RNA export into the cytoplasm. These observations suggest that the poor ability of rCRM1 to act as a cofactor for Rex function may be responsible for the poor replication of HTLV-1 in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Hakata
- Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Johnson JM, Harrod R, Franchini G. Molecular biology and pathogenesis of the human T-cell leukaemia/lymphotropic virus Type-1 (HTLV-1). Int J Exp Pathol 2001; 82:135-47. [PMID: 11488989 PMCID: PMC2517711 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2613.2001.00191.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Retroviruses are associated with a variety of diseases, including immunological and neurological disorders, and various forms of cancer. In humans, the Human T-cell Leukaemia/Lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), which belongs to the Oncovirus family, is the aetiological agent of two diverse diseases: Adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma (ATLL) (Poiesz et al. 1980; Hinuma et al. 1981; Yoshida et al. 1982), as well as the neurological disorder tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM) (Gessain et al. 1985; Rodgers-Johnson et al. 1985; Osame et al. 1986). HTLV-1 is the only human retrovirus known to be the aetiological agent of cancer. A genetically related virus, HTLV-2, has been identified and isolated (Kalyanaraman et al. 1982). However, there has been no demonstration of a definitive aetiological role for HTLV-2 in human disease to date. Simian T-cell lymphotropic viruses types 1 and 2 (STLV-1 and -2) and bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) have also been classified in same group, Oncoviridae, based upon their similarities in genetic sequence and structure to HTLV-1 and -2 (Burny et al. 1988; Dekaban et al. 1995; Slattery et al. 1999). This article will focus on HTLV-1, reviewing its discovery, molecular biology, and its role in disease pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Johnson
- National Cancer Institute, Basic Research Laboratory, 41 Library Drive, Building 41, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kannagi M, Ohashi T, Hanabuchi S, Kato H, Koya Y, Hasegawa A, Masuda T, Yoshiki T. Immunological aspects of rat models of HTLV type 1-infected T lymphoproliferative disease. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2000; 16:1737-40. [PMID: 11080819 DOI: 10.1089/08892220050193236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The level of host immune responses against human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) varies among HTLV-1-infected individuals. In the present study, we investigate the role of host immunity on HTLV-1 leukemogenesis in vivo by using animal models. At first, we examined the effect of the routes of HTLV-1 transmission on the host anti-HTLV-1 immune responses. When immune competent adult rats were inoculated with HTLV-1-infected cells, the orally infected rats were persistently infected with HTLV-1 without humoral and cellular immune responses against HTLV-1, whereas all intravenously or intraperitoneally inoculated rats showed significant levels of immune responses. Next, we examined in vivo tumorigenicity of HTLV-1-immortalized cells in the absence of T cell immunity, by using athymic F344/N Jcl-rnu/rnu (nu/nu) rats. When inoculated into nu/nu rats, not all but some HTLV-1-immortalized rat cell lines including syngeneic FPM1-V1AX could grow and form T cell lymphoma in vivo. This syngeneic lymphoma formation was inhibited by adoptively transferred immune T cells. Furthermore, immunocompetent rats allowed in vivo growth of HTLV-1-infected lymphoma, when treated with antibodies that block costimulatory signals for T cell activation. These observations indicated that (1) host anti-HTLV-1 immunity can be affected by the conditions of the primary infection, (2) under the low pressure of anti-HTLV-1 immunity, some HTLV-1-infected cell clones grow in vivo, and (3) T cell immunity is required for in vivo surveillance against these HTLV-1-infected cell clones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Kannagi
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Medical Research Division, Tokyo 113, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ohashi T, Hanabuchi S, Kato H, Tateno H, Takemura F, Tsukahara T, Koya Y, Hasegawa A, Masuda T, Kannagi M. Prevention of adult T-cell leukemia-like lymphoproliferative disease in rats by adoptively transferred T cells from a donor immunized with human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax-coding DNA vaccine. J Virol 2000; 74:9610-6. [PMID: 11000233 PMCID: PMC112393 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.20.9610-9616.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) causes adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) in infected individuals after a long incubation period. To dissect the mechanisms of the development of the disease, we have previously established a rat model of ATL-like disease which allows examination of the growth and spread of HTLV-1 infected tumor cells, as well assessment of the effects of immune T cells on the development of the disease. In the present study, we induced HTLV-1 Tax-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) immunity by vaccination with Tax-coding DNA and examined the effects of the DNA vaccine in our rat ATL-like disease model. Our results demonstrated that DNA vaccine with Tax effectively induced Tax-specific CTL activity in F344/N Jcl-rnu/+ (nu/+) rats and that these CTLs were able to lyse HTLV-1 infected syngeneic T cells in vitro. Adoptive transfer of these immune T cells effectively inhibited the in vivo growth of HTLV-1-transformed tumor in F344/N Jcl-rnu/rnu (nu/nu) rats inoculated with a rat HTLV-1 infected T cell line. Vaccination with mutant Tax DNA lacking transforming ability also induced efficient anti-tumor immunity in this model. Our results indicated a promising effect for DNA vaccine with HTLV-1 Tax against HTLV-1 tumor development in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Ohashi
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Medical Research Division, Tokyo 113, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hanabuchi S, Ohashi T, Koya Y, Kato H, Takemura F, Hirokawa K, Yoshiki T, Yagita H, Okumura K, Kannagi M. Development of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1-transformed tumors in rats following suppression of T-cell immunity by CD80 and CD86 blockade. J Virol 2000; 74:428-35. [PMID: 10590132 PMCID: PMC111554 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.1.428-435.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Host immunity influences clinical manifestations of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection. In this study, we demonstrated that HTLV-1-transformed tumors could develop in immunocompetent rats by blocking a costimulatory signal for T-cell immune responses. Four-week-old WKA/HKm rats were treated with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to CD80 and CD86 and subcutaneously inoculated with syngeneic HTLV-1-infected TARS-1 cells. During MAb treatment for 14 days, TARS-1 inoculation resulted in the development of solid tumors at the site of inoculation, which metastasized to the lungs. In contrast, rats not treated with MAbs promptly rejected tumor cells. Splenic T cells from MAb-treated rats indicated impairment of proliferative and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses against TARS-1 in vitro compared to untreated rats. However, tumors grown in MAb-treated rats regressed following withdrawal of MAb therapy. Recovery of TARS-1-specific T-cell immune responses was associated with tumor regression in these rats. Our results suggest that HTLV-1-specific cell-mediated immunity plays a critical role in immunosurveillance against HTLV-1-transformed tumor development in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Hanabuchi
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Medical Research Division, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|