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Horner SM, Reaves JV. Recent insights into N 6-methyladenosine during viral infection. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2024; 87:102213. [PMID: 38901100 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2024.102213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
The RNA modification of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) controls many aspects of RNA function that impact biological processes, including viral infection. In this review, we highlight recent work that shapes our current understanding of the diverse mechanisms by which m6A can regulate viral infection by acting on viral or cellular mRNA molecules. We focus on emerging concepts and understanding, including how viral infection alters the localization and function of m6A machinery proteins, how m6A regulates antiviral innate immunity, and the multiple roles of m6A in regulating specific viral infections. We also summarize the recent studies on m6A during SARS-CoV-2 infection, focusing on points of convergence and divergence. Ultimately, this review provides a snapshot of the latest research on m6A during viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy M Horner
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Jordan V Reaves
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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2
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Li F, Zeng C, Liu J, Wang L, Yuan X, Yuan L, Xia X, Huang W. The YTH domain-containing protein family: Emerging players in immunomodulation and tumour immunotherapy targets. Clin Transl Med 2024; 14:e1784. [PMID: 39135292 PMCID: PMC11319238 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The modification of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) plays a pivotal role in tumor by altering both innate and adaptive immune systems through various pathways, including the regulation of messenger RNA. The YTH domain protein family, acting as "readers" of m6A modifications, affects RNA splicing, stability, and immunogenicity, thereby playing essential roles in immune regulation and antitumor immunity. Despite their significance, the impact of the YTH domain protein family on tumor initiation and progression, as well as their involvement in tumor immune regulation and therapy, remains underexplored and lacks comprehensive review. CONCLUSION This review introduces the molecular characteristics of the YTH domain protein family and their physiological and pathological roles in biological behavior, emphasizing their mechanisms in regulating immune responses and antitumor immunity. Additionally, the review discusses the roles of the YTH domain protein family in immune-related diseases and tumor resistance, highlighting that abnormal expression or dysfunction of YTH proteins is closely linked to tumor resistance. KEY POINTS This review provides an in-depth understanding of the YTH domain protein family in immune regulation and antitumor immunity, suggesting new strategies and directions for immunotherapy of related diseases. These insights not only deepen our comprehension of m6A modifications and YTH protein functions but also pave the way for future research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghe Li
- Department of Gynaecology and ObstetricsSecond Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Chong Zeng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineThe Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South ChinaChangshaHunanChina
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of PathologyThe Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South ChinaChangshaHunanChina
| | - Lei Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and the Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of EducationCancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Xiaorui Yuan
- Department of Gynaecology and ObstetricsSecond Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Li Yuan
- Department of Nuclear MedicineThe Third Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Xiaomeng Xia
- Department of Gynaecology and ObstetricsSecond Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of OncologyXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
- National Clinical Research Center of Geriatric DisordersXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
- Research Center of Carcinogenesis and Targeted TherapyXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
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3
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Li J, Xie K, Xu M, Wang Y, Huang Y, Tan T, Xie H. Significance of N6-methyladenosine RNA methylation regulators in diagnosis and subtype classification of primary Sjögren's syndrome. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24860. [PMID: 38318073 PMCID: PMC10839990 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The importance of N6-methyladenine (m6A) in mRNA metabolism, physiology, pathology and other life processes is well recognized. However, the exact role of m6A regulators in primary Sjögren's syndrome (PSS) remains unclear. In this study, we used bioinformatics and machine learning random forest approach to screen eight key m6A regulators from the Gene Expression Omnibus GSE7451, GSE40611 and GSE84844 datasets. An accurate nomogram model for predicting PSS risk was established based on these regulators. And using consensus clustering, patients diagnosed with PSS were classified into two different m6A patterns. We found that patients in group B had higher m6A scores compared to those in group A: furthermore, both groups were closely related to immunity and possibly to other diseases. These results emphasise the important role of m6A regulators in the pathogenesis of PSS. Our study of m6A patterns may inform future immunotherapy strategies for PSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoyan Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, 410005, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Kaihong Xie
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital (Clinical College) of Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, 423000, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Minxian Xu
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital (Clinical College) of Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, 423000, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Ye Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital (Clinical College) of Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, 423000, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Yinghong Huang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, 410005, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Tao Tan
- Faulty of Applied Sciences, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao, 999078, PR China
| | - Hui Xie
- Faulty of Applied Sciences, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao, 999078, PR China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital (Clinical College) of Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, 423000, Hunan Province, PR China
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4
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Aufgebauer CJ, Bland KM, Horner SM. Modifying the antiviral innate immune response by selective writing, erasing, and reading of m 6A on viral and cellular RNA. Cell Chem Biol 2024; 31:100-109. [PMID: 38176419 PMCID: PMC10872403 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Viral infection and the antiviral innate immune response are regulated by the RNA modification m6A. m6A directs nearly all aspects of RNA metabolism by recruiting RNA-binding proteins that mediate the fate of m6A-containing RNA. m6A controls the antiviral innate immune response in diverse ways, including shielding viral RNA from detection by antiviral sensors and influencing the expression of cellular mRNAs encoding antiviral signaling proteins, cytokines, and effector proteins. While m6A and the m6A machinery are important for the antiviral response, the precise mechanisms that determine how the m6A machinery selects specific viral or cellular RNA molecules for modification during infection are not fully understood. In this review, we highlight recent findings that shed light on how viral infection redirects the m6A machinery during the antiviral response. A better understanding of m6A targeting during viral infection could lead to new immunomodulatory and therapeutic strategies against viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline J Aufgebauer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Katherine M Bland
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Stacy M Horner
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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5
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Chen Y, Wang W, Zhang W, He M, Li Y, Qu G, Tong J. Emerging roles of biological m 6A proteins in regulating virus infection: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126934. [PMID: 37722640 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most prevalent chemical modifications of intracellular RNA, which recently emerging as a multifaceted effector of viral genomic RNA. As a dynamic process, three groups of biological proteins control the levels of m6A modification in eukaryocyte, designed as m6A writers, erasers, and readers. The m6A writers comprising of methyltransferases complex initiate the modification process. On the contrary, the m6A erasers ALKBH5 or FTO abolish the modification through three-step demethylation: m6A to N6-hydroxymethyl adenosine (hm6A), then hm6A to N6-methyladenosine (f6A), and finally f6A to adenosine. The known m6A readers include the YTH family and the hnRNP family. As m6A modification regulates RNA nuclear exportation, stability, and translation, m6A proteins commonly participate in virus infection by regulating viral genomic RNA synthesis. Moreover, m6A proteins establish molecular linkages between virus genome/viral encode proteins and host cells proteins via their multifunctional roles in cellular RNA metabolism. The m6A writers and erasers directly impact interferon expression and macrophage innate immune responses, facilitating them to act as anti-/pro-viral factors. The m6A readers enable to alter cell metabolism and stress granules (SGs) production to regulate virus-host interactions. Here, the latest progress of m6A proteins in regulating viral infection is reviewed. Demonstrating the roles of m6A proteins will enhance the understanding of epigenetic regulation of virus infection and stimulate the development of novel antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuran Chen
- College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Wuchao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Mei He
- College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yuming Li
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan 250117, China; Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an 271000, China.
| | - Guosheng Qu
- College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
| | - Jie Tong
- College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
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Dobrikov MI, Dobrikova EY, Nardone-White DT, McKay ZP, Brown MC, Gromeier M. Early enterovirus translation deficits extend viral RNA replication and elicit sustained MDA5-directed innate signaling. mBio 2023; 14:e0191523. [PMID: 37962360 PMCID: PMC10746184 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01915-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Multiple pattern recognition receptors sense vRNAs and initiate downstream innate signaling: endosomal Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 3, 7, and 8 and cytoplasmic RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) RIG-I, and MDA5. They engage distinct signaling scaffolds: mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (RLR), MyD88, and TLR-adaptor interacting with SLC15A4 on the lysosome (TLR7 and TLR8) and toll/IL-1R domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN (TLR3). By virtue of their unusual vRNA structure and direct host cell entry path, the innate response to EVs uniquely is orchestrated by MDA5. We reported that PVSRIPO's profound attenuation and loss of cytopathogenicity triggers MDA5-directed polar TBK1-IRF3 signaling that generates priming of polyfunctional antitumor CD8+ T-cell responses and durable antitumor surveillance in vivo. Here we unraveled EV-host relations that control suppression of host type-I IFN responses and show that PVSRIPO's deficient immediate host eIF4G cleavage generates unopposed MDA5-directed downstream signaling cascades resulting in sustained type-I IFN release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail I. Dobrikov
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Elena Y. Dobrikova
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dasean T. Nardone-White
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Zachary P. McKay
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael C. Brown
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthias Gromeier
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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7
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Yang D, Zhao G, Zhang HM. m 6A reader proteins: the executive factors in modulating viral replication and host immune response. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1151069. [PMID: 37325513 PMCID: PMC10266107 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1151069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) modification is the most abundant covalent modification of RNA. It is a reversible and dynamic process induced by various cellular stresses including viral infection. Many m6A methylations have been discovered, including on the genome of RNA viruses and on RNA transcripts of DNA viruses, and these methylations play a positive or negative role on the viral life cycle depending on the viral species. The m6A machinery, including the writer, eraser, and reader proteins, achieves its gene regulatory role by functioning in an orchestrated manner. Notably, data suggest that the biological effects of m6A on target mRNAs predominantly depend on the recognition and binding of different m6A readers. These readers include, but are not limited to, the YT521-B homology (YTH) domain family, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (HNRNPs), insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding proteins (IGF2BPs), and many others discovered recently. Indeed, m6A readers have been recognized not only as regulators of RNA metabolism but also as participants in a variety of biological processes, although some of these reported roles are still controversial. Here, we will summarize the recent advances in the discovery, classification, and functional characterization of m6A reader proteins, particularly focusing on their roles and mechanisms of action in RNA metabolism, gene expression, and viral replication. In addition, we also briefly discuss the m6A-associated host immune responses in viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Decheng Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Guangze Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Huifang Mary Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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8
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Chen L, Gao Y, Xu S, Yuan J, Wang M, Li T, Gong J. N6-methyladenosine reader YTHDF family in biological processes: Structures, roles, and mechanisms. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1162607. [PMID: 36999016 PMCID: PMC10043241 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1162607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
As the most abundant and conserved internal modification in eukaryote RNAs, N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is involved in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. The YT521-B homology (YTH) domain-containing family proteins (YTHDFs), including YTHDF1, YTHDF2, and YTHDF3, are a class of cytoplasmic m6A-binding proteins defined by the vertebrate YTH domain, and exert extensive functions in regulating RNA destiny. Distinct expression patterns of the YTHDF family in specific cell types or developmental stages result in prominent differences in multiple biological processes, such as embryonic development, stem cell fate, fat metabolism, neuromodulation, cardiovascular effect, infection, immunity, and tumorigenesis. The YTHDF family mediates tumor proliferation, metastasis, metabolism, drug resistance, and immunity, and possesses the potential of predictive and therapeutic biomarkers. Here, we mainly summary the structures, roles, and mechanisms of the YTHDF family in physiological and pathological processes, especially in multiple cancers, as well as their current limitations and future considerations. This will provide novel angles for deciphering m6A regulation in a biological system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Simiao Xu
- Division of Endocrinology, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinxiong Yuan
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianyu Li
- Trauma Center/Department of Emergency and Traumatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Gong
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Gong,
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9
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Li H, Guo Y, Qi W, Liao M. N 6-methyladenosine modification of viral RNA and its role during the recognition process of RIG-I-like receptors. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1031200. [PMID: 36582239 PMCID: PMC9792670 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1031200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant RNA chemical modification in eukaryotes and is also found in the RNAs of many viruses. In recent years, m6A RNA modification has been reported to have a role not only in the replication of numerous viruses but also in the innate immune escape process. In this review, we describe the viruses that contain m6A in their genomes or messenger RNAs (mRNAs), and summarize the effects of m6A on the replication of different viruses. We also discuss how m6A modification helps viral RNAs escape recognition by exogenous RNA sensors, such as retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), during viral invasion. Overall, the goal of our review is to summarize how m6A regulates viral replication and facilitates innate immune escape. Furthermore, we elaborate on the potential of m6A as a novel antiviral target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanan Li
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory (Guangzhou), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Guo
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory (Guangzhou), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenbao Qi
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory (Guangzhou), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Wenbao Qi, ; Ming Liao,
| | - Ming Liao
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory (Guangzhou), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Wenbao Qi, ; Ming Liao,
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10
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Lin Q, Chen Z, Shi W, Lv Z, Wan X, Gao K. JAK1 inactivation promotes proliferation and migration of endometrial cancer cells via upregulating the hypoxia-inducible factor signaling pathway. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:177. [PMID: 36376931 PMCID: PMC9661757 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00990-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss-of-function (LOF) mutations of JAK1, a member of the JAK kinase family, were frequently observed in EC, indicating that JAK1 may act as a tumor suppressor, at least in EC. However, the mechanism of JAK1 mediated regulation of tumorigenesis remains poorly understood. METHODS The genetic alterations of JAK1 in EC using latest sequencing dataset of EC deposited in TCGA database. The RNA-Seq dataset of EC and normal endometrial tissues from TCGA cohort was analyzed. The expression of JAK1 in EC and normal endometrial tissues were investigated using immunohistochemistry. The expression levels of genes in endometrial cancer cells were detected by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-qPCR) and western blotting. JAK1 protein was efficiently depleted by the two shRNAs. HIF1/2-α protein was efficiently depleted by siRNAs. JAK1 overexpressed EC cells were generated by an expressing plasmid. The proliferation and migration ability of cancer cells were evaluated by CCK8, colony formation assays and transwell assays. The global transcriptomic changes in JAK1-depleted KLE cells were investigated using RNA-Seq. Gene Ontology (GO) Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were used to identify the most significant pathways that were altered in JAK1-depleted KLE cells. The physical association between HIF-1/2α and JAK1 using co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) assays. RESULTS In the present study, we found that JAK1 was frequently mutated and downregulated in EC. JAK1 knockdown promotes EC cell proliferation and migration. JAK1 overexpression reduces EC cell proliferation and migration. We examined the transcriptional profiling changes in JAK1-depleted EC cells and unexpectedly found that the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) pathway was activated. Mechanistically, JAK1 interacts with HIF-1/2α, and reduces HIF1/2-α protein expression under hypoxia. HIF-1/2α knockdown reverses the JAK1 knockdown-induced growth and migration of EC cells under hypoxia. JAK1 knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of JAK1 kinase activity by Ruxolitinib upregulates transcription of HIF target genes under hypoxia. JAK1 overexpression downregulates transcription of HIF target genes under hypoxia. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide novel insights into the functional link between JAK1 LOF mutations and abnormal HIF pathway activation in EC and suggest that pharmacological inhibition of HIF1/2 represents a promising therapeutic strategy targeting JAK1-mutated ECs. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Lin
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 20092 China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030 China
| | - Zheng Chen
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030 China
| | - Wei Shi
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 20092 China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030 China
| | - Zeheng Lv
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 20092 China
| | - Xiaoping Wan
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 20092 China
| | - Kun Gao
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201204 China
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11
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Maimaiti A, Turhon M, Cheng X, Su R, Kadeer K, Axier A, Ailaiti D, Aili Y, Abudusalamu R, Kuerban A, Wang Z, Aisha M. m6A regulator–mediated RNA methylation modification patterns and immune microenvironment infiltration characterization in patients with intracranial aneurysms. Front Neurol 2022; 13:889141. [PMID: 35989938 PMCID: PMC9389407 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.889141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundThe role of epigenetic modulation in immunity is receiving increased recognition—particularly in the context of RNA N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modifications. Nevertheless, it is still uncertain whether m6A methylation plays a role in the onset and progression of intracranial aneurysms (IAs). This study aimed to establish the function of m6A RNA methylation in IA, as well as its correlation with the immunological microenvironment.MethodsOur study included a total of 97 samples (64 IA, 33 normal) in the training set and 60 samples (44 IA, 16 normal) in the validation set to systematically assess the pattern of RNA modifications mediated by 22 m6A regulators. The effects of m6A modifications on immune microenvironment features, i.e., immune response gene sets, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes, and infiltrating immune cells were explored. We employed Lasso, machine learning, and logistic regression for the purpose of identifying an m6A regulator gene signature of IA with external data validation. For the unsupervised clustering analysis of m6A modification patterns in IA, consensus clustering methods were employed. Enrichment analysis was used to assess immune response activity along with other functional pathways. The identification of m6A methylation markers was identified based on a protein–protein interaction network and weighted gene co-expression network analysis.ResultsWe identified an m6A regulator signature of IGFBP2, IGFBP1, IGF2BP2, YTHDF3, ALKBH5, RBM15B, LRPPRC, and ELAVL1, which could easily distinguish individuals with IA from healthy individuals. Unsupervised clustering revealed three m6A modification patterns. Gene enrichment analysis illustrated that the tight junction, p53 pathway, and NOTCH signaling pathway varied significantly in m6A modifier patterns. In addition, the three m6A modification patterns showed significant differences in m6A regulator expression, immune microenvironment, and bio-functional pathways. Furthermore, macrophages, activated T cells, and other immune cells were strongly correlated with m6A regulators. Eight m6A indicators were discovered—each with a statistically significant correlation with IA—suggesting their potential as prognostic biological markers.ConclusionOur study demonstrates that m6A RNA methylation and the immunological microenvironment are both intricately correlated with the onset and progression of IA. The novel insight into patterns of m6A modification offers a foundation for the development of innovative treatment approaches for IA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aierpati Maimaiti
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Mirzat Turhon
- Department of Neurointerventional Surgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurointerventional Surgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojiang Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Riqing Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Kaheerman Kadeer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Aximujiang Axier
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Dilimulati Ailaiti
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yirizhati Aili
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Rena Abudusalamu
- Department of Neurology, Neurology Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Ajimu Kuerban
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Kashgar Prefecture, Kashgar, China
| | - Zengliang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Zengliang Wang
| | - Maimaitili Aisha
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- *Correspondence: Maimaitili Aisha
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12
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Mersinoglu B, Cristinelli S, Ciuffi A. The Impact of Epitranscriptomics on Antiviral Innate Immunity. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081666. [PMID: 36016289 PMCID: PMC9412694 DOI: 10.3390/v14081666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epitranscriptomics, i.e., chemical modifications of RNA molecules, has proven to be a new layer of modulation and regulation of protein expression, asking for the revisiting of some aspects of cellular biology. At the virological level, epitranscriptomics can thus directly impact the viral life cycle itself, acting on viral or cellular proteins promoting replication, or impacting the innate antiviral response of the host cell, the latter being the focus of the present review.
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13
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Zhang C, Liu N. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification in gynecological malignancies. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:3465-3479. [PMID: 35802474 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification is one of the most abundant modifications in eukaryotic mRNA, regulated by m6A methyltransferase and demethylase. m6A modified RNA is specifically recognized and bound by m6A recognition proteins, which mediate splicing, maturation, exonucleation, degradation, and translation. In gynecologic malignancies, m6A RNA modification-related molecules are expressed aberrantly, significantly altering the posttranscriptional methylation level of the target genes and their stability. The m6A modification also regulates related metabolic pathways, thereby controlling tumor development. This review analyzes the composition and mode of action of m6A modification-related proteins and their biological functions in the malignant progression of gynecologic malignancies, which provide new ideas for the early clinical diagnosis and targeted therapy of gynecologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
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14
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Dobrikov MI, Dobrikova EY, McKay ZP, Kastan JP, Brown MC, Gromeier M. PKR Binds Enterovirus IRESs, Displaces Host Translation Factors, and Impairs Viral Translation to Enable Innate Antiviral Signaling. mBio 2022; 13:e0085422. [PMID: 35652592 PMCID: PMC9239082 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00854-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
For RNA virus families except Picornaviridae, viral RNA sensing includes Toll-like receptors and/or RIG-I. Picornavirus RNAs, whose 5' termini are shielded by a genome-linked protein, are predominately recognized by MDA5. This has important ramifications for adaptive immunity, as MDA5-specific patterns of type-I interferon (IFN) release are optimal for CD4+T cell TH1 polarization and CD8+T cell priming. We are exploiting this principle for cancer immunotherapy with recombinant poliovirus (PV), PVSRIPO, the type 1 (Sabin) PV vaccine containing a rhinovirus type 2 internal ribosomal entry site (IRES). Here we show that PVSRIPO-elicited MDA5 signaling is preceded by early sensing of the IRES by the double-stranded (ds)RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR). PKR binding to IRES stem-loop domains 5-6 led to dimerization and autoactivation, displaced host translation initiation factors, and suppressed viral protein synthesis. Early PKR-mediated antiviral responses tempered incipient viral translation and the activity of cytopathogenic viral proteinases, setting up accentuated MDA5 innate inflammation in response to PVSRIPO infection. IMPORTANCE Among the RIG-I-like pattern recognition receptors, MDA5 stands out because it senses long dsRNA duplexes independent of their 5' features (RIG-I recognizes viral [v]RNA 5'-ppp blunt ends). Uniquely among RNA viruses, the innate defense against picornaviruses is controlled by MDA5. We show that prior to engaging MDA5, recombinant PV RNA is sensed upon PKR binding to the viral IRES at a site that overlaps with the footprint for host translation factors mediating 40S subunit recruitment. Our study demonstrates that innate antiviral type-I IFN responses orchestrated by MDA5 involve separate innate modules that recognize distinct vRNA features and interfere with viral functions at multiple levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail I. Dobrikov
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Elena Y. Dobrikova
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Zachary P. McKay
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jonathan P. Kastan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael C. Brown
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthias Gromeier
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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15
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Kim JG, Shan L. Beyond Inhibition: A Novel Strategy of Targeting HIV-1 Protease to Eliminate Viral Reservoirs. Viruses 2022; 14:1179. [PMID: 35746649 PMCID: PMC9231271 DOI: 10.3390/v14061179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 protease (PR) is a viral enzyme that cleaves the Gag and Gag-Pol polyprotein precursors to convert them into their functional forms, a process which is essential to generate infectious viral particles. Due to its broad substrate specificity, HIV-1 PR can also cleave certain host cell proteins. Several studies have identified host cell substrates of HIV-1 PR and described the potential impact of their cleavage on HIV-1-infected cells. Of particular interest is the interaction between PR and the caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 8 (CARD8) inflammasome. A recent study demonstrated that CARD8 can sense HIV-1 PR activity and induce cell death. While PR typically has low levels of intracellular activity prior to viral budding, premature PR activation can be achieved using certain non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), resulting in CARD8 cleavage and downstream pyroptosis. Used together with latency reversal agents, the induction of premature PR activation to trigger CARD8-mediated cell killing may help eliminate latent reservoirs in people living with HIV. This represents a novel strategy of utilizing PR as an antiviral target through premature activation rather than inhibition. In this review, we discuss the viral and host substrates of HIV-1 protease and highlight potential applications and advantages of targeting CARD8 sensing of HIV-1 PR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liang Shan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA;
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16
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Control of animal virus replication by RNA adenosine methylation. Adv Virus Res 2022; 112:87-114. [PMID: 35840182 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Methylation at the N6-position of either adenosine (m6A) or 2'-O-methyladenosine (m6Am) represents two of the most abundant internal modifications of coding and non-coding RNAs, influencing their maturation, stability and function. Additionally, although less abundant and less well-studied, monomethylation at the N1-position (m1A) can have profound effects on RNA folding. It has been known for several decades that RNAs produced by both DNA and RNA viruses can be m6A/m6Am modified and the list continues to broaden through advances in detection technologies and identification of the relevant methyltransferases. Recent studies have uncovered varied mechanisms used by viruses to manipulate the m6A pathway in particular, either to enhance virus replication or to antagonize host antiviral defenses. As such, RNA modifications represent an important frontier of exploration in the broader realm of virus-host interactions, and this new knowledge already suggests exciting opportunities for therapeutic intervention. In this review we summarize the principal mechanisms by which m6A/m6Am can promote or hinder viral replication, describe how the pathway is actively manipulated by biomedically important viruses, and highlight some remaining gaps in understanding how adenosine methylation of RNA controls viral replication and pathogenesis.
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17
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Burgess HM, Vink EI, Mohr I. Minding the message: tactics controlling RNA decay, modification, and translation in virus-infected cells. Genes Dev 2022; 36:108-132. [PMID: 35193946 PMCID: PMC8887129 DOI: 10.1101/gad.349276.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
With their categorical requirement for host ribosomes to translate mRNA, viruses provide a wealth of genetically tractable models to investigate how gene expression is remodeled post-transcriptionally by infection-triggered biological stress. By co-opting and subverting cellular pathways that control mRNA decay, modification, and translation, the global landscape of post-transcriptional processes is swiftly reshaped by virus-encoded factors. Concurrent host cell-intrinsic countermeasures likewise conscript post-transcriptional strategies to mobilize critical innate immune defenses. Here we review strategies and mechanisms that control mRNA decay, modification, and translation in animal virus-infected cells. Besides settling infection outcomes, post-transcriptional gene regulation in virus-infected cells epitomizes fundamental physiological stress responses in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Burgess
- Department of Microbial Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth I Vink
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Ian Mohr
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.,Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
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18
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Zhao B, Wang W, Zhao Y, Qiao H, Gao Z, Chuai X. Regulation of Antiviral Immune Response by N 6-Methyladenosine of mRNA. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:789605. [PMID: 34975810 PMCID: PMC8716812 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.789605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Host innate and adaptive immune responses play a vital role in clearing infected viruses. Meanwhile, viruses also evolve a series of mechanisms to weaken the host immune responses and evade immune defense. Recently, N6-methyladenosine (m6A), the most prevalent mRNA modification, has been revealed to regulate multiple steps of RNA metabolism, such as mRNA splicing, localization, stabilization, and translation, thus participating in many biological phenomena, including viral infection. In the process of virus–host interaction, the m6A modification that presents on the virus RNA impedes capture by the pattern recognition receptors, and the m6A modification appearing on the host immune-related molecules regulate interferon response, immune cell differentiation, inflammatory cytokine production, and other immune responses induced by viral infection. This review summarizes the research advances about the regulatory role of m6A modification in the innate and adaptive immune responses during viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoxin Zhao
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Institute of Medical and Health Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Weijie Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Institute of Medical and Health Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Institute of Medical and Health Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hongxiu Qiao
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Institute of Medical and Health Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhiyun Gao
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Institute of Medical and Health Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xia Chuai
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Institute of Medical and Health Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Deater M, Tamhankar M, Lloyd RE. TDRD3 is an antiviral restriction factor that promotes IFN signaling with G3BP1. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010249. [PMID: 35085371 PMCID: PMC8824378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress granules (SGs) are highly dynamic cytoplasmic foci that form in response to activation of the integrated stress response (ISR) that results in eIF2α phosphorylation and global translation shutdown. Stress granules, which are largely nucleated by G3BP1, serve as hubs for mRNA triage, but there is mounting evidence that they also perform cell signaling functions that are vital to cell survival, particularly during viral infection. We previously showed that SG formation leads to NFκB activation and JNK signaling and that this association may be due in part to G3BP1-dependent recruitment of PKR to SGs. Others have reported close associations between G3BP1 and various innate immune PRRs of the type 1 interferon signaling system, including RIG-I. We also reported SG assembly dynamics is dependent on the arginine-methylation status of G3BP1. Another protein that rapidly localizes to SGs, TDRD3, is a methyl reader protein that performs transcriptional activation and adaptor functions within the nucleus, but neither the mechanism nor its function in SGs is clear. Here, we present evidence that TDRD3 localizes to SGs partly based upon methylation potential of G3BP1. We also characterize granules that TDRD3 forms during overexpression and show that these granules can form in the absence of G3BP but also contain translation components found in canonical SGs. We also show for the first time that SGs recruit additional interferon effectors IRF3, IRF7, TBK1, and Sting, and provide evidence that TDRD3 may play a role in recruitment of these factors. We also present evidence that TDRD3 is a novel antiviral protein that is cleaved by enteroviral 2A proteinase. G3BP1 and TDRD3 knockdown in cells results in altered transcriptional regulation of numerous IFN effectors in complex modulatory patterns that are distinctive for G3BP1 and TDRD3. Overall, we describe a novel role of TDRD3 in innate immunity in which G3BP1 and TDRD3 may coordinate to play important roles in regulation of innate antiviral defenses. When cells are exposed to environmental stresses, such as oxidative stress and viral infection, it induces a cellular response leading to the formation of Stress Granules (SGs) composed of stalled translation initiation complexes (RNA-binding proteins and mRNA) and many other cellular proteins. SGs are also considered to be antiviral structures when they form during viral infection, but viruses can block SG formation to facilitate their survival, often by targeting the essential SG protein G3BP1. Here, we show that a methyl reader protein, TDRD3, localizes to SGs partly based on the methylation potential of G3BP1, and may play a role in the recruitment of innate immune factors to SGs. Further, when overexpressed, TDRD3 can also form SG-like structures independently of G3BP1. We also present evidence that TDRD3 is a novel antiviral protein. Virus replication is enhanced in the absence of both TDRD3 and G3BP1, and virus infection leads to cleavage of TDRD3 by the enterovirus proteinase 2A. Finally, we also show that depletion of TDRD3 and G3BP1 together in cells leads to restriction of transcriptional activation of numerous IFN effectors in response to dsRNA. The patterns of transcriptional activation are distinctive for G3BP1 and TDRD3. We conclude that TDRD3 may play a novel and important role in the regulation of the host antiviral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Deater
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Manasi Tamhankar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Richard E. Lloyd
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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