1
|
González-Alsina A, Martín-Merinero H, Mateu-Borrás M, Verd M, Doménech-Sánchez A, Goldberg JB, Rodríguez de Córdoba S, Albertí S. Factor H-related protein 1 promotes complement-mediated opsonization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1328185. [PMID: 38510967 PMCID: PMC10951071 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1328185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important human opportunistic pathogen responsible for a wide range of infections. The complement system is the main early host defense mechanism to control these infections. P. aeruginosa counteracts complement attack by binding Factor H (FH), a complement regulator that inactivates C3b, preventing the formation of the C3-convertase and complement amplification on the bacterial surface. Factor H-related proteins (FHRs) are a group of plasma proteins evolutionarily related to FH that have been postulated to interfere in this bacterial mechanism of resisting complement. Here, we show that FHR-1 binds to P. aeruginosa via the outer membrane protein OprG in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O antigen-dependent manner. Binding assays with purified components or with FHR-1-deficient serum supplemented with FHR-1 show that FHR-1 competes with FH for binding to P. aeruginosa. Blockage of FH binding to C3b deposited on the bacteria reduces FH-mediated cofactor activity of C3b degradation, increasing the opsonization of the bacteria and the formation of the potent chemoattractant C5a. Overall, our findings indicate that FHR-1 is a host factor that promotes complement activation, facilitating clearance of P. aeruginosa by opsonophagocytosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex González-Alsina
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (IUNICS), Universidad de las Islas Baleares and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de les Illes Balears (IDISBA), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Héctor Martín-Merinero
- Center for Biological Research-Margarita Salas and Centro Investigación Biomédica En Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras, Madrid, Spain
| | - Margalida Mateu-Borrás
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (IUNICS), Universidad de las Islas Baleares and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de les Illes Balears (IDISBA), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - María Verd
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (IUNICS), Universidad de las Islas Baleares and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de les Illes Balears (IDISBA), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Antonio Doménech-Sánchez
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (IUNICS), Universidad de las Islas Baleares and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de les Illes Balears (IDISBA), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Joanna B. Goldberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Santiago Rodríguez de Córdoba
- Center for Biological Research-Margarita Salas and Centro Investigación Biomédica En Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sebastián Albertí
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (IUNICS), Universidad de las Islas Baleares and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de les Illes Balears (IDISBA), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Usman M, Marcus A, Fatima A, Aslam B, Zaid M, Khattak M, Bashir S, Masood S, Rafaque Z, Dasti JI. Synergistic Effects of Gentamicin, Cefepime, and Ciprofloxacin on Biofilm of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:5887-5898. [PMID: 37692466 PMCID: PMC10485136 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s426111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen involved in number of hospital-acquired infections such as catheter-associated urinary tract infections, bacteremia, septicemia, skin infections, and ventilator-associated pneumoniae. Biofilm formation is an important trait implicated in chronic infections, such as cystic fibrosis and chronic pulmonary obstruction. We evaluated effects of gentamicin, cefepime, and ciprofloxacin on biofilm of P. aeruginosa. Materials and Methods A total of 266 isolates were collected from the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP). Antibiotic susceptibility was assessed by double disk synergy testing. ESBL and carbapenemase detection was performed by phenotypic testing. Molecular screening of the genes was done by PCR. Micro-dilution broth method was used to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics. Biofilm formation was done by micro-titer plate assay. Results Overall, 20% of the P. aeruginosa isolates were extensively drug-resistant (XDR-PA), and 25% were multi-drug-resistant (MDR-PA). Likewise, 43% of the isolates were ESBL producers, and carbapenemase production was detected in 40% of the isolates. Molecular analysis confirmed occurrence of different resistant factors in ESBL-positive isolates; 67% carried blaTEM, 62% blaCTXM-15, 41% blaSHV, 34% blaCTXM-14, and 33% blaOXA-1. In addition, 68% of the carbapenem-resistant isolates were positive for blaNDM-1, 25% for blaOXA-48, and 22% for blaKPC-2. Biofilm formation was assessed for 234 isolates, out of which 28% were strong biofilm formers. Moderate and weak biofilm formers constituted 46% and 23%, respectively. Overall, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and cefepime showed inhibitory effects on P. aeruginosa biofilms. Antibiotics in combination showed strong synergistic effects (ciprofloxacin and cefepime), while gentamicin and cefepime resulted in complete eradication of P. aeruginosa biofilm. Conclusion We confirm strong synergistic effects of gentamicin and cefepime that completely eradicated P. aeruginosa biofilm. We further confirm inhibitory effects of ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and cefepime on P. aeruginosa biofilms. Hence, combination therapy can be more effective against biofilm-associated infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Usman
- Lab of Microbial Genomics and Epidemiology, Department of Microbiology, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Arooj Marcus
- Lab of Microbial Genomics and Epidemiology, Department of Microbiology, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Aimen Fatima
- Lab of Microbial Genomics and Epidemiology, Department of Microbiology, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Aslam
- Lab of Microbial Genomics and Epidemiology, Department of Microbiology, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Maryam Zaid
- Lab of Microbial Genomics and Epidemiology, Department of Microbiology, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Muska Khattak
- Lab of Microbial Genomics and Epidemiology, Department of Microbiology, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Bashir
- Lab of Microbial Genomics and Epidemiology, Department of Microbiology, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Safia Masood
- Lab of Microbial Genomics and Epidemiology, Department of Microbiology, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Zara Rafaque
- Department of Microbiology Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra21120, Pakistan
| | - Javid Iqbal Dasti
- Lab of Microbial Genomics and Epidemiology, Department of Microbiology, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang Y, Jen FEC, Edwards JL, Jennings MP. Analysis of Bacterial Phosphorylcholine-Related Genes Reveals an Association between Type-Specific Biosynthesis Pathways and Biomolecules Targeted for Phosphorylcholine Modification. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0158323. [PMID: 37436144 PMCID: PMC10434233 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01583-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Many bacterial surface proteins and carbohydrates are modified with phosphorylcholine (ChoP), which contributes to host mimicry and can also promote colonization and survival in the host. However, the ChoP biosynthetic pathways that are used in bacterial species that express ChoP have not been systematically studied. For example, the well-studied Lic-1 pathway is absent in some ChoP-expressing bacteria, such as Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. This raises a question as to the origin of the ChoP used for macromolecule biosynthesis in these species. In the current study, we used in silico analyses to identify the potential pathways involved in ChoP biosynthesis in genomes of the 26 bacterial species reported to express a ChoP-modified biomolecule. We used the four known ChoP biosynthetic pathways and a ChoP transferase as search terms to probe for their presence in these genomes. We found that the Lic-1 pathway is primarily associated with organisms producing ChoP-modified carbohydrates, such as lipooligosaccharide. Pilin phosphorylcholine transferase A (PptA) homologs were detected in all bacteria that express ChoP-modified proteins. Additionally, ChoP biosynthesis pathways, such as phospholipid N-methyltransferase (PmtA), phosphatidylcholine synthase (Pcs), or the acylation-dependent phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis pathway, which generate phosphatidylcholine, were also identified in species that produce ChoP-modified proteins. Thus, a major finding of this study is the association of a particular ChoP biosynthetic pathway with a cognate, target ChoP-modified surface factor; i.e., protein versus carbohydrate. This survey failed to identify a known biosynthetic pathway for some species that express ChoP, indicating that a novel ChoP biosynthetic pathway(s) may remain to be identified. IMPORTANCE The modification of bacterial surface virulence factors with phosphorylcholine (ChoP) plays an important role in bacterial virulence and pathogenesis. However, the ChoP biosynthetic pathways in bacteria have not been fully understood. In this study, we used in silico analysis to identify potential ChoP biosynthetic pathways in bacteria that express ChoP-modified biomolecules and found the association between a specific ChoP biosynthesis pathway and the cognate target ChoP-modified surface factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, Australia
| | - Freda E.-C. Jen
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, Australia
| | - Jennifer L. Edwards
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang Y, Jen FEC, Fox KL, Edwards JL, Jennings MP. The biosynthesis and role of phosphorylcholine in pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria. Trends Microbiol 2023:S0966-842X(23)00024-0. [PMID: 36863982 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylcholine (ChoP) can be found in all life forms. Although this molecule was first thought to be uncommon in bacteria, it is now appreciated that many bacteria express ChoP on their surface. ChoP is usually attached to a glycan structure, but in some cases, it is added as a post-translational modification to proteins. Recent findings have demonstrated the role of ChoP modification and phase variation (ON/OFF switching) in bacterial pathogenesis. However, the mechanisms of ChoP synthesis are still unclear in some bacteria. Here, we review the literature and examine the recent developments in ChoP-modified proteins and glycolipids and of ChoP biosynthetic pathways. We discuss how the well-studied Lic1 pathway exclusively mediates ChoP attachment to glycans but not to proteins. Finally, we provide a review of the role of ChoP in bacterial pathobiology and the role of ChoP in modulating the immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Freda E-C Jen
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Kate L Fox
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Edwards
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Michael P Jennings
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
cKMT1 is a new lysine methyltransferase that methylates the ferredoxin-NADP(+) oxidoreductase (FNR) and regulates energy transfer in cyanobacteria. Mol Cell Proteomics 2023; 22:100521. [PMID: 36858286 PMCID: PMC10090440 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysine methylation is a conserved and dynamic regulatory post-translational modification performed by lysine methyltransferases (KMTs). KMTs catalyze the transfer of mono-, di-, or tri-methyl groups to substrate proteins and play a critical regulatory role in all domains of life. To date, only one KMT has been identified in cyanobacteria. Here, we tested all of the predicted KMTs in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (Synechocystis), and we biochemically characterized sll1526 that we termed cKMT1 (cyanobacterial lysine methyltransferase 1), and determined that it can catalyze lysine methylation both in vivo and in vitro. Loss of cKMT1 alters photosynthetic electron transfer in Synechocystis. We analyzed cKMT1-regulated methylation sites in Synechocystis using a timsTOF Pro instrument. We identified 305 class I lysine methylation sites within 232 proteins, and of these, 80 methylation sites in 58 proteins were hypomethylated in ΔcKMT1 cells. We further demonstrated that cKMT1 could methylate ferredoxin-NADP(+) oxidoreductase (FNR) and its potential sites of action on FNR were identified. Amino acid residues H118 and Y219 were identified as key residues in the putative active site of cKMT1 as indicated by structure simulation, site-directed mutagenesis, and KMT activity measurement. Using mutations that mimic the unmethylated forms of FNR, we demonstrated that the inability to methylate K139 residues results in a decrease in the redox activity of FNR and affects energy transfer in Synechocystis. Together, our study identified a new KMT in Synechocystis and elucidated a methylation-mediated molecular mechanism catalyzed by cKMT1 for the regulation of energy transfer in cyanobacteria.
Collapse
|
6
|
Alazmi M, Motwalli O. Immuno-Informatics Based Peptides: An Approach for Vaccine Development Against Outer Membrane Proteins of Pseudomonas Genus. IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS 2022; 19:966-973. [PMID: 33079651 DOI: 10.1109/tcbb.2020.3032651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas genus is among the top nosocomial pathogens known to date. Being highly opportunistic, members of pseudomonas genus are most commonly connected with nosocomial infections of urinary tract and ventilator-associated pneumonia. Nevertheless, vaccine development for this pathogenic genus is slow because of no information regarding immunity correlated functional mechanism. In this present work, an immunoinformatics pipeline is used for vaccine development based on epitope-based peptide design, which can result in crucial immune response against outer membrane proteins of pseudomonas genus. A total of 127 outer membrane proteins were analysed, studied and out of them three sequences were obtained to be the producer of non-allergic, highly antigenic T-cell and B-cell epitopes which show good binding affinity towards class II HLA molecules. After performing rigorous screening utilizing docking, simulation, modelling techniques, we had one nonameric peptide (WLLATGIFL)as a good vaccine candidate. The predicted epitopes needs to be further validated for its apt use as vaccine. This work paves a new way with extensive therapeutic application against Pseudomonas genus and their associated diseases.
Collapse
|
7
|
Lassak J, Sieber A, Hellwig M. Exceptionally versatile take II: post-translational modifications of lysine and their impact on bacterial physiology. Biol Chem 2022; 403:819-858. [PMID: 35172419 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Among the 22 proteinogenic amino acids, lysine sticks out due to its unparalleled chemical diversity of post-translational modifications. This results in a wide range of possibilities to influence protein function and hence modulate cellular physiology. Concomitantly, lysine derivatives form a metabolic reservoir that can confer selective advantages to those organisms that can utilize it. In this review, we provide examples of selected lysine modifications and describe their role in bacterial physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Lassak
- Department of Biology I, Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Straße 2-4, D-82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Alina Sieber
- Department of Biology I, Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Straße 2-4, D-82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Michael Hellwig
- Technische Universität Braunschweig - Institute of Food Chemistry, Schleinitzstraße 20, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Marques da Silva W, Seyffert N, Silva A, Azevedo V. A journey through the Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis proteome promotes insights into its functional genome. PeerJ 2022; 9:e12456. [PMID: 35036114 PMCID: PMC8710256 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is a Gram-positive facultative intracellular pathogen and the etiologic agent of illnesses like caseous lymphadenitis in small ruminants, mastitis in dairy cattle, ulcerative lymphangitis in equines, and oedematous skin disease in buffalos. With the growing advance in high-throughput technologies, genomic studies have been carried out to explore the molecular basis of its virulence and pathogenicity. However, data large-scale functional genomics studies are necessary to complement genomics data and better understating the molecular basis of a given organism. Here we summarize, MS-based proteomics techniques and bioinformatics tools incorporated in genomic functional studies of C. pseudotuberculosis to discover the different patterns of protein modulation under distinct environmental conditions, and antigenic and drugs targets. Methodology In this study we performed an extensive search in Web of Science of original and relevant articles related to methods, strategy, technology, approaches, and bioinformatics tools focused on the functional study of the genome of C. pseudotuberculosis at the protein level. Results Here, we highlight the use of proteomics for understating several aspects of the physiology and pathogenesis of C. pseudotuberculosis at the protein level. The implementation and use of protocols, strategies, and proteomics approach to characterize the different subcellular fractions of the proteome of this pathogen. In addition, we have discussed the immunoproteomics, immunoinformatics and genetic tools employed to identify targets for immunoassays, drugs, and vaccines against C. pseudotuberculosis infection. Conclusion In this review, we showed that the combination of proteomics and bioinformatics studies is a suitable strategy to elucidate the functional aspects of the C. pseudotuberculosis genome. Together, all information generated from these proteomics studies allowed expanding our knowledge about factors related to the pathophysiology of this pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanderson Marques da Silva
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology and Molecular Biology-(INTA/CONICET), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nubia Seyffert
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Artur Silva
- Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Center of Genomics and Systems Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dobrut A, Brzychczy-Włoch M. Immunogenic Proteins of Group B Streptococcus-Potential Antigens in Immunodiagnostic Assay for GBS Detection. Pathogens 2021; 11:43. [PMID: 35055991 PMCID: PMC8778278 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus, GBS) is an opportunistic pathogen, which asymptomatically colonizes the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract of up to one third of healthy adults. Nevertheless, GBS carriage in pregnant women may lead to several health issues in newborns causing life threatening infection, such as sepsis, pneumonia or meningitis. Recommended GBS screening in pregnant women significantly reduced morbidity and mortality in infants. Nevertheless, intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis, recommended following the detection of carriage or in case of lack of a carriage test result for pregnant women who demonstrate certain risk factors, led to the expansion of the adverse phenomenon of bacterial resistance to antibiotics. In our paper, we reviewed some immunogenic GBS proteins, i.e., Alp family proteins, β protein, Lmb, Sip, BibA, FsbA, ScpB, enolase, elongation factor Tu, IMPDH, and GroEL, which possess features characteristic of good candidates for immunodiagnostic assays for GBS carriage detection, such as immunoreactivity and specificity. We assume that they can be used as an alternative diagnostic method to the presently recommended bacteriological cultivation and MALDI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Monika Brzychczy-Włoch
- Department of Molecular Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 31-121 Krakow, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Methylation of two-component response regulator MtrA in mycobacteria negatively modulates its DNA binding and transcriptional activation. Biochem J 2020; 477:4473-4489. [PMID: 33175092 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation, nitrosylation, and pupylation modulate multiple cellular processes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While protein methylation at lysine and arginine residues is widespread in eukaryotes, to date only two methylated proteins in Mtb have been identified. Here, we report the identification of methylation at lysine and/or arginine residues in nine mycobacterial proteins. Among the proteins identified, we chose MtrA, an essential response regulator of a two-component signaling system, which gets methylated on multiple lysine and arginine residues to examine the functional consequences of methylation. While methylation of K207 confers a marginal decrease in the DNA-binding ability of MtrA, methylation of R122 or K204 significantly reduces the interaction with the DNA. Overexpression of S-adenosyl homocysteine hydrolase (SahH), an enzyme that modulates the levels of S-adenosyl methionine in mycobacteria decreases the extent of MtrA methylation. Most importantly, we show that decreased MtrA methylation results in transcriptional activation of mtrA and sahH promoters. Collectively, we identify novel methylated proteins, expand the list of modifications in mycobacteria by adding arginine methylation, and show that methylation regulates MtrA activity. We propose that protein methylation could be a more prevalent modification in mycobacterial proteins.
Collapse
|
11
|
Lin X, Yang M, Liu X, Cheng Z, Ge F. Characterization of Lysine Monomethylome and Methyltransferase in Model Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2020; 18:289-304. [PMID: 33130100 PMCID: PMC7801250 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Protein lysine methylation is a prevalent post-translational modification (PTM) and plays critical roles in all domains of life. However, its extent and function in photosynthetic organisms are still largely unknown. Cyanobacteria are a large group of prokaryotes that carry out oxygenic photosynthesis and are applied extensively in studies of photosynthetic mechanisms and environmental adaptation. Here we integrated propionylation of monomethylated proteins, enrichment of the modified peptides, and mass spectrometry (MS) analysis to identify monomethylated proteins in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (Synechocystis). Overall, we identified 376 monomethylation sites in 270 proteins, with numerous monomethylated proteins participating in photosynthesis and carbon metabolism. We subsequently demonstrated that CpcM, a previously identified asparagine methyltransferase in Synechocystis, could catalyze lysine monomethylation of the potential aspartate aminotransferase Sll0480 both in vivo and in vitro and regulate the enzyme activity of Sll0480. The loss of CpcM led to decreases in the maximum quantum yield in primary photosystem II (PSII) and the efficiency of energy transfer during the photosynthetic reaction in Synechocystis. We report the first lysine monomethylome in a photosynthetic organism and present a critical database for functional analyses of monomethylation in cyanobacteria. The large number of monomethylated proteins and the identification of CpcM as the lysine methyltransferase in cyanobacteria suggest that reversible methylation may influence the metabolic process and photosynthesis in both cyanobacteria and plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohuang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Mingkun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Zhongyi Cheng
- Jingjie PTM BioLab (Hangzhou) Co. Ltd, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Feng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
White JT, Cato T, Deramchi N, Gabunilas J, Roy KR, Wang C, Chanfreau GF, Clarke SG. Protein Methylation and Translation: Role of Lysine Modification on the Function of Yeast Elongation Factor 1A. Biochemistry 2019; 58:4997-5010. [PMID: 31738538 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To date, 12 protein lysine methyltransferases that modify translational elongation factors and ribosomal proteins (Efm1-7 and Rkm 1-5) have been identified in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Of these 12, five (Efm1 and Efm4-7) appear to be specific to elongation factor 1A (EF1A), the protein responsible for bringing aminoacyl-tRNAs to the ribosome. In S. cerevisiae, the functional implications of lysine methylation in translation are mostly unknown. In this work, we assessed the physiological impact of disrupting EF1A methylation in a strain where four of the most conserved methylated lysine sites are mutated to arginine residues and in strains lacking either four or five of the Efm lysine methyltransferases specific to EF1A. We found that loss of EF1A methylation was not lethal but resulted in reduced growth rates, particularly under caffeine and rapamycin stress conditions, suggesting EF1A interacts with the TORC1 pathway, as well as altered sensitivities to ribosomal inhibitors. We also detected reduced cellular levels of the EF1A protein, which surprisingly was not reflected in its stability in vivo. We present evidence that these Efm methyltransferases appear to be largely devoted to the modification of EF1A, finding no evidence of the methylation of other substrates in the yeast cell. This work starts to illuminate why one protein can need five different methyltransferases for its functions and highlights the resilience of yeast to alterations in their posttranslational modifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonelle T White
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Tieranee Cato
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Neil Deramchi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Jason Gabunilas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Kevin R Roy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Charles Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Guillaume F Chanfreau
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Steven G Clarke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kuiper EG, Dey D, LaMore PA, Owings JP, Prezioso SM, Goldberg JB, Conn GL. Substrate recognition by the Pseudomonas aeruginosa EF-Tu-modifying methyltransferase EftM. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:20109-20121. [PMID: 31753919 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The opportunistic bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a leading cause of serious infections in individuals with cystic fibrosis, compromised immune systems, or severe burns. P. aeruginosa adhesion to host epithelial cells is enhanced by surface-exposed translation elongation factor EF-Tu carrying a Lys-5 trimethylation, incorporated by the methyltransferase EftM. Thus, the EF-Tu modification by EftM may represent a target to prevent P. aeruginosa infections in vulnerable individuals. Here, we extend our understanding of EftM activity by defining the molecular mechanism by which it recognizes EF-Tu. Acting on the observation that EftM can bind to EF-Tu lacking its N-terminal peptide (encompassing the Lys-5 target site), we generated an EftM homology model and used it in protein/protein docking studies to predict EftM/EF-Tu interactions. Using site-directed mutagenesis of residues in both proteins, coupled with binding and methyltransferase activity assays, we experimentally validated the predicted protein/protein interface. We also show that EftM cannot methylate the isolated N-terminal EF-Tu peptide and that binding-induced conformational changes in EftM are likely needed to enable placement of the first 5-6 amino acids of EF-Tu into a conserved peptide-binding channel in EftM. In this channel, a group of residues that are highly conserved in EftM proteins position the N-terminal sequence to facilitate Lys-5 modification. Our findings reveal that EftM employs molecular strategies for substrate recognition common among both class I (Rossmann fold) and class II (SET domain) methyltransferases and pave the way for studies seeking a deeper understanding of EftM's mechanism of action on EF-Tu.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily G Kuiper
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322.,Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell and Developmental Biology (BCDB), Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (GDBBS), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Debayan Dey
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Paige A LaMore
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Joshua P Owings
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Allergy/Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis and Sleep, and Emory Children's Center for Cystic Fibrosis Research, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Samantha M Prezioso
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Allergy/Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis and Sleep, and Emory Children's Center for Cystic Fibrosis Research, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia 30322.,Graduate Program in Microbiology and Molecular Genetics (MMG), Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (GDBBS), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Joanna B Goldberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Allergy/Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis and Sleep, and Emory Children's Center for Cystic Fibrosis Research, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia 30322.,Graduate Program in Microbiology and Molecular Genetics (MMG), Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (GDBBS), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322.,Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center (ARC), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Graeme L Conn
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322 .,Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell and Developmental Biology (BCDB), Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (GDBBS), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322.,Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center (ARC), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Harvey KL, Jarocki VM, Charles IG, Djordjevic SP. The Diverse Functional Roles of Elongation Factor Tu (EF-Tu) in Microbial Pathogenesis. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2351. [PMID: 31708880 PMCID: PMC6822514 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Elongation factor thermal unstable Tu (EF-Tu) is a G protein that catalyzes the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the A-site of the ribosome inside living cells. Structural and biochemical studies have described the complex interactions needed to effect canonical function. However, EF-Tu has evolved the capacity to execute diverse functions on the extracellular surface of both eukaryote and prokaryote cells. EF-Tu can traffic to, and is retained on, cell surfaces where can interact with membrane receptors and with extracellular matrix on the surface of plant and animal cells. Our structural studies indicate that short linear motifs (SLiMs) in surface exposed, non-conserved regions of the molecule may play a key role in the moonlighting functions ascribed to this ancient, highly abundant protein. Here we explore the diverse moonlighting functions relating to pathogenesis of EF-Tu in bacteria and examine putative SLiMs on surface-exposed regions of the molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kate L Harvey
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Veronica M Jarocki
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Ian G Charles
- Quadram Institute, Norwich, United Kingdom.,Norwich Medical School, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Steven P Djordjevic
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Xia X, Qin W, Zhu H, Wang X, Jiang J, Hu J. How Streptococcus suis serotype 2 attempts to avoid attack by host immune defenses. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2019; 52:516-525. [PMID: 30954397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) type 2 (SS2) is an important zoonotic pathogen that causes swine streptococcosis, a widespread infectious disease that occurs in pig production areas worldwide and causes serious economic losses in the pork industry. Hosts recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to activate both innate and acquired immune responses. However, S. suis has evolved multiple mechanisms to escape host defenses. Pathogenic proteins, such as enolase, double-component regulatory systems, factor H-combining proteins and other pathogenic and virulence factors, contribute to immune escape by evading host phagocytosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS), complement-mediated immune destruction, etc. SS2 can prevent neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation to avoid being trapped by porcine neutrophils and disintegrate host immunoglobulins via IgA1 hydrolases and IgM proteases. Currently, the pathogenesis of arthritis and meningitis caused by SS2 infection remains unclear, and further studies are necessary to elucidate it. Understanding immune evasion mechanisms after SS2 infection is important for developing high-efficiency vaccines and targeted drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Xia
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China; Postdoctoral Research Base, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China; Postdoctoral Research Station, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wanhai Qin
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Huili Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Jinqing Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China.
| | - Jianhe Hu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China; Postdoctoral Research Base, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Characterization of l-Carnitine Metabolism in Sinorhizobium meliloti. J Bacteriol 2019; 201:JB.00772-18. [PMID: 30670548 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00772-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
l-Carnitine is a trimethylammonium compound mostly known for its contribution to fatty acid transport into mitochondria. In bacteria, it is synthesized from γ-butyrobetaine (GBB) and can be used as a carbon source. l-Carnitine can be formed directly by GBB hydroxylation or synthesized via a biosynthetic route analogous to fatty acid degradation. However, this multistep pathway has not been experimentally characterized. In this work, we identified by gene context analysis a cluster of l-carnitine anabolic genes next to those involved in its catabolism and proceeded to the complete in vitro characterization of l-carnitine biosynthesis and degradation in Sinorhizobium meliloti The five enzymes catalyzing the seven steps that convert GBB to glycine betaine are described. Metabolomic analysis confirmed the multistage synthesis of l-carnitine in GBB-grown cells but also revealed that GBB is synthesized by S. meliloti To our knowledge, this is the first report of aerobic GBB synthesis in bacteria. The conservation of l-carnitine metabolism genes in different bacterial taxonomic classes underscores the role of l-carnitine as a ubiquitous nutrient.IMPORTANCE The experimental characterization of novel metabolic pathways is essential for realizing the value of genome sequences and improving our knowledge of the enzymatic capabilities of the bacterial world. However, 30% to 40% of genes of a typical genome remain unannotated or associated with a putative function. We used enzyme kinetics, liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS)-based metabolomics, and mutant phenotyping for the characterization of the metabolism of l-carnitine in Sinorhizobium meliloti to provide an accurate annotation of the corresponding genes. The occurrence of conserved gene clusters for carnitine metabolism in soil, plant-associated, and marine bacteria underlines the environmental abundance of carnitine and suggests this molecule might make a significant contribution to ecosystem nitrogen and carbon cycling.
Collapse
|
17
|
Prezioso SM, Duong DM, Kuiper EG, Deng Q, Albertí S, Conn GL, Goldberg JB. Trimethylation of Elongation Factor-Tu by the Dual Thermoregulated Methyltransferase EftM Does Not Impact Its Canonical Function in Translation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3553. [PMID: 30837495 PMCID: PMC6401129 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39331-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pseudomonas aeruginosa methyltransferase EftM trimethylates elongation factor-Tu (EF-Tu) on lysine 5 to form a post-translational modification important for initial bacterial adherence to host epithelial cells. EftM methyltransferase activity is directly temperature regulated. The protein stability of EftM is tuned with a melting temperature (Tm) around 37 °C such that the enzyme is stable and active at 25 °C, but is completely inactivated by protein unfolding at higher temperatures. This leads to higher observable levels of EF-Tu trimethylation at the lower temperature. Here we report an additional layer of thermoregulation resulting in lower eftM mRNA transcript level at 37 °C compared to 25 °C and show that this regulation occurs at the level of transcription initiation. To begin to define the impact of this system on P. aeruginosa physiology, we demonstrate that EF-Tu is the only observable substrate for EftM. Further, we interrogated the proteome of three different wild-type P. aeruginosa strains, their eftM mutants, and these mutants complemented with eftM and conclude that trimethylation of EF-Tu by EftM does not impact EF-Tu’s canonical function in translation. In addition to furthering our knowledge of this Pseudomonas virulence factor, this study provides an intriguing example of a protein with multiple layers of thermoregulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Prezioso
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics (MMG) Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Division of Pulmonology, Allergy/Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis and Sleep, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Duc M Duong
- Emory Integrated Proteomics Core, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Emily G Kuiper
- Biochemistry, Cell and Developmental Biology (BCDB) Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Qiudong Deng
- Emory Integrated Proteomics Core, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Sebastián Albertí
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de las Islas Baleares, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Graeme L Conn
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Joanna B Goldberg
- Division of Pulmonology, Allergy/Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis and Sleep, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. .,Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. .,Emory + Children's Center for Cystic Fibrosis and Airway Disease Research, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gaviard C, Cosette P, Jouenne T, Hardouin J. LasB and CbpD Virulence Factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Carry Multiple Post-Translational Modifications on Their Lysine Residues. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:923-933. [PMID: 30672296 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a multi-drug resistant human pathogen largely involved in nosocomial infections. Today, effective antibacterial agents are lacking. Exploring the bacterial physiology at the post-translational modifications (PTM) level may contribute to the renewal of fighting strategies. Indeed, some correlations between PTMs and the bacterial virulence, adaptation, and resistance have been shown. In a previous study performed in P. aeruginosa, we reported that many virulence factors like chitin-binding protein CbpD and elastase LasB were multiphosphorylated. Besides phosphorylation, other PTMs, like those occurring on lysine, seem to play key roles in bacteria. In the present study, we investigated for the first time the lysine succinylome and acetylome of the extracellular compartment of P. aeruginosa by using a two-dimensional immunoaffinity approach. Some virulence factors were identified as multimodified on lysine residues, among them, LasB and CbpD. Lysine can be modified by a wide range of chemical groups. In order to check the presence of other chemical groups on modified lysines identified on LasB and CbpD, we used 1- and 2- dimensional gel electrophoresis approaches to target lysine modified by 7 other modifications: butyrylation, crotonylation, dimethylation, malonylation, methylation, propionylation, and trimethylation. We showed that some lysines of these two virulence factors were modified by these 9 different PTMs. Interestingly, we found that the PTMs recovered on these two virulence factors were different than those previously reported in the intracellular compartment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Gaviard
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, PBS , 76000 Rouen , France.,PISSARO Proteomic Facility, IRIB , 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan , France
| | - Pascal Cosette
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, PBS , 76000 Rouen , France.,PISSARO Proteomic Facility, IRIB , 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan , France
| | - Thierry Jouenne
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, PBS , 76000 Rouen , France.,PISSARO Proteomic Facility, IRIB , 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan , France
| | - Julie Hardouin
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, PBS , 76000 Rouen , France.,PISSARO Proteomic Facility, IRIB , 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan , France
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ringseis R, Keller J, Eder K. Basic mechanisms of the regulation of L-carnitine status in monogastrics and efficacy of L-carnitine as a feed additive in pigs and poultry. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2018; 102:1686-1719. [PMID: 29992642 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A great number of studies have investigated the potential of L-carnitine as feed additive to improve performance of different monogastric and ruminant livestock species, with, however, discrepant outcomes. In order to understand the reasons for these discrepant outcomes, it is important to consider the determinants of L-carnitine status and how L-carnitine status is regulated in the animal's body. While it is a long-known fact that L-carnitine is endogenously biosynthesized in certain tissues, it was only recently recognized that critical determinants of L-carnitine status, such as intestinal L-carnitine absorption, tissue L-carnitine uptake, endogenous L-carnitine synthesis and renal L-carnitine reabsorption, are regulated by specific nutrient sensing nuclear receptors. This review aims to give a more in-depth understanding of the basic mechanisms of the regulation of L-carnitine status in monogastrics taking into account the most recent evidence on nutrient sensing nuclear receptors and evaluates the efficacy of L-carnitine as feed additive in monogastric livestock by providing an up-to-date overview about studies with L-carnitine supplementation in pigs and poultry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Ringseis
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Janine Keller
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Klaus Eder
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Nagai K, Domon H, Maekawa T, Hiyoshi T, Tamura H, Yonezawa D, Habuka R, Saitoh A, Terao Y. Immunization with pneumococcal elongation factor Tu enhances serotype-independent protection against Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. Vaccine 2018; 37:160-168. [PMID: 30442480 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination is an effective strategy to prevent pneumococcal diseases. Currently, licensed vaccines include the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV) and the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV), which target some of the most common of the 94 serotypes of S. pneumoniae based on their capsular composition. However, it has been reported that PPSV is not effective in children aged less than 2 years old and PCV induces serotype replacement, which means that the pneumococcal population has changed following widespread introduction of these vaccines, and the non-vaccine serotypes have increased in being the cause of invasive pneumococcal disease. Therefore, it is important that there is development of novel pneumococcal vaccines to either replace or complement current polysaccharide-based vaccines. Our previous study suggested that S. pneumoniae releases elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) through autolysis followed by the induction of proinflammatory cytokines in macrophages via toll-like receptor 4, that may contribute to the development of pneumococcal diseases. In this study, we investigated the expression of EF-Tu in various S. pneumoniae strains and whether EF-Tu could be an antigen candidate for serotype-independent vaccine against pneumococcal infection. Western blotting and flow cytometry analysis revealed that EF-Tu is a common factor expressed on the surface of all pneumococcal strains tested, as well as intracellularly. In addition, we demonstrate that immunization with recombinant (r) EF-Tu induced the production of inflammatory cytokines and the IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies in mice, and increased the CD4+ T-cells proportion in splenocytes. We also reveal that anti-EF-Tu serum increased the phagocytic activity of mouse peritoneal macrophages against S. pneumoniae infection, independent of their serotypes. Finally, our results indicate that mice immunized with rEF-Tu were significantly and non-specifically protected against lethal challenges with S. pneumoniae serotypes (2 and 15A). Therefore, pneumococcal EF-Tu could be an antigen candidate for the serotype-independent vaccine against pneumococcal infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Nagai
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hisanori Domon
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan; Research Centre for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tomoki Maekawa
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan; Research Centre for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan; Division of Periodontology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takumi Hiyoshi
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan; Division of Periodontology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hikaru Tamura
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan; Research Centre for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan; Division of Periodontology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yonezawa
- Research Centre for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan; Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Rie Habuka
- Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Akihiko Saitoh
- Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yutaka Terao
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan; Research Centre for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yue L, Pang Z, Li H, Yang T, Guo L, Liu L, Mei J, Song X, Xie T, Zhang Y, He X, Lin TJ, Xie Z. CXCL4 contributes to host defense against acute Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205521. [PMID: 30296305 PMCID: PMC6175521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets have been implicated in pulmonary inflammation following exposure to bacterial stimuli. The mechanisms involved in the platelet-mediated host response to respiratory bacterial infection remain incompletely understood. In this study, we demonstrate that platelet-derived chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 4 (CXCL4) plays critical roles in a mouse model of acute bacterial pneumonia using Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Platelets are activated during P. aeruginosa infection, and mice depleted of platelets display markedly increased mortality and impaired bacterial clearance. CXCL4 deficiency impairs bacterial clearance and lung epithelial permeability, which correlate with decreased neutrophil recruitment to BALF. Interestingly, CXCL4 deficiency selectively regulates chemokine production, suggesting that CXCL4 has an impact on other chemokine expression. In addition, CXCL4 deficiency reduces platelet-neutrophil interactions in blood following P. aeruginosa infection. Further studies revealed that platelet-derived CXCL4 contributes to the P. aeruginosa-killing of neutrophils. Altogether, these findings demonstrate that CXCL4 is a vital chemokine that plays critical roles in bacterial clearance during P. aeruginosa infection through recruiting neutrophils to the lungs and intracellular bacterial killing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yue
- The Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zheng Pang
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Hua Li
- The Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ting Yang
- The Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lei Guo
- The Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Longding Liu
- The Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Junjie Mei
- The Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xia Song
- The Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Tianhong Xie
- The Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- The Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xin He
- The Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Tong-Jun Lin
- The Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- * E-mail: (ZX); (TJL)
| | - Zhongping Xie
- The Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- * E-mail: (ZX); (TJL)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gaviard C, Jouenne T, Hardouin J. Proteomics ofPseudomonas aeruginosa: the increasing role of post-translational modifications. Expert Rev Proteomics 2018; 15:757-772. [DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2018.1516550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Gaviard
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, PBS, 76000, Rouen, France
- PISSARO proteomic facility, IRIB, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Thierry Jouenne
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, PBS, 76000, Rouen, France
- PISSARO proteomic facility, IRIB, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Julie Hardouin
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, PBS, 76000, Rouen, France
- PISSARO proteomic facility, IRIB, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ringseis R, Keller J, Eder K. Regulation of carnitine status in ruminants and efficacy of carnitine supplementation on performance and health aspects of ruminant livestock: a review. Arch Anim Nutr 2018; 72:1-30. [PMID: 29313385 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2017.1421340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Carnitine has long been known to play a critical role for energy metabolism. Due to this, a large number of studies have been carried out to investigate the potential of supplemental carnitine in improving performance of livestock animals including ruminants, with however largely inconsistent results. An important issue that has to be considered when using carnitine as a feed additive is that the efficacy of supplemental carnitine is probably dependent on the animal's carnitine status, which is affected by endogenous carnitine synthesis, carnitine uptake from the gastrointestinal tract and carnitine excretion. The present review aims to summarise the current knowledge of the regulation of carnitine status and carnitine homeostasis in ruminants, and comprehensively evaluate the efficacy of carnitine supplementation on performance and/or health in ruminant livestock by comparing the outcomes of studies with carnitine supplementation in dairy cattle, growing and finishing cattle and sheep. While most of the studies show that supplemental carnitine, even in ruminally unprotected form, is bioavailable in ruminants, its effect on either milk or growth performance is largely disappointing. However, supplemental carnitine appears to be a useful strategy to offer protection against ammonia toxicity caused by consumption of high levels of non-protein N or forages with high levels of soluble N both, in cattle and sheep.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Ringseis
- a Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology , Justus-Liebig-University Gießen , Gießen , Germany
| | - Janine Keller
- a Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology , Justus-Liebig-University Gießen , Gießen , Germany
| | - Klaus Eder
- a Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology , Justus-Liebig-University Gießen , Gießen , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Pyclik M, Górska S, Brzozowska E, Dobrut A, Ciekot J, Gamian A, Brzychczy-Włoch M. Epitope Mapping of Streptococcus agalactiae Elongation Factor Tu Protein Recognized by Human Sera. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:125. [PMID: 29467739 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The elongation factor Tu has been identified as one of the most immunoreactive proteins that was recognized by human sera of GBS (group B streptococcus) positive patients. In this paper, we present the polypeptide-specific epitopes of the bacterial protein that are recognized by human antibodies: 28LTAAITTVLARRLP41 (peptide no. 3) and 294GQVLAKPGSINPHTKF309 (peptide no. 21). To determine the shortest amino acid sequence recognized by antibodies, truncation peptide libraries were prepared using the PEPSCAN method. The analysis of immunoreactivity of peptides with sera of GBS positive and negative women revealed that the most immunoreactive sequence was 306HTKF309. Moreover, we observed that this sequence also showed the highest specificity which was based on ratio of reactivity with sera of GBS positive relative to sera of GBS negative patients. Epitope was synthetized on Wang resin with the Fmoc strategy. Our results open the possibility to use 306HTKF309 peptide in diagnostic assays to determine Streptococcus agalactiae infection in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelina Pyclik
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Sabina Górska
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Brzozowska
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Dobrut
- Chair of Microbiology, Department of Molecular Medical Microbiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jarosław Ciekot
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Gamian
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Monika Brzychczy-Włoch
- Chair of Microbiology, Department of Molecular Medical Microbiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Qadi M, Izquierdo-Rabassa S, Mateu Borrás M, Doménech-Sánchez A, Juan C, Goldberg JB, Hancock REW, Albertí S. Sensing Mg 2+ contributes to the resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to complement-mediated opsonophagocytosis. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:4278-4286. [PMID: 28805355 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa adaptation to survive in the host hinges on its ability to probe the environment and respond appropriately. Rapid adaptation is often mediated by two-component regulatory systems, such as the PhoP/PhoQ system that responds to Mg2+ ion concentration. However, there is limited information about the role of PhoQ in P. aeruginosa bloodstream infections. We used a murine model of systemic infection to test the virulence of a PhoQ-deficient mutant. Mutation of PhoQ impaired the virulence and the ability to cause bacteremia of P. aeruginosa. In the presence of blood concentrations of Mg2+ , a PhoQ mutant bound more C3 and was more susceptible to complement-mediated opsonophagocytosis than the parent strain, suggesting a direct effect of the Mg2+ on the modulation of expression of a bacterial component controlled by the PhoP/PhoQ system. Ligand blot analysis, C3 binding experiments and opsonophagocytosis assays identified this component as the outer membrane protein OprH, expression of which impaired the virulence of P. aeruginosa in a murine model of systemic infection. We demonstrate that expression of PhoQ is essential to detect Mg2+ and reduce the expression of OprH, a previously unrecognized C3 binding molecule that promotes the opsonophagocytosis of P. aeruginosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Qadi
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de las Islas Baleares, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.,Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Sofía Izquierdo-Rabassa
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de las Islas Baleares, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Margalida Mateu Borrás
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de las Islas Baleares, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Antonio Doménech-Sánchez
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de las Islas Baleares, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Carlos Juan
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma (IdISPa), Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Joanna B Goldberg
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Cystic Fibrosis Research, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Robert E W Hancock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sebastián Albertí
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de las Islas Baleares, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Protein lysine methylation by seven-β-strand methyltransferases. Biochem J 2017; 473:1995-2009. [PMID: 27407169 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Methylation of biomolecules is a frequent biochemical reaction within the cell, and a plethora of highly specific methyltransferases (MTases) catalyse the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) to various substrates. The posttranslational methylation of lysine residues, catalysed by numerous lysine (K)-specific protein MTases (KMTs), is a very common and important protein modification, which recently has been subject to intense studies, particularly in the case of histone proteins. The majority of KMTs belong to a class of MTases that share a defining 'SET domain', and these enzymes mostly target lysines in the flexible tails of histones. However, the so-called seven-β-strand (7BS) MTases, characterized by a twisted beta-sheet structure and certain conserved sequence motifs, represent the largest MTase class, and these enzymes methylate a wide range of substrates, including small metabolites, lipids, nucleic acids and proteins. Until recently, the histone-specific Dot1/DOT1L was the only identified eukaryotic 7BS KMT. However, a number of novel 7BS KMTs have now been discovered, and, in particular, several recently characterized human and yeast members of MTase family 16 (MTF16) have been found to methylate lysines in non-histone proteins. Here, we review the status and recent progress on the 7BS KMTs, and discuss these enzymes at the levels of sequence/structure, catalytic mechanism, substrate recognition and biological significance.
Collapse
|
27
|
Qadi M, Lopez-Causapé C, Izquierdo-Rabassa S, Mateu Borrás M, Goldberg JB, Oliver A, Albertí S. Surfactant Protein A Recognizes Outer Membrane Protein OprH onPseudomonas aeruginosaIsolates From Individuals With Chronic Infection. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:1449-1455. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
|
28
|
Jiang F, He J, Navarro-Alvarez N, Xu J, Li X, Li P, Wu W. Elongation Factor Tu and Heat Shock Protein 70 Are Membrane-Associated Proteins from Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae Capable of Inducing Strong Immune Response in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161170. [PMID: 27537186 PMCID: PMC4990256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic non-progressive pneumonia, a disease that has become a worldwide epidemic has caused considerable loss to sheep industry. Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae (M. ovipneumoniae) is the causative agent of interstitial pneumonia in sheep, goat and bighorn. We here have identified by immunogold and immunoblotting that elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP 70) are membrane-associated proteins on M. ovipneumonaiea. We have evaluated the humoral and cellular immune responses in vivo by immunizing BALB/c mice with both purified recombinant proteins rEF-Tu and rHSP70. The sera of both rEF-Tu and rHSP70 treated BALB/c mice demonstrated increased levels of IgG, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-12(p70), IL-4, IL-5 and IL-6. In addition, ELISPOT assay showed significant increase in IFN-γ+ secreting lymphocytes in the rHSP70 group when compared to other groups. Collectively our study reveals that rHSP70 induces a significantly better cellular immune response in mice, and may act as a Th1 cytokine-like adjuvant in immune response induction. Finally, growth inhibition test (GIT) of M. ovipneumoniae strain Y98 showed that sera from rHSP70 or rEF-Tu-immunized mice inhibited in vitro growth of M. ovipneumoniae. Our data strongly suggest that EF-Tu and HSP70 of M. ovipneumoniae are membrane-associated proteins capable of inducing antibody production, and cytokine secretion. Therefore, these two proteins may be potential candidates for vaccine development against M. ovipneumoniae infection in sheep.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Jiang
- Laboratory of Rapid Diagnostic Technology for Animal Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Jinyan He
- Laboratory of Rapid Diagnostic Technology for Animal Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Nalu Navarro-Alvarez
- Center For Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, United States of America
| | - Jian Xu
- Laboratory of Rapid Diagnostic Technology for Animal Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Xia Li
- Laboratory of Rapid Diagnostic Technology for Animal Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Peng Li
- Laboratory of Rapid Diagnostic Technology for Animal Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Wenxue Wu
- Laboratory of Rapid Diagnostic Technology for Animal Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ouidir T, Jouenne T, Hardouin J. Post-translational modifications in Pseudomonas aeruginosa revolutionized by proteomic analysis. Biochimie 2016; 125:66-74. [PMID: 26952777 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that causes severe infections in vulnerable individuals. It is known that post-translational modifications (PTMs) play a key role in bacterial physiology. Their characterization is still challenging and the recent advances in proteomics allow large-scale and high-throughput analyses of PTMs. Here, we provide an overview of proteomic data about the modified proteins in P. aeruginosa. We emphasize the significant contribution of proteomics in knowledge enhancement of PTMs (phosphorylation, N-acetylation and glycosylation) and we discuss their importance in P. aeruginosa physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tassadit Ouidir
- CNRS, UMR 6270, Polymères, Biopolymères, Surfaces Laboratory, F-76820 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France; Normandie Univ, UR, France; PISSARO Proteomic Facility, IRIB, F-76820 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Thierry Jouenne
- CNRS, UMR 6270, Polymères, Biopolymères, Surfaces Laboratory, F-76820 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France; Normandie Univ, UR, France; PISSARO Proteomic Facility, IRIB, F-76820 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Julie Hardouin
- CNRS, UMR 6270, Polymères, Biopolymères, Surfaces Laboratory, F-76820 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France; Normandie Univ, UR, France; PISSARO Proteomic Facility, IRIB, F-76820 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Małecki J, Dahl HA, Moen A, Davydova E, Falnes PØ. The METTL20 Homologue from Agrobacterium tumefaciens Is a Dual Specificity Protein-lysine Methyltransferase That Targets Ribosomal Protein L7/L12 and the β Subunit of Electron Transfer Flavoprotein (ETFβ). J Biol Chem 2016; 291:9581-95. [PMID: 26929405 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.709261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human METTL20 is a mitochondrial, lysine-specific methyltransferase that methylates the β-subunit of electron transfer flavoprotein (ETFβ). Interestingly, putative METTL20 orthologues are found in a subset of α-proteobacteria, including Agrobacterium tumefaciens Using an activity-based approach, we identified in bacterial extracts two substrates of recombinant METTL20 from A. tumefaciens (AtMETTL20), namely ETFβ and the ribosomal protein RpL7/L12. We show that AtMETTL20, analogous to the human enzyme, methylates ETFβ on Lys-193 and Lys-196 both in vitro and in vivo ETF plays a key role in mediating electron transfer from various dehydrogenases, and we found that its electron transferring ability was diminished by AtMETTL20-mediated methylation of ETFβ. Somewhat surprisingly, AtMETTL20 also catalyzed monomethylation of RpL7/L12 on Lys-86, a common modification also found in many bacteria that lack METTL20. Thus, we here identify AtMETTL20 as the first enzyme catalyzing RpL7/L12 methylation. In summary, here we have identified and characterized a novel bacterial lysine-specific methyltransferase with unprecedented dual substrate specificity within the seven β-strand class of lysine-specific methyltransferases, as it targets two apparently unrelated substrates, ETFβ and RpL7/L12. Moreover, the present work establishes METTL20-mediated methylation of ETFβ as the first lysine methylation event occurring in both bacteria and humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jędrzej Małecki
- From the Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway
| | - Helge-André Dahl
- From the Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway
| | - Anders Moen
- From the Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway
| | - Erna Davydova
- From the Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway
| | - Pål Ø Falnes
- From the Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Owings JP, Kuiper EG, Prezioso SM, Meisner J, Varga JJ, Zelinskaya N, Dammer EB, Duong DM, Seyfried NT, Albertí S, Conn GL, Goldberg JB. Pseudomonas aeruginosa EftM Is a Thermoregulated Methyltransferase. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:3280-90. [PMID: 26677219 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.706853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen that trimethylates elongation factor-thermo-unstable (EF-Tu) on lysine 5. Lysine 5 methylation occurs in a temperature-dependent manner and is generally only seen when P. aeruginosa is grown at temperatures close to ambient (25 °C) but not at higher temperatures (37 °C). We have previously identified the gene, eftM (for EF-Tu-modifying enzyme), responsible for this modification and shown its activity to be associated with increased bacterial adhesion to and invasion of respiratory epithelial cells. Bioinformatic analyses predicted EftM to be a Class I S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM)-dependent methyltransferase. An in vitro methyltransferase assay was employed to show that, in the presence of SAM, EftM directly trimethylates EF-Tu. A natural variant of EftM, with a glycine to arginine substitution at position 50 in the predicted SAM-binding domain, lacks both SAM binding and enzyme activity. Mass spectrometry analysis of the in vitro methyltransferase reaction products revealed that EftM exclusively methylates at lysine 5 of EF-Tu in a distributive manner. Consistent with the in vivo temperature dependence of methylation of EF-Tu, preincubation of EftM at 37 °C abolished methyltransferase activity, whereas this activity was retained when EftM was preincubated at 25 °C. Irreversible protein unfolding at 37 °C was observed, and we propose that this instability is the molecular basis for the temperature dependence of EftM activity. Collectively, our results show that EftM is a thermolabile, SAM-dependent methyltransferase that directly trimethylates lysine 5 of EF-Tu in P. aeruginosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P Owings
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Allergy/Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis and Sleep and the Emory-Children's Center for Cystic Fibrosis Research, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, the Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Emily G Kuiper
- the Department of Biochemistry and the Biochemistry, Cell, and Developmental Biology Program and
| | - Samantha M Prezioso
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Allergy/Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis and Sleep and the Emory-Children's Center for Cystic Fibrosis Research, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, and
| | - Jeffrey Meisner
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Allergy/Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis and Sleep and the Emory-Children's Center for Cystic Fibrosis Research, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - John J Varga
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Allergy/Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis and Sleep and the Emory-Children's Center for Cystic Fibrosis Research, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, the Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | | | | | | | | | - Sebastián Albertí
- the Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de las Islas Baleares, Palma de Mallorca, 07122 Spain
| | | | - Joanna B Goldberg
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Allergy/Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis and Sleep and the Emory-Children's Center for Cystic Fibrosis Research, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, the Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908,
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Varga JJ, Barbier M, Mulet X, Bielecki P, Bartell JA, Owings JP, Martinez-Ramos I, Hittle LE, Davis MR, Damron FH, Liechti GW, Puchałka J, dos Santos VAPM, Ernst RK, Papin JA, Albertí S, Oliver A, Goldberg JB. Genotypic and phenotypic analyses of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa chronic bronchiectasis isolate reveal differences from cystic fibrosis and laboratory strains. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:883. [PMID: 26519161 PMCID: PMC4628258 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2069-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an environmentally ubiquitous Gram-negative bacterium and important opportunistic human pathogen, causing severe chronic respiratory infections in patients with underlying conditions such as cystic fibrosis (CF) or bronchiectasis. In order to identify mechanisms responsible for adaptation during bronchiectasis infections, a bronchiectasis isolate, PAHM4, was phenotypically and genotypically characterized. Results This strain displays phenotypes that have been associated with chronic respiratory infections in CF including alginate over-production, rough lipopolysaccharide, quorum-sensing deficiency, loss of motility, decreased protease secretion, and hypermutation. Hypermutation is a key adaptation of this bacterium during the course of chronic respiratory infections and analysis indicates that PAHM4 encodes a mutated mutS gene responsible for a ~1,000-fold increase in mutation rate compared to wild-type laboratory strain P. aeruginosa PAO1. Antibiotic resistance profiles and sequence data indicate that this strain acquired numerous mutations associated with increased resistance levels to β-lactams, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones when compared to PAO1. Sequencing of PAHM4 revealed a 6.38 Mbp genome, 5.9 % of which were unrecognized in previously reported P. aeruginosa genome sequences. Transcriptome analysis suggests a general down-regulation of virulence factors, while metabolism of amino acids and lipids is up-regulated when compared to PAO1 and metabolic modeling identified further potential differences between PAO1 and PAHM4. Conclusions This work provides insights into the potential differential adaptation of this bacterium to the lung of patients with bronchiectasis compared to other clinical settings such as cystic fibrosis, findings that should aid the development of disease-appropriate treatment strategies for P. aeruginosa infections. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-2069-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John J Varga
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Allergy/Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis and Sleep, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,Emory + Children's Center for Cystic Fibrosis Research, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | - Mariette Barbier
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA. .,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA.
| | - Xavier Mulet
- Servicio de Microbiología and Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Son Espases, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma (IdISPa), Palma, de Mallorca, Spain.
| | - Piotr Bielecki
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany. .,Present address: Immunobiology Department, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
| | - Jennifer A Bartell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | - Joshua P Owings
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Allergy/Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis and Sleep, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,Emory + Children's Center for Cystic Fibrosis Research, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | | | - Lauren E Hittle
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Michael R Davis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | - F Heath Damron
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA. .,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA.
| | - George W Liechti
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | - Jacek Puchałka
- Servicio de Microbiología and Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Son Espases, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma (IdISPa), Palma, de Mallorca, Spain. .,Present address: Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
| | - Vitor A P Martins dos Santos
- Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands. .,Present address: Chair of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands. .,Present address: LifeGlimmer GmbH, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Robert K Ernst
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Jason A Papin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | - Sebastian Albertí
- IUNICS, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, de Mallorca, Spain.
| | - Antonio Oliver
- Servicio de Microbiología and Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Son Espases, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma (IdISPa), Palma, de Mallorca, Spain.
| | - Joanna B Goldberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Allergy/Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis and Sleep, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,Emory + Children's Center for Cystic Fibrosis Research, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Whitney JC, Quentin D, Sawai S, LeRoux M, Harding BN, Ledvina HE, Tran BQ, Robinson H, Goo YA, Goodlett DR, Raunser S, Mougous JD. An interbacterial NAD(P)(+) glycohydrolase toxin requires elongation factor Tu for delivery to target cells. Cell 2015; 163:607-19. [PMID: 26456113 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Type VI secretion (T6S) influences the composition of microbial communities by catalyzing the delivery of toxins between adjacent bacterial cells. Here, we demonstrate that a T6S integral membrane toxin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Tse6, acts on target cells by degrading the universally essential dinucleotides NAD(+) and NADP(+). Structural analyses of Tse6 show that it resembles mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase proteins, such as diphtheria toxin, with the exception of a unique loop that both excludes proteinaceous ADP-ribose acceptors and contributes to hydrolysis. We find that entry of Tse6 into target cells requires its binding to an essential housekeeping protein, translation elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu). These proteins participate in a larger assembly that additionally directs toxin export and provides chaperone activity. Visualization of this complex by electron microscopy defines the architecture of a toxin-loaded T6S apparatus and provides mechanistic insight into intercellular membrane protein delivery between bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John C Whitney
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Dennis Quentin
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Shin Sawai
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Michele LeRoux
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Brittany N Harding
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Hannah E Ledvina
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Bao Q Tran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Howard Robinson
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Young Ah Goo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - David R Goodlett
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Stefan Raunser
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Joseph D Mougous
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hergott CB, Roche AM, Naidu NA, Mesaros C, Blair IA, Weiser JN. Bacterial exploitation of phosphorylcholine mimicry suppresses inflammation to promote airway infection. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:3878-90. [PMID: 26426079 DOI: 10.1172/jci81888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of neutrophil activity is critical for immune evasion among extracellular pathogens, yet the mechanisms by which many bacteria disrupt phagocyte function remain unclear. Here, we have shown that the respiratory pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae disables neutrophils by exploiting molecular mimicry to degrade platelet-activating factor (PAF), a host-derived inflammatory phospholipid. Using mass spectrometry and murine upper airway infection models, we demonstrated that phosphorylcholine (ChoP) moieties that are shared by PAF and the bacterial cell wall allow S. pneumoniae to leverage a ChoP-remodeling enzyme (Pce) to remove PAF from the airway. S. pneumoniae-mediated PAF deprivation impaired viability, activation, and bactericidal capacity among responding neutrophils. In the absence of Pce, neutrophils rapidly cleared S. pneumoniae from the airway and impeded invasive disease and transmission between mice. Abrogation of PAF signaling rendered Pce dispensable for S. pneumoniae persistence, reinforcing that this enzyme deprives neutrophils of essential PAF-mediated stimulation. Accordingly, exogenous activation of neutrophils overwhelmed Pce-mediated phagocyte disruption. Haemophilus influenzae also uses an enzyme, GlpQ, to hydrolyze ChoP and subvert PAF function, suggesting that mimicry-driven immune evasion is a common paradigm among respiratory pathogens. These results identify a mechanism by which shared molecular structures enable microbial enzymes to subvert host lipid signaling, suppress inflammation, and ensure bacterial persistence at the mucosa.
Collapse
|
35
|
Meadows JA, Wargo MJ. Carnitine in bacterial physiology and metabolism. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2015; 161:1161-74. [PMID: 25787873 PMCID: PMC4635513 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Carnitine is a quaternary amine compound found at high concentration in animal tissues, particularly muscle, and is most well studied for its contribution to fatty acid transport into mitochondria. In bacteria, carnitine is an important osmoprotectant, and can also enhance thermotolerance, cryotolerance and barotolerance. Carnitine can be transported into the cell or acquired from metabolic precursors, where it can serve directly as a compatible solute for stress protection or be metabolized through one of a few distinct pathways as a nutrient source. In this review, we summarize what is known about carnitine physiology and metabolism in bacteria. In particular, recent advances in the aerobic and anaerobic metabolic pathways as well as the use of carnitine as an electron acceptor have addressed some long-standing questions in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A. Meadows
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 95 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Matthew J. Wargo
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 95 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Premkumar L, Kurth F, Duprez W, Grøftehauge MK, King GJ, Halili MA, Heras B, Martin JL. Structure of the Acinetobacter baumannii dithiol oxidase DsbA bound to elongation factor EF-Tu reveals a novel protein interaction site. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:19869-80. [PMID: 24860094 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.571737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The multidrug resistant bacterium Acinetobacter baumannii is a significant cause of nosocomial infection. Biofilm formation, that requires both disulfide bond forming and chaperone-usher pathways, is a major virulence trait in this bacterium. Our biochemical characterizations show that the periplasmic A. baumannii DsbA (AbDsbA) enzyme has an oxidizing redox potential and dithiol oxidase activity. We found an unexpected non-covalent interaction between AbDsbA and the highly conserved prokaryotic elongation factor, EF-Tu. EF-Tu is a cytoplasmic protein but has been localized extracellularly in many bacterial pathogens. The crystal structure of this complex revealed that the EF-Tu switch I region binds to the non-catalytic surface of AbDsbA. Although the physiological and pathological significance of a DsbA/EF-Tu association is unknown, peptides derived from the EF-Tu switch I region bound to AbDsbA with submicromolar affinity. We also identified a seven-residue DsbB-derived peptide that bound to AbDsbA with low micromolar affinity. Further characterization confirmed that the EF-Tu- and DsbB-derived peptides bind at two distinct sites. These data point to the possibility that the non-catalytic surface of DsbA is a potential substrate or regulatory protein interaction site. The two peptides identified in this work together with the newly characterized interaction site provide a novel starting point for inhibitor design targeting AbDsbA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmanane Premkumar
- From the Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - Fabian Kurth
- From the Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - Wilko Duprez
- From the Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - Morten K Grøftehauge
- From the Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - Gordon J King
- From the Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - Maria A Halili
- From the Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - Begoña Heras
- From the Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Martin
- From the Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lanouette S, Mongeon V, Figeys D, Couture JF. The functional diversity of protein lysine methylation. Mol Syst Biol 2014; 10:724. [PMID: 24714364 PMCID: PMC4023394 DOI: 10.1002/msb.134974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Large‐scale characterization of post‐translational modifications (PTMs), such as phosphorylation, acetylation and ubiquitination, has highlighted their importance in the regulation of a myriad of signaling events. While high‐throughput technologies have tremendously helped cataloguing the proteins modified by these PTMs, the identification of lysine‐methylated proteins, a PTM involving the transfer of one, two or three methyl groups to the ε‐amine of a lysine side chain, has lagged behind. While the initial findings were focused on the methylation of histone proteins, several studies have recently identified novel non‐histone lysine‐methylated proteins. This review provides a compilation of all lysine methylation sites reported to date. We also present key examples showing the impact of lysine methylation and discuss the circuitries wired by this important PTM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Lanouette
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Yin Y, Damron FH, Withers TR, Pritchett CL, Wang X, Schurr MJ, Yu HD. Expression of mucoid induction factor MucE is dependent upon the alternate sigma factor AlgU in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. BMC Microbiol 2013; 13:232. [PMID: 24138584 PMCID: PMC3819740 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-13-232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alginate overproduction in P. aeruginosa, also referred to as mucoidy, is a poor prognostic marker for patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). We previously reported the construction of a unique mucoid strain which overexpresses a small envelope protein MucE leading to activation of the protease AlgW. AlgW then degrades the anti-sigma factor MucA thus releasing the alternative sigma factor AlgU/T (σ(22)) to initiate transcription of the alginate biosynthetic operon. RESULTS In the current study, we mapped the mucE transcriptional start site, and determined that P(mucE) activity was dependent on AlgU. Additionally, the presence of triclosan and sodium dodecyl sulfate was shown to cause an increase in P(mucE) activity. It was observed that mucE-mediated mucoidy in CF isolates was dependent on both the size of MucA and the genotype of algU. We also performed shotgun proteomic analysis with cell lysates from the strains PAO1, VE2 (PAO1 with constitutive expression of mucE) and VE2ΔalgU (VE2 with in-frame deletion of algU). As a result, we identified nine algU-dependent and two algU-independent proteins that were affected by overexpression of MucE. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicates there is a positive feedback regulation between MucE and AlgU. Furthermore, it seems likely that MucE may be part of the signal transduction system that senses certain types of cell wall stress to P. aeruginosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hongwei D Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Joan C, Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Vanden Bergh P, Frey J. Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida in the light of its type-three secretion system. Microb Biotechnol 2013; 7:381-400. [PMID: 24119189 PMCID: PMC4229320 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida is an important pathogen in salmonid aquaculture and is responsible for the typical furunculosis. The type-three secretion system (T3SS) is a major virulence system. In this work, we review structure and function of this highly sophisticated nanosyringe in A. salmonicida. Based on the literature as well as personal experimental observations, we document the genetic (re)organization, expression regulation, anatomy, putative functional origin and roles in the infectious process of this T3SS. We propose a model of pathogenesis where A. salmonicida induces a temporary immunosuppression state in fish in order to acquire free access to host tissues. Finally, we highlight putative important therapeutic and vaccine strategies to prevent furunculosis of salmonid fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Vanden Bergh
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Bern, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|