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Ruan P, Wang M, Cheng A, Zhao X, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhang S, Tian B, Huang J, Ou X, Gao Q, Sun D, He Y, Wu Z, Zhu D, Jia R, Chen S, Liu M. Mechanism of herpesvirus UL24 protein regulating viral immune escape and virulence. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1268429. [PMID: 37808279 PMCID: PMC10559885 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1268429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses have evolved a series of abilities involved in the process of host infection that are conducive to virus survival and adaptation to the host, such as immune escape, latent infection, and induction of programmed cell death for sustainable infection. The herpesvirus gene UL24 encodes a highly conserved core protein that plays an important role in effective viral infection. The UL24 protein can inhibit the innate immune response of the host by acting on multiple immune signaling pathways during virus infection, and it also plays a key role in the proliferation and pathogenicity of the virus in the later stage of infection. This article reviews the mechanism by which the UL24 protein mediates herpesvirus immune escape and its effects on viral proliferation and virulence by influencing syncytial formation, DNA damage and the cell cycle. Reviewing these studies will enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of herpesvirus infection and provide evidence for new strategies to combat against viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilin Ruan
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Tian
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qun Gao
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Di Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu He
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Marzulli M, Hall BL, Zhang M, Goins WF, Cohen JB, Glorioso JC. Novel mutations in U L24 and gH rescue efficient infection of an HSV vector retargeted to TrkA. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 30:208-220. [PMID: 37519407 PMCID: PMC10384243 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Transductional targeting of herpes simplex virus (HSV)-based gene therapy vectors offers the potential for improved tissue-specific delivery and can be achieved by modification of the viral entry machinery to incorporate ligands that bind the desired cell surface proteins. The interaction of nerve growth factor (NGF) with tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA) is essential for survival of sensory neurons during development and is involved in chronic pain signaling. We targeted HSV infection to TrkA-bearing cells by replacing the signal peptide and HVEM binding domain of glycoprotein D (gD) with pre-pro-NGF. This TrkA-targeted virus (KNGF) infected cells via both nectin-1 and TrkA. However, infection through TrkA was inefficient, prompting a genetic search for KNGF mutants showing enhanced infection following repeat passage on TrkA-expressing cells. These studies revealed unique point mutations in envelope glycoprotein gH and in UL24, a factor absent from mature particles. Together these mutations rescued efficient infection of TrkA-expressing cells, including neurons, and facilitated the production of a completely retargeted KNGF derivative. These studies provide insight into HSV vector improvements that will allow production of replication-defective TrkA-targeted HSV for delivery to the peripheral nervous system and may be applied to other retargeted vector studies in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Marzulli
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bonnie L. Hall
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mingdi Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - William F. Goins
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Justus B. Cohen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joseph C. Glorioso
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Chen X, Shan T, Sun D, Zhai H, Dong S, Kong N, Zheng H, Tong W, Tong G. Host Zinc-finger CCHC-type containing protein 3 inhibits pseudorabies virus proliferation by regulating type I interferon signaling. Gene X 2022; 827:146480. [PMID: 35390445 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc finger CCHC-type containing protein 3 (ZCCHC3) acts as an antiviral factor that interacts with RIG-I and cGAS to modulate innate signaling against viral infections. Here, we investigated the role of porcine ZCCHC3 during pseudorabies virus (PRV) proliferation. We found that porcine ZCCHC3 plays an inhibitory role in the proliferation of PRV by regulating cellular innate immune responses. Further, overexpression of ZCCHC3 inhibited gB protein levels and viral titers, whereas knockdown of ZCCHC3 promoted viral growth. ZCCHC3 overexpression increased IFN-β expression to upregulate downstream gene expression, thus leading to the suppression of viral replication. However, PRV infection reduced the endogenous expression of ZCCHC3 in permissive cells. Importantly, PRV-encoded UL13 and UL24 proteins were identified to inhibit the expression of ZCCHC3, thus antagonizing its antiviral effect. Collectively, our data underscore the important role of ZCCHC3 against PRV infection and promote understandings of viral proteins in PRV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyong Chen
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Wenzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China; Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Tongling Shan
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Dage Sun
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Huanjie Zhai
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Sujie Dong
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ning Kong
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Wu Tong
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Guangzhi Tong
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, PR China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.
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Zhang R, Tang J. Evasion of I Interferon-Mediated Innate Immunity by Pseudorabies Virus. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:801257. [PMID: 34970252 PMCID: PMC8712723 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.801257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN-I) mediated innate immunity serves as the first line of host defense against viral infection, ranging from IFN-I production upon viral detection, IFN-I triggered signaling pathway that induces antiviral gene transcription the antiviral effects of IFN-I induced gene products. During coevolution, herpesviruses have developed multiple countermeasures to inhibit the various steps involved to evade the IFN response. This mini-review focuses on the strategies used by the alphaherpesvirus Pseudorabies virus (PRV) to antagonize IFN-I mediated innate immunity, with a particular emphasis on the mechanisms inhibiting IFN-I induced gene transcription through the JAK-STAT pathway. The knowledge obtained from PRV enriches the current understanding of the alphaherpesviral immune evasion mechanisms and provides insight into the vaccine development for PRV control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Pseudorabies virus UL24 antagonizes OASL-mediated antiviral effect. Virus Res 2021; 295:198276. [PMID: 33476694 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Oligoadenylate synthetases-like (OASL) protein exerts various effects on DNA and RNA viruses by inhibiting cGAS-mediated IFN production and by enhancing RIG-I-mediated IFN induction, respectively. In this study, we aimed to examine the role of OASL in pseudorabies virus (PRV) proliferation and investigate the function of the PRV UL24 protein in cellular innate immunity. We found that OASL regulates PRV proliferation by enhancing RIG-I signaling. PRV infection decreased the expression of OASL at both the mRNA and protein levels in PK15 and HeLa cells. OASL expression suppressed the proliferation of PRV in a RIG-I-dependent manner and boosted RIG-I-mediated IFN expression as well as IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) induction. In contrast, knockdown of OASL enhanced PRV proliferation and reduced RIG-I signaling. However, the PRV UL24 protein was found to impair RIG-I signaling, thus inhibiting transcription of IFN and ISGs. In addition, the UL24 protein reduced RIG-I-induced expression of endogenous OASL in an IRF3-dependent manner, thereby antagonizing the OASL antiviral effect. Taken together, our findings characterize the role of OASL in PRV proliferation and provide new insights into the role of UL24 in PRV pathogenesis.
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Dogrammatzis C, Waisner H, Kalamvoki M. "Non-Essential" Proteins of HSV-1 with Essential Roles In Vivo: A Comprehensive Review. Viruses 2020; 13:E17. [PMID: 33374862 PMCID: PMC7824580 DOI: 10.3390/v13010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses encode for structural proteins that participate in virion formation and include capsid and envelope proteins. In addition, viruses encode for an array of non-structural accessory proteins important for replication, spread, and immune evasion in the host and are often linked to virus pathogenesis. Most virus accessory proteins are non-essential for growth in cell culture because of the simplicity of the infection barriers or because they have roles only during a state of the infection that does not exist in cell cultures (i.e., tissue-specific functions), or finally because host factors in cell culture can complement their absence. For these reasons, the study of most nonessential viral factors is more complex and requires development of suitable cell culture systems and in vivo models. Approximately half of the proteins encoded by the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) genome have been classified as non-essential. These proteins have essential roles in vivo in counteracting antiviral responses, facilitating the spread of the virus from the sites of initial infection to the peripheral nervous system, where it establishes lifelong reservoirs, virus pathogenesis, and other regulatory roles during infection. Understanding the functions of the non-essential proteins of herpesviruses is important to understand mechanisms of viral pathogenesis but also to harness properties of these viruses for therapeutic purposes. Here, we have provided a comprehensive summary of the functions of HSV-1 non-essential proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria Kalamvoki
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics, and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (C.D.); (H.W.)
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Ye C, Chen J, Cheng X, Zhou S, Jiang S, Xu J, Zheng H, Tong W, Li G, Tong G. Functional analysis of the UL24 protein of suid herpesvirus 1. Virus Genes 2019; 55:76-86. [PMID: 30478778 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-018-1619-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The UL24 homologous genes are conserved in alphaherpesviruses. However, the proximity of the UL24 gene and the UL23 gene encoding for thymidine kinase (TK) in the genome of suid herpesvirus 1 (SuHV-1) makes it difficult to mutate UL24 without affecting the expression of the TK gene, and thus functional studies of the UL24 gene have lagged behind. In this study, CRISPR/Cas9 and homologous recombination were adopted to generate UL24 and TK mutant viruses. Deletion of either the UL24 or the TK gene resulted in significantly reduced SuHV-1 replication and spread capacity in Vero cells. However, UL24-deleted virus still maintained a certain degree of lethality in mice, while TK-deleted viruses completely lost their lethality in mice. Similarly, neurovirulence of UL24-deleted virus in mice was not significantly affected compared to parental virus. In comparison, infection with the TK-deleted viruses resulted in significantly reduced neurovirulence and complete loss of lethality. In addition, and for the first time, viral UL24 protein was found to be expressed late during SuHV-1 infection; enhanced green fluorescence protein (eGFP) labeled UL24 protein was shown to be localized in the nucleus via heterologous expression. In conclusion, the UL24 gene of SuHV-1 encodes a nuclear-localized viral protein and acts as a minor virulence-associated factor compared to the TK gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ye
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xuefei Cheng
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Shasha Zhou
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jingjing Xu
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wu Tong
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guoxin Li
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guangzhi Tong
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
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Lee S, Atiya N, Wang S, Manikam R, Raju C, Sekaran S. Loss of Transfected Human Brain Micro-Vascular Endothelial Cell Integrity during Herpes Simplex Virus Infection. Intervirology 2018; 61:193-203. [DOI: 10.1159/000495180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Gao X, Jia R, Wang M, Yang Q, Chen S, Liu M, Yin Z, Cheng A. Duck enteritis virus (DEV) UL54 protein, a novel partner, interacts with DEV UL24 protein. Virol J 2017; 14:166. [PMID: 28851454 PMCID: PMC5575879 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0830-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background UL24 is a multifunctional protein that is conserved among alphaherpesviruses and is believed to play an important role in viral infection and replication. Results In this paper, to investigate putative UL24-binding proteins and to explore the functional mechanisms of DEV UL24, yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) was carried out, and further verified the interaction between UL24 and partners by co-immunoprecipitation and fluorescence microscopy experiments. Interaction partners of UL24 protein were screened by yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) with the cDNA library of DEV-CHv strain post-infection DEF cells. A novel partner, DEV UL54 protein, was discovered by Y2H screening and bioinformatic. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments suggested that DEV UL24 interacted with UL54 proteins. And distribution of a part of UL54 protein was changed from nucleus to cytoplasm in DF-1 cells of co-subcellular localization experiments which also showed that DEV UL24 interacted with UL54 proteins. Conclusions The interaction between the DEV UL24 and UL54 proteins was discovered for the first time. Thus, DEV UL54 protein as a novel partner interacted with DEV UL24 protein. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-017-0830-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghong Gao
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease & Bio-safety, Provincial Department of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China. .,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Zhongqiong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China. .,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.
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10
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Herpes Simplex Virus 1 UL24 Abrogates the DNA Sensing Signal Pathway by Inhibiting NF-κB Activation. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00025-17. [PMID: 28100608 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00025-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is a newly identified DNA sensor that recognizes foreign DNA, including the genome of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). Upon binding of viral DNA, cGAS produces cyclic GMP-AMP, which interacts with and activates stimulator of interferon genes (STING) to trigger the transcription of antiviral genes such as type I interferons (IFNs), and the production of inflammatory cytokines. HSV-1 UL24 is widely conserved among members of the herpesviruses family and is essential for efficient viral replication. In this study, we found that ectopically expressed UL24 could inhibit cGAS-STING-mediated promoter activation of IFN-β and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and UL24 also inhibited interferon-stimulatory DNA-mediated IFN-β and IL-6 production during HSV-1 infection. Furthermore, UL24 selectively blocked nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) but not IFN-regulatory factor 3 promoter activation. Coimmunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated that UL24 bound to the endogenous NF-κB subunits p65 and p50 in HSV-1-infected cells, and UL24 was also found to bind the Rel homology domains (RHDs) of these subunits. Furthermore, UL24 reduced the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-mediated nuclear translocation of p65 and p50. Finally, mutational analysis revealed that the region spanning amino acids (aa) 74 to 134 of UL24 [UL24(74-134)] is responsible for inhibiting cGAS-STING-mediated NF-κB promoter activity. For the first time, UL24 was shown to play an important role in immune evasion during HSV-1 infection.IMPORTANCE NF-κB is a critical component of the innate immune response and is strongly induced downstream of most pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), leading to the production of IFN-β as well as a number of inflammatory chemokines and interleukins. To establish persistent infection, viruses have evolved various mechanisms to counteract the host NF-κB pathway. In the present study, for the first time, HSV-1 UL24 was demonstrated to inhibit the activation of NF-κB in the DNA sensing signal pathway via binding to the RHDs of the NF-κB subunits p65 and p50 and abolishing their nuclear translocation.
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11
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Zhu L, Thompson J, Ma F, Eudy J, Jones C. Effects of the synthetic corticosteroid dexamethasone on bovine herpesvirus 1 productive infection. Virology 2017; 505:71-79. [PMID: 28237765 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Sensory neurons are a primary site for life-long latency of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1). The synthetic corticosteroid dexamethasone induces reactivation from latency and productive infection, in part because the BoHV-1 genome contains more than 100 glucocorticoid receptor (GR) responsive elements (GREs). Two GREs in the immediate early transcription unit 1 promoter are required for dexamethasone induction. Recent studies also demonstrated that the serum and glucocorticoid receptor protein kinase (SGK) family stimulated BoHV-1 replication. Consequently, we hypothesized that dexamethasone influences several aspects of productive infection. In this study, we demonstrated that dexamethasone increased expression of the immediate early protein bICP4, certain late transcripts, and UL23 (thymidine kinase) by four hours after infection. SGK1 expression and Akt phosphorylation were also stimulated during early stages of infection and dexamethasone treatment further increased this effect. These studies suggest that stress, as mimicked by dexamethasone treatment, has the potential to stimulate productive infection by multiple pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqian Zhu
- Oklahoma State University, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; College of Veterinary Medicine and Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jesse Thompson
- University of Nebraska, Nebraska Center for Virology, Morisson Life Science Center, Lincoln, NE 68583-09065, USA
| | - Fangrui Ma
- University of Nebraska, Nebraska Center for Virology, Morisson Life Science Center, Lincoln, NE 68583-09065, USA
| | - James Eudy
- Department of Genetics Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Clinton Jones
- Oklahoma State University, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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12
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Ma Y, Liu D, Gao J, Wang X. Similar regulation of two distinct UL24 promoters by regulatory proteins of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1). FEBS Lett 2015; 589:1467-75. [PMID: 25937123 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To characterise the pattern of the transcriptional regulation of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) UL24 by regulatory proteins, we identified two distinct promoter regions and two transcription initiation (Tci) sites located upstream of the UL24 open reading frame (ORF). The ORF proximal promoter exhibited higher cis-activity than that of the distal one. Contrary to the former, the latter performed its function dependent on an initiator (INR) due to its lack of a TATA box. Our results showed that the EHV-1 regulatory proteins EICP0, EICP22 and ETIF trans-activated the two promoters, whereas IEP and IR2P displayed negative regulation. In summary, the regulatory proteins exhibited similar regulatory patterns for the two distinct promoters of EHV-1 UL24.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Diqiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jun Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.
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13
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Rochette PA, Bourget A, Sanabria-Solano C, Lahmidi S, Lavallée GO, Pearson A. Mutation of UL24 impedes the dissemination of acute herpes simplex virus 1 infection from the cornea to neurons of trigeminal ganglia. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:2794-2805. [PMID: 25986633 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (human herpesvirus 1) initially infects epithelial cells of the mucosa and then goes on to infect sensory neurons leading ultimately to a latent infection in trigeminal ganglia (TG). UL24 is a core herpesvirus gene that has been identified as a determinant of pathogenesis in several Alphaherpesvirinae, although the underlying mechanisms are unknown. In a mouse model of ocular infection, a UL24-deficient virus exhibited a reduction in viral titres in tear films of 1 log10, whilst titres in TG are often below the level of detection. Moreover, the efficiency of reactivation from latency was also severely reduced. Herein, we investigated how UL24 contributed to acute infection of TG. Our results comparing the impact of UL24 on viral titres in eye tissue versus in tear films did not reveal a general defect in virus release from the cornea. We also found that the impairment of replication seen in mouse primary embryonic neurons with a UL24-deficient virus was not more severe than that observed in an epithelial cell line. Rather, in situ histological analyses revealed that infection with a UL24-deficient virus led to a significant reduction in the number of acutely infected neurons at 3 days post-infection (p.i.). Moreover, there was a significant reduction in the number of neurons positive for viral DNA at 2 days p.i. for the UL24-deficient virus as compared with that observed for WT or a rescue virus. Our results supported a model whereby UL24 functions in the dissemination of acute infection from the cornea to neurons in TG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Alexandre Rochette
- Université INRS, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Amélie Bourget
- Université INRS, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Carolina Sanabria-Solano
- Université INRS, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Soumia Lahmidi
- Université INRS, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Gabriel Ouellet Lavallée
- Université INRS, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Angela Pearson
- Université INRS, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada
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14
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Vaccination with a HSV-2 UL24 mutant induces a protective immune response in murine and guinea pig vaginal infection models. Vaccine 2014; 32:1398-406. [PMID: 24462481 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.10.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The rational design and development of genetically attenuated HSV-2 mutant viruses represent an attractive approach for developing both prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines for genital herpes. Previously, HSV-2 UL24 was shown to be a virulence determinant in both murine and guinea pig vaginal infection models. An UL24-βgluc insertion mutant produced syncytial plaques and replicated to nearly wild type levels in tissue culture, but induced little or no pathological effects in recipient mice or guinea pigs following vaginal infection. Here we report that immunization of mice or guinea pigs with high or low doses of UL24-βgluc elicited a highly protective immune response. UL24-βgluc immunization via the vaginal or intramuscular routes was demonstrated to protect mice from a lethal vaginal challenge with wild type HSV-2. Moreover, antigen re-stimulated splenic lymphocytes harvested from immunized mice exhibited both HSV-2 specific CTL activity and IFN-γ expression. Humoral anti-HSV-2 responses in serum were Th1-polarized (IgG2a>IgG1) and contained high-titer anti-HSV-2 neutralizing activity. Guinea pigs vaccinated subcutaneously with UL24-βgluc or the more virulent parental strain (186) were challenged with a heterologous HSV-2 strain (MS). Acute disease scores were nearly indistinguishable in guinea pigs immunized with either virus. Recurrent disease scores were reduced in UL24-βgluc immunized animals but not to the same extent as those immunized with strain 186. In addition, challenge virus was not detected in 75% of guinea pigs subcutaneously immunized with UL24-βgluc. In conclusion, disruption of the UL24 gene is a prime target for the development of a genetically attenuated live HSV-2 vaccine.
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15
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Colgrove R, Diaz F, Newman R, Saif S, Shea T, Young S, Henn M, Knipe DM. Genomic sequences of a low passage herpes simplex virus 2 clinical isolate and its plaque-purified derivative strain. Virology 2013; 450-451:140-5. [PMID: 24503076 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 2 is an important human pathogen as the causative agent of genital herpes, neonatal herpes, and increased risk of HIV acquisition and transmission. Nevertheless, the only genomic sequence that has been completed is the attenuated HSV-2 HG52 laboratory strain. In this study we defined the genomic sequence of the HSV-2 SD90e low passage clinical isolate and a plaque-purified derivative, SD90-3P. We found minimal sequence differences between SD90e and SD90-3P. However, in comparisons with the HSV-2 HG52 reference genome sequence, the SD90e genome ORFs contained numerous point mutations, 13 insertions/deletions (indels), and 9 short compensatory frameshifts. The indels were true sequence differences, but the compensatory frameshifts were likely sequence errors in the original HG52 sequence. Because HG52 virus is less virulent than other HSV-2 strains and may not be representative of wildtype HSV-2 strains, we propose that the HSV-2 SD90e genome serve as the new HSV-2 reference genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Colgrove
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Fernando Diaz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | | | - Sakina Saif
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Terry Shea
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Sarah Young
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Matt Henn
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - David M Knipe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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16
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Human cytomegalovirus UL76 elicits novel aggresome formation via interaction with S5a of the ubiquitin proteasome system. J Virol 2013; 87:11562-78. [PMID: 23966401 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01568-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HCMV UL76 is a member of a conserved Herpesviridae protein family (Herpes_UL24) that is involved in viral production, latency, and reactivation. UL76 presents as globular aggresomes in the nuclei of transiently transfected cells. Bioinformatic analyses predict that UL76 has a propensity for aggregation and targets cellular proteins implicated in protein folding and ubiquitin-proteasome systems (UPS). Furthermore, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching experiments suggests that UL76 reduces protein mobility in the aggresome, which indicates that UL76 elicits the aggregation of misfolded proteins. Moreover, in the absence of other viral proteins, UL76 interacts with S5a, which is a major receptor of polyubiquitinated proteins for UPS proteolysis via its conserved region and the von Willebrand factor type A (VWA) domain of S5a. We demonstrate that UL76 sequesters polyubiquitinated proteins and S5a to nuclear aggresomes in biological proximity. After knockdown of endogenous S5a by RNA interference techniques, the UL76 level was only minimally affected in transiently expressing cells. However, a significant reduction in the number of cells containing UL76 nuclear aggresomes was observed, which suggests that S5a may play a key role in aggresome formation. Moreover, we show that UL76 interacts with S5a in the late phase of viral infection and that knockdown of S5a hinders the development of both the replication compartment and the aggresome. In this study, we demonstrate that UL76 induces a novel nuclear aggresome, likely by subverting S5a of the UPS. Given that UL76 belongs to a conserved family, this underlying mechanism may be shared by all members of the Herpesviridae.
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17
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Carvalho RF, Spilki FR, Cunha EM, Stocco RC, Arns CW. Molecular data of UL24 homolog gene (ORF37) from Brazilian isolates of equine herpesvirus type 1. Res Vet Sci 2011; 93:494-7. [PMID: 21684566 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is associated with abortions, respiratory distress, and neurological disturbances in horses. The ORF37 of EHV-1 encodes a protein homolog to UL24 gene product of human herpesvirus that has been associated with neurovirulence. In the present work, ORF37 PCR fragments derived from two Brazilian EHV-1 isolates, a German isolate and an American reference strain were sequenced and characterized by molecular phylogenetic analysis. This genomic region is highly conserved an allowed to infer genetic distances between EHV-1 strains and other animal herpesvirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Carvalho
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05503-900, Brazil.
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18
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Nascimento R, Costa H, Dias JD, Parkhouse RME. MHV-68 Open Reading Frame 20 is a nonessential gene delaying lung viral clearance. Arch Virol 2010; 156:375-86. [PMID: 21104281 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-010-0862-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently, it has been demonstrated that the MHV-68 ORF20-encoded gene product induces cell-cycle arrest at the G2/M phase, followed by apoptosis. To study the role of this conserved gene in vivo, two independent ORF20-deficient MHV-68 viruses and their revertants were constructed. As the replication in vitro of both mutants followed similar kinetics to that of the wild-type and revertant viruses, ORF20 is therefore a nonessential virus gene. No cell cycle arrest could be observed upon infection of cells with wild type MHV-68 or mutant viruses. In addition, no major differences were detected between mock- and virus-infected cells when protein and inactivation levels of the mitotic promoter factor cdc2/cyclinB were analyzed. Following intranasal infection, the recovery of mutant, revertant and wild-type viruses in the lungs was similar. With the ORF20-deficient viruses, however, there was a significant delay of four days in clearance of virus from the lungs. Surprisingly, the magnitude and cell population distribution in the exudates of the lung was essentially similar to mice infected with wild-type, revertant or ORF20-deleted viruses. Subsequent establishment of latency was normal for both mutants, demonstrating that ORF20 does not play a critical role in establishment of a persistent infection. These results indicate that while expression of ORF20 may impact on the pathogenicity of the infection, the observed induction of G2/M arrest in ORF20-expressing cells may not be the primary function of ORF20 in the context of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nascimento
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande nº6, Apartado 14, 2779-558 Oeiras, Portugal
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19
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Kasem S, Yu MHH, Yamada S, Kodaira A, Matsumura T, Tsujimura K, Madbouly H, Yamaguchi T, Ohya K, Fukushi H. The ORF37 (UL24) is a neuropathogenicity determinant of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) in the mouse encephalitis model. Virology 2010; 400:259-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Revised: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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20
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Leiva-Torres GA, Rochette PA, Pearson A. Differential importance of highly conserved residues in UL24 for herpes simplex virus 1 replication in vivo and reactivation. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:1109-16. [PMID: 20071482 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.017921-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The UL24 gene of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is widely conserved among all subfamilies of the Herpesviridae. It is one of only four HSV-1 genes for which mutations have been mapped that confer a syncytial plaque phenotype. In a mouse model of infection, UL24-deficient viruses exhibit reduced titres, particularly in neurons, and an apparent defect in reactivation from latency. There are several highly conserved residues in UL24; however, their importance in the role of UL24 in vivo is unknown. In this study, we compared virus strains with substitution mutations corresponding to the PD-(D/E)XK endonuclease motif of UL24 (vUL24-E99A/K101A) or a substitution of another highly conserved residue (vUL24-G121A). Both mutant viruses cause the formation of syncytial plaques at 39 degrees C; however, we found that the viruses differed dramatically when tested in a mouse model of infection. vUL24-E99A/K101A exhibited titres in the eye that were 10-fold lower than those of the wild-type virus KOS, and titres in trigeminal ganglia (TG) that were more than 2 log10 lower. Clinical signs were barely detectable with vUL24-E99A/K101A. Furthermore, the percentage of TG from which virus reactivated was also significantly lower for this mutant than for KOS. In contrast, vUL24-G121A behaved similarly to the wild-type virus in mice. These results are consistent with the endonuclease motif being important for the role of UL24 in vivo and also imply that the UL24 temperature-dependent syncytial plaque phenotype can be separated genetically from several in vivo phenotypes.
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21
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Siew VK, Duh CY, Wang SK. Human cytomegalovirus UL76 induces chromosome aberrations. J Biomed Sci 2009; 16:107. [PMID: 19930723 PMCID: PMC2788540 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-16-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is known to induce chromosome aberrations in infected cells, which can lead to congenital abnormalities in infected fetuses. HCMV UL76 belongs to a conserved protein family from herpesviruses. Some reported roles among UL76 family members include involvement in virulence determination, lytic replication, reactivation of latent virus, modulation of gene expression, induction of apoptosis, and perturbation of cell cycle progression, as well as potential nuclease activity. Previously, we have shown that stable expression of UL76 inhibits HCMV replication in glioblastoma cells. Methods To examine chromosomal integrity and the DNA damage signal γ-H2AX in cells constitutively expressing UL76, immunofluorescent cell staining and Western blotting were performed. The comet assay was employed to assess DNA breaks in cells transiently expressing UL76. Results We report that stably transfected cells expressing UL76 developed chromosome aberrations including micronuclei and misaligned chromosomes, lagging and bridging. In mitotic cells expressing UL76, aberrant spindles were increased compared to control cells. However, cells with supernumerary centrosomes were marginally increased in UL76-expressing cells relative to control cells. We further demonstrated that UL76-expressing cells activated the DNA damage signal γ-H2AX and caused foci formation in nuclei. In addition, the number of cells with DNA breaks increased in proportion to UL76 protein levels. Conclusion Our findings suggest that the virus-associated protein UL76 induces DNA damage and the accumulation of chromosome aberrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Voon-Kwan Siew
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
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22
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Jia R, Cheng A, Wang M, Qi X, Zhu D, Ge H, Luo Q, Liu F, Guo Y, Chen X. Development and evaluation of an antigen-capture ELISA for detection of the UL24 antigen of the duck enteritis virus, based on a polyclonal antibody against the UL24 expression protein. J Virol Methods 2009; 161:38-43. [PMID: 19467266 PMCID: PMC7112936 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Revised: 05/03/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (AC-ELISA) method was developed for the efficient detection of the UL24 antigen of the duck enteritis virus (DEV) using polyclonal antibodies. Ducks and rabbits were immunized, respectively, with expressed UL24 recombinant protein. The IgG antibodies against UL24 from ducks and rabbits were purified and used as the capture antibodies. The specificity of the optimized AC-ELISA was evaluated by use of DEV, duck hepatitis virus (DHV), duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV), gosling plague virus (GPV), Riemerella anatipestifer (R.A.), Escherichia coli (E. coli), Pasteurella multocida (P.M.) and Salmonella Enteritidis (S.E.). Only DEV specimens yielded a specific and strong signal. The limit of the sensitivity of this method for the detection of DEV was 46 ng/100 microl. Compared with PCR and virus isolation, the rate of agreement for the detection of experimentally infected sera was 100%. A comparative test used on clinical specimens between the neutralization test and the AC-ELISA showed that the proportions of true positives and true negatives by the AC-ELISA were 0.90 and 0.67 respectively. These results indicated that the AC-ELISA approach is rapid, sensitive, and reliable for specific detection of DEV antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renyong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan Province, China
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Bertrand L, Pearson A. The conserved N-terminal domain of herpes simplex virus 1 UL24 protein is sufficient to induce the spatial redistribution of nucleolin. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:1142-1151. [PMID: 18420791 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83573-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
UL24 is widely conserved among herpesviruses but its function during infection is poorly understood. Previously, we discovered a genetic link between UL24 and the herpes simplex virus 1-induced dispersal of the nucleolar protein nucleolin. Here, we report that in the absence of viral infection, transiently expressed UL24 accumulated in both the nucleus and the Golgi apparatus. In the majority of transfected cells, nuclear staining for UL24 was diffuse, but a minor staining pattern, whereby UL24 was present in nuclear foci corresponding to nucleoli, was also observed. Expression of UL24 correlated with the dispersal of nucleolin. This dispersal did not appear to be a consequence of a general disaggregation of nucleoli, as foci of fibrillarin staining persisted in cells expressing UL24. The conserved N-terminal region of UL24 was sufficient to cause this change in subcellular distribution of nucleolin. Interestingly, a bipartite nuclear localization signal predicted within the C terminus of UL24 was dispensable for nuclear localization. None of the five individual UL24 homology domains was required for nuclear or Golgi localization, but deletion of these domains resulted in the loss of nucleolin-dispersal activity. We determined that a nucleolar-targeting signal was contained within the first 60 aa of UL24. Our results show that the conserved N-terminal domain of UL24 is sufficient to specifically induce dispersal of nucleolin in the absence of other viral proteins or virus-induced cellular modifications. These results suggest that UL24 directly targets cellular factors that affect the composition of nucleoli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Bertrand
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Angela Pearson
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
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24
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Natuk RJ, Cooper D, Guo M, Calderon P, Wright KJ, Nasar F, Witko S, Pawlyk D, Lee M, DeStefano J, Tummolo D, Abramovitz AS, Gangolli S, Kalyan N, Clarke DK, Hendry RM, Eldridge JH, Udem SA, Kowalski J. Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus vectors expressing herpes simplex virus type 2 gD elicit robust CD4+ Th1 immune responses and are protective in mouse and guinea pig models of vaginal challenge. J Virol 2006; 80:4447-57. [PMID: 16611905 PMCID: PMC1472036 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.9.4447-4457.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) vectors offer an attractive approach for the induction of robust cellular and humoral immune responses directed against human pathogen target antigens. We evaluated rVSV vectors expressing full-length glycoprotein D (gD) from herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) in mice and guinea pigs for immunogenicity and protective efficacy against genital challenge with wild-type HSV-2. Robust Th1-polarized anti-gD immune responses were demonstrated in the murine model as measured by induction of gD-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes and increased gamma interferon expression. The isotype makeup of the serum anti-gD immunoglobulin G (IgG) response was consistent with the presence of a Th1-CD4+ anti-gD response, characterized by a high IgG2a/IgG1 IgG subclass ratio. Functional anti-HSV-2 neutralizing serum antibody responses were readily demonstrated in both guinea pigs and mice that had been immunized with rVSV-gD vaccines. Furthermore, guinea pigs and mice were prophylactically protected from genital challenge with high doses of wild-type HSV-2. In addition, guinea pigs were highly protected against the establishment of latent infection as evidenced by low or absent HSV-2 genome copies in dorsal root ganglia after virus challenge. In summary, rVSV-gD vectors were successfully used to elicit potent anti-gD Th1-like cellular and humoral immune responses that were protective against HSV-2 disease in guinea pigs and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Natuk
- Department of Vaccines Discovery Research, Wyeth Research, 401 N. Middletown Rd., Pearl River, New York 10965, USA.
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