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Ko SY, Akahata W, Yang ES, Kong WP, Burke CW, Honnold SP, Nichols DK, Huang YJS, Schieber GL, Carlton K, DaSilva L, Traina-Dorge V, Vanlandingham DL, Tsybovsky Y, Stephens T, Baxa U, Higgs S, Roy CJ, Glass PJ, Mascola JR, Nabel GJ, Rao SS. A virus-like particle vaccine prevents equine encephalitis virus infection in nonhuman primates. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/492/eaav3113. [PMID: 31092692 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aav3113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Western, Eastern, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses (WEEV, EEEV, and VEEV, respectively) are important mosquito-borne agents that pose public health and bioterrorism threats. Despite considerable advances in understanding alphavirus replication, there are currently no available effective vaccines or antiviral treatments against these highly lethal pathogens. To develop a potential countermeasure for viral encephalitis, we generated a trivalent, or three-component, EEV vaccine composed of virus-like particles (VLPs). Monovalent VLPs elicited neutralizing antibody responses and protected mice and nonhuman primates (NHPs) against homologous challenges, but they were not cross-protective. In contrast, NHPs immunized with trivalent VLPs were completely protected against aerosol challenge by each of these three EEVs. Passive transfer of IgG from immunized NHPs protected mice against aerosolized EEV challenge, demonstrating that the mechanism of protection was humoral. Because they are replication incompetent, these trivalent VLPs represent a potentially safe and effective vaccine that can protect against diverse encephalitis viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Youl Ko
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wataru Akahata
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Eun Sung Yang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wing-Pui Kong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Crystal W Burke
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Shelley P Honnold
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Donald K Nichols
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Yan-Jang S Huang
- Biosecurity Research Institute and Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Gretchen L Schieber
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kevin Carlton
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Luis DaSilva
- Center for Aerobiological Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Vicki Traina-Dorge
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Dana L Vanlandingham
- Biosecurity Research Institute and Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Yaroslav Tsybovsky
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Tyler Stephens
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ulrich Baxa
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Stephen Higgs
- Biosecurity Research Institute and Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Chad J Roy
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Pamela J Glass
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Gary J Nabel
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Srinivas S Rao
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Akahata W, Yang ZY, Andersen H, Sun S, Holdaway HA, Kong WP, Lewis MG, Higgs S, Rossmann MG, Rao S, Nabel GJ. A virus-like particle vaccine for epidemic Chikungunya virus protects nonhuman primates against infection. Nat Med 2010; 16:334-8. [PMID: 20111039 PMCID: PMC2834826 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has infected millions of people in Africa, Europe, and Asia1,2 since its re-emergence in Kenya in 2004. The severity of disease and spread of this epidemic virus present a serious public health threat in the absence of vaccines or anti-viral therapies. Here, we describe a novel vaccine that protects against emerging CHIKV infection of non-human primates (NHP). We show that selective expression of viral structural proteins gives rise to virus-like particles (VLPs) in vitro that resemble replication-competent alphaviruses. Immunization with these VLPs elicited neutralizing antibodies against envelope proteins from different CHIKV strains. Monkeys immunized with VLPs produced high titer neutralizing antibodies that protected against viremia after high dose challenge. We transferred these antibodies into immunodeficient mice, where they protected against subsequent lethal CHIKV challenge, establishing a humoral mechanism of protection. Immunization with alphavirus VLP vaccines represents a strategy to contain the spread of CHIKV and related pathogenic viruses in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Akahata
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Young KR, McBurney SP, Karkhanis LU, Ross TM. Virus-like particles: designing an effective AIDS vaccine. Methods 2007; 40:98-117. [PMID: 16997718 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2006.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2005] [Accepted: 05/05/2006] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses that infect eukaryotic organisms have the unique characteristic of self-assembling into particles. The mammalian immune system is highly attuned to recognizing and attacking these viral particles following infection. The use of particle-based immunogens, often delivered as live-attenuated viruses, has been an effective vaccination strategy for a variety of viruses. The development of an effective vaccine against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has proven to be a challenge, since HIV infects cells of the immune system causing severe immunodeficiency resulting in the syndrome known as AIDS. In addition, the ability of the virus to adapt to immune pressure and reside in an integrated form in host cells presents hurdles for vaccinologists to overcome. A particle-based vaccine strategy has promise for eliciting high titer, long-lived, immune responses to a diverse number of viral epitopes against different HIV antigens. Live-attenuated viruses are effective at generating both cellular and humoral immune responses. However, while these vaccines stimulate immunity, challenged animals rarely clear the viral infection and the degree of attenuation directly correlates with protection from disease. Further, a live-attenuated vaccine has the potential to revert to a pathogenic form. Alternatively, virus-like particles (VLPs) mimic the viral particle without causing an immunodeficiency disease. VLPs are self-assembling, non-replicating, non-pathogenic particles that are similar in size and conformation to intact virions. A variety of VLPs for lentiviruses are currently in preclinical and clinical trials. This review focuses on our current status of VLP-based AIDS vaccines, regarding issues of purification and immune design for animal and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly R Young
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA 15261, USA
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Santos K, Duke CMP, Rodriguez-Colon SM, Dakwar A, Fan S, Keefer MC, Federoff HJ, Frelinger JG, Bowers WJ, Dewhurst S. Effect of promoter strength on protein expression and immunogenicity of an HSV-1 amplicon vector encoding HIV-1 Gag. Vaccine 2006; 25:1634-46. [PMID: 17145123 PMCID: PMC1851942 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2006] [Revised: 10/24/2006] [Accepted: 11/02/2006] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Helper-free herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) amplicon vectors elicit robust immune responses to encoded proteins, including human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) antigens. To improve this vaccine delivery system, seven amplicon vectors were constructed, each encoding HIV-1 Gag under the control of a different promoter. Gag expression levels were analyzed in murine and human cell lines, as well as in biopsied tissue samples from injected mice; these data were then compared with Gag-specific T cell responses in BALB/c mice. The magnitude of the amplicon-induced immune response was found to correlate strongly with the level of Gag production both in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, the best correlation of the strength of the amplicon-induced immune response was with antigen expression in cultured DC rather than expression at the tissue site of injection or in cultured cell lines. These findings may have implications for the generation of improved HSV-1 amplicon vectors for HIV-1 vaccine delivery.
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MESH Headings
- 3T3 Cells
- AIDS Vaccines/administration & dosage
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Gene Products, gag/genetics
- Gene Products, gag/immunology
- Gene Products, gag/metabolism
- Genes, gag
- Genetic Vectors
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/metabolism
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/metabolism
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathlyn Santos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
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Eda Y, Takizawa M, Murakami T, Maeda H, Kimachi K, Yonemura H, Koyanagi S, Shiosaki K, Higuchi H, Makizumi K, Nakashima T, Osatomi K, Tokiyoshi S, Matsushita S, Yamamoto N, Honda M. Sequential immunization with V3 peptides from primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 produces cross-neutralizing antibodies against primary isolates with a matching narrow-neutralization sequence motif. J Virol 2006; 80:5552-62. [PMID: 16699036 PMCID: PMC1472165 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02094-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2005] [Accepted: 03/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An antibody response capable of neutralizing not only homologous but also heterologous forms of the CXCR4-tropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) MNp and CCR5-tropic primary isolate HIV-1 JR-CSF was achieved through sequential immunization with a combination of synthetic peptides representing HIV-1 Env V3 sequences from field and laboratory HIV-1 clade B isolates. In contrast, repeated immunization with a single V3 peptide generated antibodies that neutralized only type-specific laboratory-adapted homologous viruses. To determine whether the cross-neutralization response could be attributed to a cross-reactive antibody in the immunized animals, we isolated a monoclonal antibody, C25, which neutralized the heterologous primary viruses of HIV-1 clade B. Furthermore, we generated a humanized monoclonal antibody, KD-247, by transferring the genes of the complementary determining region of C25 into genes of the human V region of the antibody. KD-247 bound with high affinity to the "PGR" motif within the HIV-1 Env V3 tip region, and, among the established reference antibodies, it most effectively neutralized primary HIV-1 field isolates possessing the matching neutralization sequence motif, suggesting its promise for clinical applications involving passive immunizations. These results demonstrate that sequential immunization with B-cell epitope peptides may contribute to a humoral immune-based HIV vaccine strategy. Indeed, they help lay the groundwork for the development of HIV-1 vaccine strategies that use sequential immunization with biologically relevant peptides to overcome difficulties associated with otherwise poorly immunogenic epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Eda
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
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Tumanova I, Boyer J, Ausar SF, Burzynski J, Rosencrance D, White J, Scheidel J, Parkinson R, Maguire H, Middaugh CR, Weiner D, Green AP. Analytical and biological characterization of supercoiled plasmids purified by various chromatographic techniques. DNA Cell Biol 2006; 24:819-31. [PMID: 16332179 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2005.24.819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Supercoiled plasmids are an important component of gene-based delivery vehicles. A number of production methods for clinical applications have been developed, each resulting in very high-quality product with low levels of residual contaminants. There is, however, no consensus on the optimal methods to characterize plasmid quality, and further, to determine if these methods are predictive of either product stability or biological activity. We have produced two plasmids using four production purification methodologies based on PolyFlo and hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC), either alone or in tandem processes. In each case, the product was analyzed using standard molecular biological methods. We also performed a number of biophysical analyses such as dynamic light scattering (DLS), circular dichroism (CD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Minimal differences were detected among the preparations based on the more standard molecular biological methods. Some small differences were detected, however, using biophysical techniques, particularly FTIR and DSC, which may reflect small variations in plasmid tertiary structure and thermal stability. Stability after heat exposure at 60 degrees C, exposure to fetal bovine serum and long-term storage at 4 degrees C varied between plasmids. One plasmid showed no difference in stability depending on the production process, but the other showed significant differences. Evaluation in vivo in models for gene immunization and gene therapy showed significant differences in the response depending on the method of purification. Preparations using a tandem process of PolyFlo used in two separation modes provided higher biological activity compared to a tandem HIC/PolyFlo process or either resin used alone in a single column process. These data indicate that the process by which supercoiled plasmids are made can influence plasmid stability and biological activity and emphasize the need for more rigorous methods to evaluate supercoiled plasmids as gene-delivery vehicles.
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Thomson SA, Jaramillo AB, Shoobridge M, Dunstan KJ, Everett B, Ranasinghe C, Kent SJ, Gao K, Medveckzy J, Ffrench RA, Ramshaw IA. Development of a synthetic consensus sequence scrambled antigen HIV-1 vaccine designed for global use. Vaccine 2005; 23:4647-57. [PMID: 15964105 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2005] [Revised: 03/18/2005] [Accepted: 04/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Induction of high levels of broadly reactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) remains a promising approach for an effective HIV-1 vaccine. We have developed a novel genetic-based vaccine strategy that encodes consensus overlapping peptide sets from all HIV-1 proteins scrambled together. This synthetic scrambled antigen vaccine (SAVINE) strategy has significant advantages, e.g. capacity to encode more antigens safely and is very flexible compared to traditional isolate-based strategies. The SAVINE vaccine strategy is clearly immunogenic, being able to restimulate a range of human HIV-1 specific responses in vitro and induce HIV-1 specific immunity in vivo in mice. Interestingly, different in vivo delivery strategies affected the resulting immunity and immunodominance pattern in mice. This platform strategy could be used for other infections and cancers where T cell responses are important for protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Thomson
- Division of Immunology and Genetics, John Curtin School of Medical Research (JCSMR), Australian National University, P.O. Box 334, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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