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Doi N, Yokoyama M, Koma T, Kotani O, Sato H, Adachi A, Nomaguchi M. Concomitant Enhancement of HIV-1 Replication Potential and Neutralization-Resistance in Concert With Three Adaptive Mutations in Env V1/C2/C4 Domains. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2. [PMID: 30705669 PMCID: PMC6344430 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 Env protein functions in the entry process and is the target of neutralizing antibodies. Its intrinsically high mutation rate is certainly one of driving forces for persistence/survival in hosts. For optimal replication in various environments, HIV-1 Env must continue to adapt and evolve through balancing sometimes incompatible function, replication fitness, and neutralization sensitivity. We have previously reported that adapted viruses emerge in repeated and prolonged cultures of cells originally infected with a macaque-tropic HIV-1NL4-3 derivative. We have also shown that the adapted viral clones exhibit enhanced growth potentials both in macaque PBMCs and individuals, and that three single-amino acid mutations are present in their Env V1/C2/C4 domains. In this study, we investigated how lab-adapted and highly neutralization-sensitive HIV-1NL4-3 adapts its Env to macaque cells with strongly replication-restrictive nature for HIV-1. While a single and two mutations gave a significantly enhanced replication phenotype in a macaque cell line and also in human cell lines that stably express either human CD4 or macaque CD4, the virus simultaneously carrying the three adaptive mutations always grew best. Entry kinetics of parental and triple mutant viruses were similar, whereas the mutant was significantly more readily inhibited for its infectivity by soluble CD4 than parental virus. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations of the Env ectodomain (gp120 and gp41 ectodomain) bound with CD4 suggest that the three mutations increase binding affinity of Env for CD4 in solution. Thus, it is quite likely that the affinity for CD4 of the mutant Env is enhanced relative to the parental Env. Neutralization sensitivity of the triple mutant to CD4 binding site antibodies was not significantly different from that of parental virus, whereas the mutant exhibited a considerably higher resistance against neutralization by a CD4-induced epitope antibody and Env trimer-targeting V1/V2 antibodies. These results suggest that the three adaptive mutations cooperatively promote viral growth via increased CD4 affinity, and also that they enhance viral resistance to several neutralization antibodies by changing the Env-trimer conformation. In total, we have verified here an HIV-1 adaptation pathway in host cells and individuals involving Env derived from a lab-adapted and highly neutralization-sensitive clone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Doi
- Department of Microbiology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masaru Yokoyama
- Laboratory of Viral Genomics, Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaaki Koma
- Department of Microbiology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Osamu Kotani
- Laboratory of Viral Genomics, Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hironori Sato
- Laboratory of Viral Genomics, Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akio Adachi
- Department of Microbiology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masako Nomaguchi
- Department of Microbiology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
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Mutational analysis of HIV-2 Vpx shows that proline residue 109 in the poly-proline motif regulates degradation of SAMHD1. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:1505-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Ambrose Z, Aiken C. HIV-1 uncoating: connection to nuclear entry and regulation by host proteins. Virology 2014; 454-455:371-9. [PMID: 24559861 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The RNA genome of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is enclosed by a capsid shell that dissociates within the cell in a multistep process known as uncoating, which influences completion of reverse transcription of the viral genome. Double-stranded viral DNA is imported into the nucleus for integration into the host genome, a hallmark of retroviral infection. Reverse transcription, nuclear entry, and integration are coordinated by a capsid uncoating process that is regulated by cellular proteins. Although uncoating is not well understood, recent studies have revealed insights into the process, particularly with respect to nuclear import pathways and protection of the viral genome from DNA sensors. Understanding uncoating will be valuable toward developing novel antiretroviral therapies for HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zandrea Ambrose
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Christopher Aiken
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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High natural permissivity of primary rabbit cells for HIV-1, with a virion infectivity defect in macrophages as the final replication barrier. J Virol 2010; 84:12300-14. [PMID: 20861260 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01607-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
An immunocompetent, permissive, small-animal model would be valuable for the study of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) pathogenesis and for the testing of drug and vaccine candidates. However, the development of such a model has been hampered by the inability of primary rodent cells to efficiently support several steps of the HIV-1 replication cycle. Although transgenesis of the HIV receptor complex and human cyclin T1 have been beneficial, additional late-phase blocks prevent robust replication of HIV-1 in rodents and limit the range of in vivo applications. In this study, we explored the HIV-1 susceptibility of rabbit primary T cells and macrophages. Envelope-specific and coreceptor-dependent entry of HIV-1 was achieved by expressing human CD4 and CCR5. A block of HIV-1 DNA synthesis, likely mediated by TRIM5, was overcome by limited changes to the HIV-1 gag gene. Unlike with mice and rats, primary cells from rabbits supported the functions of the regulatory viral proteins Tat and Rev, Gag processing, and the release of HIV-1 particles at levels comparable to those in human cells. While HIV-1 produced by rabbit T cells was highly infectious, a macrophage-specific infectivity defect became manifest by a complex pattern of mutations in the viral genome, only part of which were deamination dependent. These results demonstrate a considerable natural HIV-1 permissivity of the rabbit species and suggest that receptor complex transgenesis combined with modifications in gag and possibly vif of HIV-1 to evade species-specific restriction factors might render lagomorphs fully permissive to infection by this pathogenic human lentivirus.
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Fujita M, Otsuka M, Nomaguchi M, Adachi A. Functional region mapping of HIV-2 Vpx protein. Microbes Infect 2008; 10:1387-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2008.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Revised: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 08/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Nomaguchi M, Doi N, Kamada K, Adachi A. Species barrier of HIV-1 and its jumping by virus engineering. Rev Med Virol 2008; 18:261-75. [PMID: 18386279 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Monkey infection models are absolutely necessary for studies of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) pathogenesis and of developing drugs/vaccines against HIV-1. In addition, currently unknown roles of its accessory proteins for in vivo replication await elucidation by experimental approaches. Due to the fact that HIV-1 is tropic only for chimpanzees and humans, studies of this line have been impeded for a long time, although various investigations have been carried out utilising genetically related SIV and SIV/HIV chimeric virus (SHIV) as pathogens. Recent findings of anti-HIV-1 innate factors such as tripartite motif protein 5alpha (TRIM5alpha) and APOBEC3G/F prompted us to re-initiate an old and vital research project which would, as a result, confer the capability to overcome the species barrier on the HIV-1. We currently have obtained, by virus engineering through genetic manipulation and adaptation, some new and promising HIV-1 clones for in vivo studies in macaque monkeys as mentioned above. In this review, we summarise the past, present and future of HIV-1/SIV chimeric viruses with special reference to relevant basic HIV-1/SIV studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Nomaguchi
- Department of Virology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
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Vpx is critical for reverse transcription of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 genome in macrophages. J Virol 2008; 82:7752-6. [PMID: 18495778 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01003-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The abilities of wild-type and vpx-defective human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) clones to synthesize viral DNA in human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) and lymphocytic cells were comparatively and quantitatively evaluated. While the vpx-defective mutant directed the synthesis of viral DNA comparably to the wild-type virus and normally in lymphocytic cells, no appreciable viral DNA was detected in MDMs infected with the mutant. To substantiate this finding and to determine whether there is some specific region(s) in Vpx crucial for viral DNA synthesis in MDMs, we generated a series of site-specific point mutants of vpx and examined their phenotypes. The resultant five mutants, with no infectivity for MDMs, showed, without exception, the same defect as the vpx-defective mutant. Our results here clearly demonstrated that the entire Vpx protein is critical for reverse transcription of the HIV-2 genome in human MDMs.
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Kamada K, Igarashi T, Martin MA, Khamsri B, Hatcho K, Yamashita T, Fujita M, Uchiyama T, Adachi A. Generation of HIV-1 derivatives that productively infect macaque monkey lymphoid cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:16959-64. [PMID: 17065315 PMCID: PMC1622925 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0608289103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The narrow host range of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is caused in part by innate cellular factors such as apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme-catalytic polypeptide-like 3G (APOBEC3G) and TRIM5alpha, which restrict virus replication in monkey cells. Variant HIV-1 molecular clones containing both a 21-nucleotide simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Gag CA element, corresponding to the HIV-1 cyclophilin A-binding site, and the entire SIV vif gene were constructed. Long-term passage in a cynomolgus monkey lymphoid cell line resulted in the acquisition of two nonsynonymous changes in env, which conferred improved replication properties. A proviral molecular clone, derived from infected cells and designated NL-DT5R, was used to generate virus stocks capable of establishing spreading infections in the cynomolgus monkey T cell line and CD8-depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cells from five of five pig-tailed macaques and one of three rhesus monkeys. NL-DT5R, which genetically is >93% HIV-1, provides the opportunity, not possible with currently available SIV/HIV chimeric viruses, to analyze the function of multiple HIV-1 genes in a broad range of nonhuman primate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Kamada
- *Department of Virology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima-shi, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; and
| | - Tatsuhiko Igarashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Malcolm A. Martin
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
- To whom correspondence may be addressed at:
National Institutes of Health, Building 4, Room 315, Bethesda, MD 20892. E-mail:
| | - Boonruang Khamsri
- *Department of Virology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima-shi, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; and
| | - Kazuki Hatcho
- *Department of Virology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima-shi, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; and
| | - Tomoki Yamashita
- *Department of Virology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima-shi, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; and
| | - Mikako Fujita
- *Department of Virology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima-shi, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; and
| | - Tsuneo Uchiyama
- *Department of Virology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima-shi, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; and
| | - Akio Adachi
- *Department of Virology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima-shi, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
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Kamada K, Yoshida A, Khamsri B, Piroozmand A, Yamashita T, Uchiyama T, Fujita M, Adachi A. Construction of gag-chimeric viruses between HIV-1 and SIVmac that are capable of productive multi-cycle infection. Microbes Infect 2006; 8:1075-81. [PMID: 16520079 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2005] [Accepted: 11/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Forty-nine recombinant viral clones between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and simian immunodeficiency virus from the rhesus monkey (SIVmac), which carry chimeric gag (capsid/p2 region) genes in the background of the HIV-1 genome, were constructed to establish an HIV-1/monkey infection model system for human AIDS. Upon transfection, all the recombinants generated progeny virions at a level comparable to the parental HIV-1 clone and no major abnormalities were found in the virions, as examined by Western blot analysis. In infection experiments, 18 recombinants grew in human lymphocytic cells and six of these clones propagated as well as the parental virus, as monitored by virion associated-reverse transcriptase production. By contrast, none of the recombinants grew at a detectable level in monkey lymphocytic cells. The defective replication site(s) in human cells for non-infectious recombinants was mapped to the step before and/or during reverse transcription. Our results described here showed that HIV-1 type chimeric viruses between HIV-1 and SIVmac, which are capable of spreading productive infection, are readily constructed throughout the capsid/p2 region. In addition, it is suggested that there may be a viral determinant(s), other than Gag, responsible for the species-specific tropism of HIV-1 and which is associated with viral DNA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Kamada
- Department of Virology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima-shi, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
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Khan M, Jin L, Huang MB, Miles L, Bond VC, Powell MD. Chimeric human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) virions containing HIV-2 or simian immunodeficiency virus Nef are resistant to cyclosporine treatment. J Virol 2004; 78:1843-50. [PMID: 14747548 PMCID: PMC369439 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.4.1843-1850.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The viral protein Nef and the cellular factor cyclophilin A are both required for full infectivity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) virions. In contrast, HIV-2 and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) do not incorporate cyclophilin A into virions or need it for full infectivity. Since Nef and cyclophilin A appear to act in similar ways on postentry events, we determined whether chimeric HIV-1 virions that contained either HIV-2 or SIV Nef would have a direct effect on cyclophilin A dependence. Our results show that chimeric HIV-1 virions containing either HIV-2 or SIV Nef are resistant to treatment by cyclosporine and enhance the infectivity of virions with mutations in the cyclophilin A binding loop of Gag. Amino acids at the C terminus of HIV-2 and SIV are necessary for inducing cyclosporine resistance. However, transferring these amino acids to the C terminus of HIV-1 Nef is insufficient to induce cyclosporine resistance in HIV-1. These results suggest that HIV-2 and SIV Nef are able to compensate for the need for cyclophilin A for full infectivity and that amino acids present at the C termini of these proteins are important for this function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahfuz Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310, USA
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Khan M, Garcia-Barrio M, Powell MD. Treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virions depleted of cyclophilin A by natural endogenous reverse transcription restores infectivity. J Virol 2003; 77:4431-4. [PMID: 12634401 PMCID: PMC150660 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.7.4431-4434.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that virions with nef deleted can be restored to wild-type infectivity by treatment to induce natural endogenous reverse transcription (NERT). Since Nef and cyclophilin A (CyPA) appear to act in similar ways on postentry events, we determined whether NERT treatment would restore infectivity to virions depleted of CyPA. Our results show that the infectivity of virions depleted of CyPA by treatment with cyclosporine A could be restored by NERT treatment, while mutants in the CyPA binding loop of capsid could only be partially restored. These results suggest that CyPA is involved in some aspect of the uncoating process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahfuz Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310, USA
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Fujita M, Sakurai A, Yoshida A, Miyaura M, Koyama AH, Sakai K, Adachi A. Amino acid residues 88 and 89 in the central hydrophilic region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vif are critical for viral infectivity by enhancing the steady-state expression of Vif. J Virol 2003; 77:1626-32. [PMID: 12502880 PMCID: PMC140823 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.2.1626-1632.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A hydrophilic region consisting of strikingly clustered charged amino acids is present at the center of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Vif. In this study, the role for this central hydrophilic region (E(88)WRKKR(93)) in the virus replication in nonpermissive H9 cells was investigated by extensive deletion and substitution analysis. A total of 31 mutants were constructed. Deletion of the E(88) or W(89) residue alone abolished viral infectivity in H9 cells and impaired virus replication in primary macrophage cultures. Substitution analysis indicated that the hydrophilicity and charge of the central region are insignificant for the function of Vif. Of the 16 substitution mutants, 3 mutants with substitution of E(88) and W(89) with an A residue did not grow in H9 cells. Upon transfection, four mutants (i.e., two mutants with deletion of E(88) or W(89); a mutant with substitution of E(88) and W(89) with A; and a mutant with substitution of E(88), W(89), and R(90) with A) were found to express Vif at a very reduced level relative to that by the wild-type clone. These results have thus demonstrated that amino acid residues 88 and 89 of Vif are critical for the replication of HIV-1 in target cells by enhancing the steady-state expression of Vif. In addition, E(88) and W(89) residues were found to be extremely conserved among the Vif proteins of naturally occurring HIV-1 field isolates as well as those of laboratory HIV-1 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikako Fujita
- Department of Virology, The University of Tokushima Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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