1
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Machin DC, Williamson DJ, Fisher P, Miller VJ, Arnott ZLP, Stevenson CME, Wildsmith GC, Ross JF, Wasson CW, Macdonald A, Andrews BI, Ungar D, Turnbull WB, Webb ME. Sortase-Modified Cholera Toxoids Show Specific Golgi Localization. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:194. [PMID: 38668619 PMCID: PMC11054894 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16040194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholera toxoid is an established tool for use in cellular tracing in neuroscience and cell biology. We use a sortase labeling approach to generate site-specific N-terminally modified variants of both the A2-B5 heterohexamer and B5 pentamer forms of the toxoid. Both forms of the toxoid are endocytosed by GM1-positive mammalian cells, and while the heterohexameric toxoid was principally localized in the ER, the B5 pentamer showed an unexpectedly specific localization in the medial/trans-Golgi. This study suggests a future role for specifically labeled cholera toxoids in live-cell imaging beyond their current applications in neuronal tracing and labeling of lipid rafts in fixed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren C. Machin
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (D.C.M.)
| | - Daniel J. Williamson
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (D.C.M.)
| | - Peter Fisher
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | | | - Zoe L. P. Arnott
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (D.C.M.)
| | - Charlotte M. E. Stevenson
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (D.C.M.)
| | - Gemma C. Wildsmith
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (D.C.M.)
| | - James F. Ross
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (D.C.M.)
| | - Christopher W. Wasson
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK (A.M.)
| | - Andrew Macdonald
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK (A.M.)
| | - Benjamin I. Andrews
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Daniel Ungar
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - W. Bruce Turnbull
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (D.C.M.)
| | - Michael E. Webb
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (D.C.M.)
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2
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Verjan Garcia N, Hong KU, Matoba N. The Unfolded Protein Response and Its Implications for Novel Therapeutic Strategies in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2066. [PMID: 37509705 PMCID: PMC10377089 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11072066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a multifunctional organelle playing a vital role in maintaining cell homeostasis, and disruptions to its functions can have detrimental effects on cells. Dysregulated ER stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR) have been linked to various human diseases. For example, ER stress and the activation of the UPR signaling pathways in intestinal epithelial cells can either exacerbate or alleviate the severity of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), contingent on the degree and conditions of activation. Our recent studies have shown that EPICERTIN, a recombinant variant of the cholera toxin B subunit containing an ER retention motif, can induce a protective UPR in colon epithelial cells, subsequently promoting epithelial restitution and mucosal healing in IBD models. These findings support the idea that compounds modulating UPR may be promising pharmaceutical candidates for the treatment of the disease. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the ER stress and UPR in IBD, focusing on their roles in maintaining cell homeostasis, dysregulation, and disease pathogenesis. Additionally, we discuss therapeutic strategies that promote the cytoprotection of colon epithelial cells and reduce inflammation via pharmacological manipulation of the UPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel Verjan Garcia
- UofL Health-Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Kyung U Hong
- UofL Health-Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Nobuyuki Matoba
- UofL Health-Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Center for Predictive Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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3
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Wehrum S, Siukstaite L, Williamson DJ, Branson TR, Sych T, Madl J, Wildsmith GC, Dai W, Kempmann E, Ross JF, Thomsen M, Webb ME, Römer W, Turnbull WB. Membrane Fusion Mediated by Non-covalent Binding of Re-engineered Cholera Toxin Assemblies to Glycolipids. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:3929-3938. [PMID: 36367814 PMCID: PMC9764410 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Membrane fusion is essential for the transport of macromolecules and viruses across membranes. While glycan-binding proteins (lectins) often initiate cellular adhesion, subsequent fusion events require additional protein machinery. No mechanism for membrane fusion arising from simply a protein binding to membrane glycolipids has been described thus far. Herein, we report that a biotinylated protein derived from cholera toxin becomes a fusogenic lectin upon cross-linking with streptavidin. This novel reengineered protein brings about hemifusion and fusion of vesicles as demonstrated by mixing of fluorescently labeled lipids between vesicles as well as content mixing of liposomes filled with fluorescently labeled dextran. Exclusion of the complex at vesicle-vesicle interfaces could also be observed, indicating the formation of hemifusion diaphragms. Discovery of this fusogenic lectin complex demonstrates that new emergent properties can arise from simple changes in protein architecture and provides insights into new mechanisms of lipid-driven fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Wehrum
- Faculty
of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany,Bioss-Centre
for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University
Freiburg, Schänzlestraße
18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lina Siukstaite
- Faculty
of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany,Bioss-Centre
for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University
Freiburg, Schänzlestraße
18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel J. Williamson
- School
of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, U.K..
| | - Thomas R. Branson
- School
of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, U.K..
| | - Taras Sych
- Faculty
of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany,Bioss-Centre
for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University
Freiburg, Schänzlestraße
18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany,Freiburg
Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technology (FIT), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany,Science
for Life Laboratory, Department of Women’s and Children’s
Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Solna, Sweden
| | - Josef Madl
- Faculty
of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany,Bioss-Centre
for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University
Freiburg, Schänzlestraße
18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany,Freiburg
Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technology (FIT), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gemma C. Wildsmith
- School
of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, U.K..
| | - Wenyue Dai
- School
of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, U.K..
| | - Erik Kempmann
- Faculty
of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany,Bioss-Centre
for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University
Freiburg, Schänzlestraße
18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - James F. Ross
- School
of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, U.K..
| | - Maren Thomsen
- School of
Biomedical Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, U.K..
| | - Michael E. Webb
- School
of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, U.K..
| | - Winfried Römer
- Faculty
of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany,Bioss-Centre
for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University
Freiburg, Schänzlestraße
18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany,Freiburg
Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technology (FIT), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany,
| | - W. Bruce Turnbull
- School
of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, U.K..,
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4
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White C, Bader C, Teter K. The manipulation of cell signaling and host cell biology by cholera toxin. Cell Signal 2022; 100:110489. [PMID: 36216164 PMCID: PMC10082135 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae colonizes the small intestine and releases cholera toxin into the extracellular space. The toxin binds to the apical surface of the epithelium, is internalized into the host endomembrane system, and escapes into the cytosol where it activates the stimulatory alpha subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein by ADP-ribosylation. This initiates a cAMP-dependent signaling pathway that stimulates chloride efflux into the gut, with diarrhea resulting from the accompanying osmotic movement of water into the intestinal lumen. G protein signaling is not the only host system manipulated by cholera toxin, however. Other cellular mechanisms and signaling pathways active in the intoxication process include endocytosis through lipid rafts, retrograde transport to the endoplasmic reticulum, the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation system for protein delivery to the cytosol, the unfolded protein response, and G protein de-activation through degradation or the function of ADP-ribosyl hydrolases. Although toxin-induced chloride efflux is thought to be an irreversible event, alterations to these processes could facilitate cellular recovery from intoxication. This review will highlight how cholera toxin exploits signaling pathways and other cell biology events to elicit a diarrheal response from the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher White
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, 12722 Research Parkway, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA.
| | - Carly Bader
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, 12722 Research Parkway, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA.
| | - Ken Teter
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, 12722 Research Parkway, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA.
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5
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In Vitro and In Vivo Inhibitory Activities of Selected Traditional Medicinal Plants against Toxin-Induced Cyto- and Entero- Toxicities in Cholera. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14100649. [PMID: 36287918 PMCID: PMC9611792 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14100649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Careya arborea, Punica granatum, Psidium guajava, Holarrhena antidysenterica, Aegle marmelos, and Piper longum are commonly used traditional medicines against diarrhoeal diseases in India. This study investigated the inhibitory activity of these plants against cytotoxicity and enterotoxicity induced by toxins secreted by Vibrio cholerae. Cholera toxin (CT) and non-membrane damaging cytotoxin (NMDCY) in cell free culture filtrate (CFCF) of V. cholerae were quantified using GM1 ELISA and cell-based assays, respectively. Hydro-alcoholic extracts of these plants and lyophilized juice of P. granatum were tested against CT-induced elevation of cAMP levels in CHO cell line, binding of CT to ganglioside GM1 receptor and NMDCY-induced cytotoxicity. Significant reduction of cAMP levels in CFCF treated CHO cell line was observed for all extracts except P. longum. C. arborea, P. granatum, H. antidysenterica and A. marmelos showed >50% binding inhibition of CT to GM1 receptor. C. arborea, P. granatum, and P. guajava effectively decreased cytotoxicity and morphological alterations caused by NMDCY in CHO cell line. Further, the efficacy of these three plants against CFCF-induced enterotoxicity was seen in adult mice ligated-ileal loop model as evidenced by decrease in volume of fluid accumulation, cAMP levels in ligated-ileal tissues, and histopathological changes in intestinal mucosa. Therefore, these plants can be further validated for their clinical use against cholera.
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6
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Fukui T, Tateno H, Nakamura T, Yamada Y, Sato Y, Iwasaki N, Harashima H, Kadoya K. Retrograde Axonal Transport of Liposomes from Peripheral Tissue to Spinal Cord and DRGs by Optimized Phospholipid and CTB Modification. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126661. [PMID: 35743104 PMCID: PMC9223829 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advancements in therapeutic options for disorders of the central nervous system (CNS), the lack of an efficient drug-delivery system (DDS) hampers their clinical application. We hypothesized that liposomes could be optimized for retrograde transport in axons as a DDS from peripheral tissues to the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia (DRGs). Three types of liposomes consisting of DSPC, DSPC/POPC, or POPC in combination with cholesterol (Chol) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) lipid were administered to sciatic nerves or the tibialis anterior muscle of mature rats. Liposomes in cell bodies were detected with infrared fluorescence of DiD conjugated to liposomes. Three days later, all nerve-administered liposomes were retrogradely transported to the spinal cord and DRGs, whereas only muscle-administered liposomes consisting of DSPC reached the spinal cord and DRGs. Modification with Cholera toxin B subunit improved the transport efficiency of liposomes to the spinal cord and DRGs from 4.5% to 17.3% and from 3.9% to 14.3% via nerve administration, and from 2.6% to 4.8% and from 2.3% to 4.1% via muscle administration, respectively. Modification with octa-arginine (R8) improved the transport efficiency via nerve administration but abolished the transport capability via muscle administration. These findings provide the initial data for the development of a novel DDS targeting the spinal cord and DRGs via peripheral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Fukui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan; (T.F.); (N.I.)
| | - Hironao Tateno
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; (H.T.); (Y.Y.); (Y.S.); (H.H.)
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; (H.T.); (Y.Y.); (Y.S.); (H.H.)
- Correspondence: (T.N.); (K.K.)
| | - Yuma Yamada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; (H.T.); (Y.Y.); (Y.S.); (H.H.)
| | - Yusuke Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; (H.T.); (Y.Y.); (Y.S.); (H.H.)
| | - Norimasa Iwasaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan; (T.F.); (N.I.)
| | - Hideyoshi Harashima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; (H.T.); (Y.Y.); (Y.S.); (H.H.)
| | - Ken Kadoya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan; (T.F.); (N.I.)
- Correspondence: (T.N.); (K.K.)
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7
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Danielewicz N, Rosato F, Dai W, Römer W, Turnbull WB, Mairhofer J. Microbial carbohydrate-binding toxins – From etiology to biotechnological application. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 59:107951. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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8
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Ramm F, Jack L, Kaser D, Schloßhauer JL, Zemella A, Kubick S. Cell-Free Systems Enable the Production of AB5 Toxins for Diagnostic Applications. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14040233. [PMID: 35448842 PMCID: PMC9027097 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14040233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) represents a versatile key technology for the production of toxic proteins. As a cell lysate, rather than viable cells, is used, the toxic effects on the host organism can be circumvented. The open nature of cell-free systems allows for the addition of supplements affecting protein concentration and folding. Here, we present the cell-free synthesis and functional characterization of two AB5 toxins, namely the cholera toxin (Ctx) and the heat-labile enterotoxin (LT), using two eukaryotic cell-free systems based on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf21) cells. Through an iterative optimization procedure, the synthesis of the individual AB5 toxins was established, and the formation of multimeric structures could be shown by autoradiography. A functional analysis was performed using cell-based assays, thereby demonstrating that the LT complex induced the characteristic cell elongation of target cells after 24 h. The LT complex induced cell death at higher concentrations, starting at an initial concentration of 5 nM. The initial toxic effects of the Ctx multimer could already be detected at 4 nM. The detection and characterization of such AB5 toxins is of utmost importance, and the monitoring of intracellular trafficking facilitates the further identification of the mechanism of action of these toxins. We showed that the B-subunit of LT (LTB) could be fluorescently labeled using an LTB-Strep fusion protein, which is a proof-of-concept for future Trojan horse applications. Further, we performed a mutational analysis of the CtxA subunit as its template was modified, and an amber stop codon was inserted into CtxA’s active site. Subsequently, a non-canonical amino acid was site-specifically incorporated using bio-orthogonal systems. Finally, a fluorescently labeled CtxA protein was produced using copper-catalyzed click reactions as well as a Staudinger ligation. As expected, the modified Ctx multimer no longer induced toxic effects. In our study, we showed that CFPS could be used to study the active centers of toxins by inserting mutations. Additionally, this methodology can be applied for the design of Trojan horses and targeted toxins, as well as enabling the intracellular trafficking of toxins as a prerequisite for the analysis of the toxin’s mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Ramm
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; (F.R.); (L.J.); (D.K.); (J.L.S.); (A.Z.)
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry—Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lena Jack
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; (F.R.); (L.J.); (D.K.); (J.L.S.); (A.Z.)
| | - Danny Kaser
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; (F.R.); (L.J.); (D.K.); (J.L.S.); (A.Z.)
| | - Jeffrey L. Schloßhauer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; (F.R.); (L.J.); (D.K.); (J.L.S.); (A.Z.)
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry—Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Zemella
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; (F.R.); (L.J.); (D.K.); (J.L.S.); (A.Z.)
| | - Stefan Kubick
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; (F.R.); (L.J.); (D.K.); (J.L.S.); (A.Z.)
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry—Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus–Senftenberg, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and the University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Correspondence:
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9
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Maeda K, Zachos NC, Orzalli MH, Schmieder SS, Chang D, Bugda Gwilt K, Doucet M, Baetz NW, Lee S, Crawford SE, Estes MK, Kagan JC, Turner JR, Lencer WI. Depletion of the apical endosome in response to viruses and bacterial toxins provides cell-autonomous host defense at mucosal surfaces. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:216-231.e5. [PMID: 35143768 PMCID: PMC8852832 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Polarized epithelial cells form an essential barrier against infection at mucosal surfaces. Many pathogens breach this barrier to cause disease, often by co-opting cellular endocytosis mechanisms to enter the cell through the lumenal (apical) cell surface. We recently discovered that the loss of the cell polarity gene PARD6B selectively diminishes apical endosome function. Here, we find that in response to the entry of certain viruses and bacterial toxins into the epithelial cells via the apical membrane, PARD6B and aPKC, two components of the PARD6B-aPKC-Cdc42 apical polarity complex, undergo rapid proteasome-dependent degradation. The perturbation of apical membrane glycosphingolipids by toxin- or virus-binding initiates degradation of PARD6B. The loss of PARD6B causes the depletion of apical endosome function and renders the cell resistant to further infection from the lumenal cell surface, thus enabling a form of cell-autonomous host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Maeda
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nicholas C Zachos
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Megan H Orzalli
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stefanie S Schmieder
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Denis Chang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Katlynn Bugda Gwilt
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michele Doucet
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Nicholas W Baetz
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sun Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sue E Crawford
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS: BCM-385, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS: BCM-385, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jonathan C Kagan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jerrold R Turner
- Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Wayne I Lencer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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10
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Lee D, Green A, Wu H, Kwon JS. Hybrid
PDE‐kMC
modeling approach to simulate multivalent lectin‐glycan binding process. AIChE J 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongheon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Duke University Durham North Carolina USA
| | - Aaron Green
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering Texas A&M University Texas USA
| | - Hung‐Jen Wu
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering Texas A&M University Texas USA
| | - Joseph Sang‐Il Kwon
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering Texas A&M University Texas USA
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11
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Kenworthy AK, Schmieder SS, Raghunathan K, Tiwari A, Wang T, Kelly CV, Lencer WI. Cholera Toxin as a Probe for Membrane Biology. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:543. [PMID: 34437414 PMCID: PMC8402489 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholera toxin B-subunit (CTxB) has emerged as one of the most widely utilized tools in membrane biology and biophysics. CTxB is a homopentameric stable protein that binds tightly to up to five GM1 glycosphingolipids. This provides a robust and tractable model for exploring membrane structure and its dynamics including vesicular trafficking and nanodomain assembly. Here, we review important advances in these fields enabled by use of CTxB and its lipid receptor GM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne K. Kenworthy
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (A.T.); (T.W.)
| | - Stefanie S. Schmieder
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Krishnan Raghunathan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA;
| | - Ajit Tiwari
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (A.T.); (T.W.)
| | - Ting Wang
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (A.T.); (T.W.)
| | - Christopher V. Kelly
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Wayne I. Lencer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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12
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Hasan MM, Mimi MA, Mamun MA, Islam A, Waliullah ASM, Nabi MM, Tamannaa Z, Kahyo T, Setou M. Mass Spectrometry Imaging for Glycome in the Brain. Front Neuroanat 2021; 15:711955. [PMID: 34393728 PMCID: PMC8358800 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.711955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycans are diverse structured biomolecules that play crucial roles in various biological processes. Glycosylation, an enzymatic system through which various glycans are bound to proteins and lipids, is the most common and functionally crucial post-translational modification process. It is known to be associated with brain development, signal transduction, molecular trafficking, neurodegenerative disorders, psychopathologies, and brain cancers. Glycans in glycoproteins and glycolipids expressed in brain cells are involved in neuronal development, biological processes, and central nervous system maintenance. The composition and expression of glycans are known to change during those physiological processes. Therefore, imaging of glycans and the glycoconjugates in the brain regions has become a “hot” topic nowadays. Imaging techniques using lectins, antibodies, and chemical reporters are traditionally used for glycan detection. However, those techniques offer limited glycome detection. Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is an evolving field that combines mass spectrometry with histology allowing spatial and label-free visualization of molecules in the brain. In the last decades, several studies have employed MSI for glycome imaging in brain tissues. The current state of MSI uses on-tissue enzymatic digestion or chemical reaction to facilitate successful glycome imaging. Here, we reviewed the available literature that applied MSI techniques for glycome visualization and characterization in the brain. We also described the general methodologies for glycome MSI and discussed its potential use in the three-dimensional MSI in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mahmudul Hasan
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Mst Afsana Mimi
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Md Al Mamun
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Ariful Islam
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - A S M Waliullah
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Md Mahamodun Nabi
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Zinat Tamannaa
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Kahyo
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.,International Mass Imaging Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Setou
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.,International Mass Imaging Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.,Department of Systems Molecular Anatomy, Institute for Medical Photonics Research, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education & Research Center, Hamamatsu, Japan
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13
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Quinville BM, Deschenes NM, Ryckman AE, Walia JS. A Comprehensive Review: Sphingolipid Metabolism and Implications of Disruption in Sphingolipid Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115793. [PMID: 34071409 PMCID: PMC8198874 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are a specialized group of lipids essential to the composition of the plasma membrane of many cell types; however, they are primarily localized within the nervous system. The amphipathic properties of sphingolipids enable their participation in a variety of intricate metabolic pathways. Sphingoid bases are the building blocks for all sphingolipid derivatives, comprising a complex class of lipids. The biosynthesis and catabolism of these lipids play an integral role in small- and large-scale body functions, including participation in membrane domains and signalling; cell proliferation, death, migration, and invasiveness; inflammation; and central nervous system development. Recently, sphingolipids have become the focus of several fields of research in the medical and biological sciences, as these bioactive lipids have been identified as potent signalling and messenger molecules. Sphingolipids are now being exploited as therapeutic targets for several pathologies. Here we present a comprehensive review of the structure and metabolism of sphingolipids and their many functional roles within the cell. In addition, we highlight the role of sphingolipids in several pathologies, including inflammatory disease, cystic fibrosis, cancer, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, and lysosomal storage disorders.
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14
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Membrane deformation by the cholera toxin beta subunit requires more than one binding site. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:17467-17469. [PMID: 32641504 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2011359117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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15
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Structured clustering of the glycosphingolipid GM1 is required for membrane curvature induced by cholera toxin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:14978-14986. [PMID: 32554490 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2001119117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AB5 bacterial toxins and polyomaviruses induce membrane curvature as a mechanism to facilitate their entry into host cells. How membrane bending is accomplished is not yet fully understood but has been linked to the simultaneous binding of the pentameric B subunit to multiple copies of glycosphingolipid receptors. Here, we probe the toxin membrane binding and internalization mechanisms by using a combination of superresolution and polarized localization microscopy. We show that cholera toxin subunit B (CTxB) can induce membrane curvature only when bound to multiple copies of its glycosphingolipid receptor, GM1, and the ceramide structure of GM1 is likely not a determinant of this activity as assessed in model membranes. A mutant CTxB capable of binding only a single GM1 fails to generate curvature either in model membranes or in cells, and clustering the mutant CTxB-single-GM1 complexes by antibody cross-linking does not rescue the membrane curvature phenotype. We conclude that both the multiplicity and specific geometry of GM1 binding sites are necessary for the induction of membrane curvature. We expect this to be a general rule of membrane behavior for all AB5 toxins and polyomaviruses that bind glycosphingolipids to invade host cells.
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16
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Davoodi S, Foley E. Host-Microbe-Pathogen Interactions: A Review of Vibrio cholerae Pathogenesis in Drosophila. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3128. [PMID: 32038640 PMCID: PMC6993214 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Most animals maintain mutually beneficial symbiotic relationships with their intestinal microbiota. Resident microbes in the gastrointestinal tract breakdown indigestible food, provide essential nutrients, and, act as a barrier against invading microbes, such as the enteric pathogen Vibrio cholerae. Over the last decades, our knowledge of V. cholerae pathogenesis, colonization, and transmission has increased tremendously. A number of animal models have been used to study how V. cholerae interacts with host-derived resources to support gastrointestinal colonization. Here, we review studies on host-microbe interactions and how infection with V. cholerae disrupts these interactions, with a focus on contributions from the Drosophila melanogaster model. We will discuss studies that highlight the connections between symbiont, host, and V. cholerae metabolism; crosstalk between V. cholerae and host microbes; and the impact of the host immune system on the lethality of V. cholerae infection. These studies suggest that V. cholerae modulates host immune-metabolic responses in the fly and improves Vibrio fitness through competition with intestinal microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edan Foley
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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17
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Abstract
Many options now exist for constructing oral vaccines which, in experimental systems, have shown themselves to be able to generate highly effective immunity against infectious diseases. Their suitability for implementation in clinical practice, however, for prevention of outbreaks, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), is not always guaranteed, because of factors such as cost, logistics and cultural and environmental conditions. This brief overview provides a summary of the various approaches which can be adopted, and evaluates them from a pharmaceutical point, taking into account potential regulatory issues, expense, manufacturing complexity, etc., all of which can determine whether a vaccine approach will be successful in the late stages of development. Attention is also drawn to problems arising from inadequate diet, which impacts upon success in stimulating effective immunity, and identifies the use of lipid-based carriers as a way to counteract the problem of nutritional deficiencies in vaccination campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. R. C. New
- Middlesex UniversityHendon, LondonUK
- Vaxcine (UK) Limited, London Bioscience Innovation CentreLondonUK
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18
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Multiple Pleomorphic Tetramers of Thermostable Direct Hemolysin from Grimontia hollisae in Exerting Hemolysis and Membrane Binding. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9833. [PMID: 31285470 PMCID: PMC6614540 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46354-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligomerization of protein into specific quaternary structures plays important biological functions, including regulation of gene expression, enzymes activity, and cell–cell interactions. Here, we report the determination of two crystal structures of the Grimontia hollisae (formally described as Vibrio hollisae) thermostable direct hemolysin (Gh–TDH), a pore-forming toxin. The toxin crystalized in the same space group of P21212, but with two different crystal packing patterns, each revealing three consistent tetrameric oligomerization forms called Oligomer–I, –II, and –III. A central pore with comparable depth of ~50 Å but differing in shape and size was observed in all determined toxin tetrameric oligomers. A common motif of a toxin dimer was found in all determined structures, suggesting a plausible minimum functional unit within the tetrameric structure in cell membrane binding and possible hemolytic activity. Our results show that bacterial toxins may form a single or highly symmetric oligomerization state when exerting their biological functions. The dynamic nature of multiple symmetric oligomers formed upon release of the toxin may open a niche for bacteria survival in harsh living environments.
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19
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Sensitive and rapid detection of cholera toxin subunit B using magnetic frequency mixing detection. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219356. [PMID: 31276546 PMCID: PMC6611628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholera is a life-threatening disease caused by the cholera toxin (CT) as produced by some Vibrio cholerae serogroups. In this research we present a method which directly detects the toxin’s B subunit (CTB) in drinking water. For this purpose we performed a magnetic sandwich immunoassay inside a 3D immunofiltration column. We used two different commercially available antibodies to capture CTB and for binding to superparamagnetic beads. ELISA experiments were performed to select the antibody combination. The beads act as labels for the magnetic frequency mixing detection technique. We show that the limit of detection depends on the type of magnetic beads. A nonlinear Hill curve was fitted to the calibration measurements by means of a custom-written python software. We achieved a sensitive and rapid detection of CTB within a broad concentration range from 0.2 ng/ml to more than 700 ng/ml.
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20
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Berselli GB, Sarangi NK, Ramadurai S, Murphy PV, Keyes TE. Microcavity-Supported Lipid Membranes: Versatile Platforms for Building Asymmetric Lipid Bilayers and for Protein Recognition. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:3404-3417. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme B. Berselli
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Nirod Kumar Sarangi
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Sivaramakrishnan Ramadurai
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Paul V. Murphy
- School of Chemistry, NUI Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Tia E. Keyes
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
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21
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Understanding cellular glycan surfaces in the central nervous system. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 47:89-100. [PMID: 30559272 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation, the enzymatic process by which glycans are attached to proteins and lipids, is the most abundant and functionally important type of post-translational modification associated with brain development, neurodegenerative disorders, psychopathologies and brain cancers. Glycan structures are diverse and complex; however, they have been detected and targeted in the central nervous system (CNS) by various immunohistochemical detection methods using glycan-binding proteins such as anti-glycan antibodies or lectins and/or characterized with analytical techniques such as chromatography and mass spectrometry. The glycan structures on glycoproteins and glycolipids expressed in neural stem cells play key roles in neural development, biological processes and CNS maintenance, such as cell adhesion, signal transduction, molecular trafficking and differentiation. This brief review will highlight some of the important findings on differential glycan expression across stages of CNS cell differentiation and in pathological disorders and diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, schizophrenia and brain cancer.
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22
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Lee D, Mohr A, Kwon JSI, Wu HJ. Kinetic Monte Carlo modeling of multivalent binding of CTB proteins with GM1 receptors. Comput Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Lee D, Singla A, Wu HJ, Kwon JSI. An integrated numerical and experimental framework for modeling of CTB and GD1b ganglioside binding kinetics. AIChE J 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.16209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongheon Lee
- Artie McFerrin Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Texas A&M University; College Station TX 77840
| | - Akshi Singla
- Artie McFerrin Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Texas A&M University; College Station TX 77840
| | - Hung-Jen Wu
- Artie McFerrin Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Texas A&M University; College Station TX 77840
| | - Joseph Sang-Il Kwon
- Artie McFerrin Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Texas A&M University; College Station TX 77840
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24
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Raghunathan K, Kenworthy AK. Dynamic pattern generation in cell membranes: Current insights into membrane organization. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:2018-2031. [PMID: 29752898 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
It has been two decades since the lipid raft hypothesis was first presented. Even today, whether these nanoscale cholesterol-rich domains are present in cell membranes is not completely resolved. However, especially in the last few years, a rich body of literature has demonstrated both the presence and the importance of non-random distribution of biomolecules on the membrane, which is the focus of this review. These new developments have pushed the experimental limits of detection and have brought us closer to observing lipid domains in the plasma membrane of live cells. Characterization of biomolecules associated with lipid rafts has revealed a deep connection between biological regulation and function and membrane compositional heterogeneities. Finally, tantalizing new developments in the field have demonstrated that lipid domains might not just be associated with the plasma membrane of eukaryotes but could potentially be a ubiquitous membrane-organizing principle in several other biological systems. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Emergence of Complex Behavior in Biomembranes edited by Marjorie Longo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnan Raghunathan
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA 15224, USA.
| | - Anne K Kenworthy
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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25
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Zuverink M, Barbieri JT. Protein Toxins That Utilize Gangliosides as Host Receptors. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2018; 156:325-354. [PMID: 29747819 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Subsets of protein toxins utilize gangliosides as host receptors. Gangliosides are preferred receptors due to their extracellular localization on the eukaryotic cell and due to their essential nature in host physiology. Glycosphingolipids, including gangliosides, are mediators of signal transduction within and between eukaryotic cells. Protein toxins possess AB structure-function organization, where the A domain encodes a catalytic function for the posttranslational modification of a host macromolecule, including proteins and nucleic acids, and a B domain, which encodes host receptor recognition, including proteins and glycosphingolipids, alone or in combination. Protein toxins use similar strategies to bind glycans by pockets and loops, generally employing hydrogen bonding and aromatic stacking to stabilize interactions with sugars. In some cases, glycan binding facilitates uptake, while in other cases, cross-linking or a second receptor is necessary to stimulate entry. The affinity that protein toxins have for host glycans is necessary for tissue targeting, but not always sufficient to cause disease. In addition to affinity for binding the glycan, the lipid moiety also plays an important role in productive uptake and tissue tropism. Upon endocytosis, the protein toxin must escape to another intracellular compartment or into cytosol to modify a host substrate, modulating host signaling, often resulting in cytotoxic or apoptotic events in the cell, and a unique morbidity for the organism. The study of protein toxins that utilize gangliosides as host receptors has illuminated numerous eukaryotic cellular processes, identified the basis for developing interventions to prevent disease through vaccines and control bacterial diseases through therapies. In addition, subsets of these protein toxins have been utilized as therapeutic agents to treat numerous human inflictions.
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26
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Amatsu S, Matsumura T, Yutani M, Fujinaga Y. Multivalency effects of hemagglutinin component of type B botulinum neurotoxin complex on epithelial barrier disruption. Microbiol Immunol 2018; 62:80-89. [DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sho Amatsu
- Department of Bacteriology; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kanazawa University; Ishikawa 920-8640 Japan
| | - Takuhiro Matsumura
- Department of Bacteriology; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kanazawa University; Ishikawa 920-8640 Japan
| | - Masahiro Yutani
- Department of Bacteriology; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kanazawa University; Ishikawa 920-8640 Japan
| | - Yukako Fujinaga
- Department of Bacteriology; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kanazawa University; Ishikawa 920-8640 Japan
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27
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Gupta M, Pandey H, Sivakumar S. Intracellular Delivery of β-Galactosidase Enzyme Using Arginase-Responsive Dextran Sulfate/Poly-l-arginine Capsule for Lysosomal Storage Disorder. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:9002-9012. [PMID: 30023598 PMCID: PMC6044979 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
β-Galactosidase (β-gal) is one of the important lysosomal enzymes that is involved in the breakdown of glycosphingolipids (e.g., GM1 ganglioside), and its deficiency leads to GM1 Gangliosidosis, a lysosomal storage disorder (LSD). Intracellular delivery of β-gal is one of the preferable methods to treat this kind of LSDs. However, it cannot permeate the cell membrane due to its intricate macromolecular nature, low stability, and degradation by endogenous proteases. To this end, we report efficient intracellular delivery of β-gal via arginase-responsive dextran sulfate/poly-l-arginine polymer capsules (DS/PA capsules). The therapeutic activity of β-gal enzyme has been assessed in two gene-deficient diseased cell lines, SV (β-galactosidase gene-deficient mouse fibroblast) and R201C (deficient human β-galactosidase gene-introduced mouse fibroblast), and in wild-type mouse fibroblast immortalized cell lines. The activity of β-gal enzyme has been estimated within cells by using fluorescein isothiocyanate-cholera toxin B as a florescent probe that illustrates the level of GM1 ganglioside, the β-gal substrate. We found 1.8-, 3.4-, and 2.8-fold reduction in the substrate level in R201C, SV, and wild-type mouse fibroblast, respectively, which confirms the release and therapeutic activity of β-gal enzyme inside the cells. Moreover, enzyme delivery in gene-deficient diseased cell lines (SV and R201C) via DS/PA capsules reduced the level of enzyme substrate to a normal endogenous level, which is present in untreated wild-type mouse fibroblast cells. We note that loading of β-gal enzyme within DS/PA capsules was estimated to be 3 mU per hundred capsules and more than 77% of β-gal is released within 12 h. Overall, these results highlight the potential of DS/PA capsules as an efficient delivery carrier for therapeutic enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Gupta
- Institute
of Pharmacy, Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj
University, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208024, India
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sam Higginbottom
University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211007, India
| | - Himanshu Pandey
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sam Higginbottom
University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211007, India
| | - Sri Sivakumar
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Material Science Programme, Centre for Nanoscience
and Soft Nanotechnology, Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
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28
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Pezeshkian W, Nåbo LJ, Ipsen JH. Cholera toxin B subunit induces local curvature on lipid bilayers. FEBS Open Bio 2017; 7:1638-1645. [PMID: 29123973 PMCID: PMC5666388 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The B subunit of the bacterial cholera toxin (CTxB) is responsible for the toxin binding to the cell membrane and its intracellular trafficking. CTxB binds to the monosialotetrahexosyl ganglioside at the plasma membrane of the target cell and mediates toxin internalization by endocytosis. CTxB induces a local membrane curvature that is essential for its clathrin-independent uptake. Using all-atom molecular dynamics, we show that CTxB induces local curvature, with the radius of curvature around 36 nm. The main feature of the CTxB molecular structure that causes membrane bending is the protruding alpha helices in the middle of the protein. Our study points to a generic protein design principle for generating local membrane curvature through specific binding to their lipid anchors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weria Pezeshkian
- Center for Biomembrane Physics (MEMPHYS) Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy (FKF) University of Southern Denmark Odense Odense M Denmark
| | - Lina J Nåbo
- Center for Biomembrane Physics (MEMPHYS) Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy (FKF) University of Southern Denmark Odense Odense M Denmark
| | - John H Ipsen
- Center for Biomembrane Physics (MEMPHYS) Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy (FKF) University of Southern Denmark Odense Odense M Denmark
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29
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Hetero-multivalent binding of cholera toxin subunit B with glycolipid mixtures. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 160:281-288. [PMID: 28946063 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
GM1 has generally been considered as the major receptor that binds to cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) due to its low dissociation constant. However, using a unique nanocube sensor technology, we have shown that CTB can also bind to other glycolipid receptors, fucosyl-GM1 and GD1b. Additionally, we have demonstrated that GM2 can contribute to CTB binding if present in a glycolipid mixture with a strongly binding receptor (GM1/fucosyl-GM1/GD1b). This hetero-multivalent binding result was unintuitive because the interaction between CTB and pure GM2 is negligible. We hypothesized that the reduced dimensionality of CTB-GM2 binding events is a major cause of the observed CTB binding enhancement. Once CTB has attached to a strong receptor, subsequent binding events are confined to a 2D membrane surface. Therefore, even a weak GM2 receptor could now participate in second or higher binding events because its surface reaction rate can be up to 104 times higher than the bulk reaction rate. To test this hypothesis, we altered the surface reaction rate by modulating the fluidity and heterogeneity of the model membrane. Decreasing membrane fluidity reduced the binding cooperativity between GM2 and a strong receptor. Our findings indicated a new protein-receptor binding assay, that can mimic complex cell membrane environment more accurately, is required to explore the inherent hetero-multivalency of the cell membrane. We have thus developed a new membrane perturbation protocol to efficiently screen receptor candidates involved in hetero-multivalent protein binding.
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30
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Parveen N, Block S, Zhdanov VP, Rydell GE, Höök F. Detachment of Membrane Bound Virions by Competitive Ligand Binding Induced Receptor Depletion. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:4049-4056. [PMID: 28350474 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b04582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Multivalent receptor-mediated interactions between virions and a lipid membrane can be weakened using competitive nonpathogenic ligand binding. In particular, the subsequent binding of such ligands can induce detachment of bound virions, a phenomenon of crucial relevance for the development of new antiviral drugs. Focusing on the simian virus 40 (SV40) and recombinant cholera toxin B subunit (rCTB), and using (monosialotetrahexosyl)ganglioside (GM1) as their common receptor in a supported lipid bilayer (SLB), we present the first detailed investigation of this phenomenon by employing the quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) and total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy assisted 2D single particle tracking (SPT) techniques. Analysis of the QCM-D-measured release kinetics made it possible to determine the binding strength of a single SV40-GM1 pair. The release dynamics of SV40, monitored by SPT, revealed that a notable fraction of SV40 becomes mobile just before the release, allowing to estimate the distribution of SV40-bound GM1 receptors just prior to release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagma Parveen
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology , Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stephan Block
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology , Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Vladimir P Zhdanov
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology , Gothenburg, Sweden
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Russian Academy of Sciences , Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Gustaf E Rydell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Höök
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology , Gothenburg, Sweden
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31
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Raghunathan K, Wong TH, Chinnapen DJ, Lencer WI, Jobling MG, Kenworthy AK. Glycolipid Crosslinking Is Required for Cholera Toxin to Partition Into and Stabilize Ordered Domains. Biophys J 2016; 111:2547-2550. [PMID: 27914621 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Current models of lipid rafts propose that lipid domains exist as nanoscale compositional fluctuations and these fluctuations can potentially be stabilized into larger domains, consequently better compartmentalizing cellular functions. However, the mechanisms governing stabilized raft assembly and function remain unclear. Here, we test the role of glycolipid crosslinking as a raft targeting and ordering mechanism using the well-studied raft marker cholera toxin B pentamer (CTxB) that binds up to five GM1 glycosphingolipids to enter host cells. We show that when applied to cell-derived giant plasma membrane vesicles, a variant of CTxB containing only a single functional GM1 binding site exhibits significantly reduced partitioning to the ordered phase compared to wild-type CTxB with five binding sites. Moreover, monovalent CTxB does not stabilize membrane domains, unlike wild-type CTxB. These results support the long-held hypothesis that CTxB stabilizes raft domains via a lipid crosslinking mechanism and establish a role for crosslinking in the partitioning of CTxB to ordered domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnan Raghunathan
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Tiffany H Wong
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Daniel J Chinnapen
- Harvard Medical School and the Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wayne I Lencer
- Harvard Medical School and the Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael G Jobling
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Anne K Kenworthy
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.
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32
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Napier BA, Brubaker SW, Sweeney TE, Monette P, Rothmeier GH, Gertsvolf NA, Puschnik A, Carette JE, Khatri P, Monack DM. Complement pathway amplifies caspase-11-dependent cell death and endotoxin-induced sepsis severity. J Exp Med 2016; 213:2365-2382. [PMID: 27697835 PMCID: PMC5068231 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Caspase-11–dependent cell death is controlled by carboxypeptidase B1 by inducing the cleavage of C3 and activation of C3aR. Cell death and release of proinflammatory mediators contribute to mortality during sepsis. Specifically, caspase-11–dependent cell death contributes to pathology and decreases in survival time in sepsis models. Priming of the host cell, through TLR4 and interferon receptors, induces caspase-11 expression, and cytosolic LPS directly stimulates caspase-11 activation, promoting the release of proinflammatory cytokines through pyroptosis and caspase-1 activation. Using a CRISPR-Cas9–mediated genome-wide screen, we identified novel mediators of caspase-11–dependent cell death. We found a complement-related peptidase, carboxypeptidase B1 (Cpb1), to be required for caspase-11 gene expression and subsequent caspase-11–dependent cell death. Cpb1 modifies a cleavage product of C3, which binds to and activates C3aR, and then modulates innate immune signaling. We find the Cpb1–C3–C3aR pathway induces caspase-11 expression through amplification of MAPK activity downstream of TLR4 and Ifnar activation, and mediates severity of LPS-induced sepsis (endotoxemia) and disease outcome in mice. We show C3aR is required for up-regulation of caspase-11 orthologues, caspase-4 and -5, in primary human macrophages during inflammation and that c3aR1 and caspase-5 transcripts are highly expressed in patients with severe sepsis; thus, suggesting that these pathways are important in human sepsis. Our results highlight a novel role for complement and the Cpb1–C3–C3aR pathway in proinflammatory signaling, caspase-11 cell death, and sepsis severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke A Napier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Sky W Brubaker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Timothy E Sweeney
- Division of Biomedical Informatics Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.,Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Patrick Monette
- Department of Biology, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT 05753
| | | | - Nina A Gertsvolf
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Andreas Puschnik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Jan E Carette
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Purvesh Khatri
- Division of Biomedical Informatics Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.,Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Denise M Monack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
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33
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Van Blerkom J, Zimmermann S. Ganglioside-enriched microdomains define an oolemma that is functionally polarized with respect to fertilizability in the mouse. Reprod Biomed Online 2016; 33:458-475. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2016.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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34
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Lawson CA, Martin DR. Animal models of GM2 gangliosidosis: utility and limitations. APPLICATION OF CLINICAL GENETICS 2016; 9:111-20. [PMID: 27499644 PMCID: PMC4959762 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s85354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
GM2 gangliosidosis, a subset of lysosomal storage disorders, is caused by a deficiency of the glycohydrolase, β-N-acetylhexosaminidase, and includes the closely related Tay–Sachs and Sandhoff diseases. The enzyme deficiency prevents the normal, stepwise degradation of ganglioside, which accumulates unchecked within the cellular lysosome, particularly in neurons. As a result, individuals with GM2 gangliosidosis experience progressive neurological diseases including motor deficits, progressive weakness and hypotonia, decreased responsiveness, vision deterioration, and seizures. Mice and cats are well-established animal models for Sandhoff disease, whereas Jacob sheep are the only known laboratory animal model of Tay–Sachs disease to exhibit clinical symptoms. Since the human diseases are relatively rare, animal models are indispensable tools for further study of pathogenesis and for development of potential treatments. Though no effective treatments for gangliosidoses currently exist, animal models have been used to test promising experimental therapies. Herein, the utility and limitations of gangliosidosis animal models and how they have contributed to the development of potential new treatments are described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Douglas R Martin
- Scott-Ritchey Research Center; Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL, USA
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35
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Moens PDJ, Digman MA, Gratton E. Modes of diffusion of cholera toxin bound to GM1 on live cell membrane by image mean square displacement analysis. Biophys J 2016; 108:1448-1458. [PMID: 25809257 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The image-mean square displacement technique applies the calculation of the mean square displacement commonly used in single-molecule tracking to images without resolving single particles. The image-mean square displacement plot obtained is similar to the mean square displacement plot obtained using the single-particle tracking technique. This plot is then used to reconstruct the protein diffusion law and to identify whether the labeled molecules are undergoing pure isotropic, restricted, corralled, transiently confined, or directed diffusion. In our study total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy images were taken of Cholera toxin subunit B (CtxB) membrane-labeled NIH 3T3 mouse fibroblasts and MDA 231 MB cells. We found a population of CTxB undergoing purely isotropic diffusion and one displaying restricted diffusion with corral sizes ranging from 150 to ∼1800 nm. We show that the diffusion rate of CTxB bound to GM1 is independent of the size of the confinement, suggesting that the mechanism of confinement is different from the mechanism controlling the diffusion rate of CtxB. We highlight the potential effect of continuous illumination on the diffusion mode of CTxB. We also show that aggregation of CTxB/GM1 in large complexes occurs and that these aggregates tend to have slower diffusion rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre D J Moens
- Centre for Bioactive Discovery in Health and Ageing, School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia.
| | - Michelle A Digman
- Centre for Bioactive Discovery in Health and Ageing, School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia; Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Enrico Gratton
- Centre for Bioactive Discovery in Health and Ageing, School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia; Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
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36
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Abstract
Lipid rafts are putative complexes of lipids and proteins in cellular membranes that are proposed to function in trafficking and signalling events. CTxB (cholera toxin B-subunit) has emerged as one of the most studied examples of a raft-associated protein. Consisting of the membrane-binding domain of cholera toxin, CTxB binds up to five copies of its lipid receptor on the plasma membrane of the host cell. This multivalency of binding gives the toxin the ability to reorganize underlying membrane structure by cross-linking otherwise small and transient lipid rafts. CTxB thus serves as a useful model for understanding the properties and functions of protein-stabilized domains. In the present chapter, we summarize current evidence that CTxB associates with and cross-links lipid rafts, discuss how CTxB binding modulates the architecture and dynamics of membrane domains, and describe the functional consequences of this cross-linking behaviour on toxin uptake into cells via endocytosis.
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37
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Capitan F, Robu AC, Popescu L, Flangea C, Vukelić Ž, Zamfir AD. B Subunit Monomers of Cholera Toxin Bind G1 Ganglioside Class as Revealed by Chip-Nanoelectrospray Multistage Mass Spectrometry. J Carbohydr Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2015.1085061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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38
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Day CA, Baetz NW, Copeland CA, Kraft LJ, Han B, Tiwari A, Drake KR, De Luca H, Chinnapen DJF, Davidson MW, Holmes RK, Jobling MG, Schroer TA, Lencer WI, Kenworthy AK. Microtubule motors power plasma membrane tubulation in clathrin-independent endocytosis. Traffic 2015; 16:572-90. [PMID: 25690058 PMCID: PMC4440230 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
How the plasma membrane is bent to accommodate clathrin-independent endocytosis remains uncertain. Recent studies suggest Shiga and cholera toxin induce membrane curvature required for their uptake into clathrin-independent carriers by binding and cross-linking multiple copies of their glycosphingolipid receptors on the plasma membrane. But it remains unclear if toxin-induced sphingolipid crosslinking provides sufficient mechanical force for deforming the plasma membrane, or if host cell factors also contribute to this process. To test this, we imaged the uptake of cholera toxin B-subunit into surface-derived tubular invaginations. We found that cholera toxin mutants that bind to only one glycosphingolipid receptor accumulated in tubules, and that toxin binding was entirely dispensable for membrane tubulations to form. Unexpectedly, the driving force for tubule extension was supplied by the combination of microtubules, dynein and dynactin, thus defining a novel mechanism for generating membrane curvature during clathrin-independent endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Day
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Current address: Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
| | - Nicholas W Baetz
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Courtney A Copeland
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lewis J Kraft
- Chemical and Physical Biology Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ajit Tiwari
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kimberly R Drake
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Heidi De Luca
- GI Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel J-F Chinnapen
- GI Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael W Davidson
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Randall K Holmes
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Michael G Jobling
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Trina A Schroer
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wayne I Lencer
- GI Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School and the Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anne K Kenworthy
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Chemical and Physical Biology Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Epithelial Biology Program, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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39
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Wang Y, Shan X, Dai Y, Jiang L, Chen G, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Dong L, Wu J, Guo G, Liang G. Curcumin Analog L48H37 Prevents Lipopolysaccharide-Induced TLR4 Signaling Pathway Activation and Sepsis via Targeting MD2. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 353:539-50. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.222570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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40
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Tumurkhuu G, Dagvadorj J, Jones HD, Chen S, Shimada K, Crother TR, Arditi M. Alternatively spliced myeloid differentiation protein-2 inhibits TLR4-mediated lung inflammation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 194:1686-94. [PMID: 25576596 PMCID: PMC4323992 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We previously identified a novel alternatively spliced isoform of human myeloid differentiation protein-2 (MD-2s) that competitively inhibits binding of MD-2 to TLR4 in vitro. In this study, we investigated the protective role of MD-2s in LPS-induced acute lung injury by delivering intratracheally an adenovirus construct that expressed MD-2s (Ad-MD-2s). After adenovirus-mediated gene transfer, MD-2s was strongly expressed in lung epithelial cells and readily detected in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Compared to adenovirus serotype 5 containing an empty vector lacking a transgene control mice, Ad-MD-2s delivery resulted in significantly less LPS-induced inflammation in the lungs, including less protein leakage, cell recruitment, and expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as IL-6, keratinocyte chemoattractant, and MIP-2. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from Ad-MD-2s mice transferred into lungs of naive mice before intratracheal LPS challenge diminished proinflammatory cytokine levels. As house dust mite (HDM) sensitization is dependent on TLR4 and HDM Der p 2, a structural homolog of MD-2, we also investigated the effect of MD-2s on HDM-induced allergic airway inflammation. Ad-MD-2s given before HDM sensitization significantly inhibited subsequent allergic airway inflammation after HDM challenge, including reductions in eosinophils, goblet cell hyperplasia, and IL-5 levels. Our study indicates that the alternatively spliced short isoform of human MD-2 could be a potential therapeutic candidate to treat human diseases induced or exacerbated by TLR4 signaling, such as Gram-negative bacterial endotoxin-induced lung injury and HDM-triggered allergic lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gantsetseg Tumurkhuu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048; and
| | - Jargalsaikhan Dagvadorj
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048; and
| | - Heather D Jones
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Shuang Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048; and
| | - Kenichi Shimada
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048; and
| | - Timothy R Crother
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048; and
| | - Moshe Arditi
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048; and
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41
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Aigal S, Claudinon J, Römer W. Plasma membrane reorganization: A glycolipid gateway for microbes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1853:858-71. [PMID: 25450969 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ligand-receptor interactions, which represent the core for cell signaling and internalization processes are largely affected by the spatial configuration of host cell receptors. There is a growing piece of evidence that receptors are not homogeneously distributed within the plasma membrane, but are rather pre-clustered in nanodomains, or clusters are formed upon ligand binding. Pathogens have evolved many strategies to evade the host immune system and to ensure their survival by hijacking plasma membrane receptors that are most often associated with lipid rafts. In this review, we discuss the early stage molecular and physiological events that occur following ligand binding to host cell glycolipids. The ability of various biological ligands (e.g. toxins, lectins, viruses or bacteria) that bind to glycolipids to induce their own uptake into mammalian cells by creating negative membrane curvature and membrane invaginations is explored. We highlight recent trends in understanding nanoscale plasma membrane (re-)organization and present the benefits of using synthetic membrane systems. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Nanoscale membrane organisation and signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahaja Aigal
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraβe 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Biology (IMPRS-MCB), Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Julie Claudinon
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraβe 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Winfried Römer
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraβe 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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42
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Abstract
This article describes a procedure to prepare a raft-like intracellular membrane fraction enriched for the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and endosomal compartments. The initial step in this technique involves cell disruption by homogenization, followed by clearance of the plasma membrane, late endosomes, mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum by differential sedimentation. Carbonate treatment, sonication and sucrose density-gradient ultracentrifugation are subsequently used to isolate the target membranes. The isolated subcellular fraction contains less than 1% of the total cellular proteins, but it is highly enriched for syntaxin-6 and Rab11. Typically, 40-60% of the cellular pool of GM1 glycosphingolipid and 10-20% of the total cellular cholesterol cofractionate with this buoyant membrane fraction. Given the role of GM1 as a cell-surface receptor for the cholera toxin and that levels of both GM1 and cholesterol in the TGN-endosomal compartment are upregulated in some inherited diseases, this protocol can potentially be applied to the analysis of disease-associated changes to GM1-enriched intracellular membranes. The isolated membranes are very well separated from caveolin-rich domains of the plasma membrane, the TGN and recycling endosomes. The entire protocol can be completed in as little as 1 d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark G Waugh
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
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43
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Arnaud J, Claudinon J, Tröndle K, Trovaslet M, Larson G, Thomas A, Varrot A, Römer W, Imberty A, Audfray A. Reduction of lectin valency drastically changes glycolipid dynamics in membranes but not surface avidity. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:1918-24. [PMID: 23855446 DOI: 10.1021/cb400254b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Multivalency is proposed to play a role in the strong avidity of lectins for glycosylated cell surfaces and also in their ability to affect membrane dynamics by clustering glycosphingolipids. Lectins with modified valency were designed from the β-propeller fold of Ralstonia solanacearum lectin (RSL) that presents six fucose binding sites. After identification of key amino acids by molecular dynamics calculations, two mutants with reduced valency were produced. Isothermal titration calorimetry confirmed the loss of three high affinity binding sites for both mutants. Crystal structures indicated that residual low affinity binding occurred in W76A but not in R17A. The trivalent R17A mutant presented unchanged avidity toward fucosylated surfaces, when compared to hexavalent RSL. However, R17A is not able anymore to induce formation of membrane invaginations on giant unilamellar vesicules, indicating the crucial role of number of binding sites for clustering of glycolipids. In the human lung epithelial cell line H1299, wt-RSL is internalized within seconds whereas the kinetics of R17A uptake is largely delayed. Neolectins with tailored valency are promising tools to study membrane dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Arnaud
- CERMAV-CNRS (affiliated to Grenoble Université and ICMG), BP53, 38041
Grenoble, France
| | - Julie Claudinon
- Institute
of Biology II, Schänzlestraße
1, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg,
79104 Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS—Centre
for Biological
Signalling Studies, Schänzlestraβe 18, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kevin Tröndle
- Institute
of Biology II, Schänzlestraße
1, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg,
79104 Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS—Centre
for Biological
Signalling Studies, Schänzlestraβe 18, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marie Trovaslet
- Département de Toxicologie, IRBA, 24 av des Maquis du Grésivaudan, 38700
La Tronche, France
| | - Göran Larson
- Department
of Clinical Chemistry
and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Aline Thomas
- CERMAV-CNRS (affiliated to Grenoble Université and ICMG), BP53, 38041
Grenoble, France
| | - Annabelle Varrot
- CERMAV-CNRS (affiliated to Grenoble Université and ICMG), BP53, 38041
Grenoble, France
| | - Winfried Römer
- Institute
of Biology II, Schänzlestraße
1, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg,
79104 Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS—Centre
for Biological
Signalling Studies, Schänzlestraβe 18, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anne Imberty
- CERMAV-CNRS (affiliated to Grenoble Université and ICMG), BP53, 38041
Grenoble, France
| | - Aymeric Audfray
- CERMAV-CNRS (affiliated to Grenoble Université and ICMG), BP53, 38041
Grenoble, France
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44
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Saslowsky DE, Te Welscher YM, Chinnapen DJF, Wagner JS, Wan J, Kern E, Lencer WI. Ganglioside GM1-mediated transcytosis of cholera toxin bypasses the retrograde pathway and depends on the structure of the ceramide domain. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:25804-25809. [PMID: 23884419 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.474957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholera toxin causes diarrheal disease by binding ganglioside GM1 on the apical membrane of polarized intestinal epithelial cells and trafficking retrograde through sorting endosomes, the trans-Golgi network (TGN), and into the endoplasmic reticulum. A fraction of toxin also moves from endosomes across the cell to the basolateral plasma membrane by transcytosis, thus breeching the intestinal barrier. Here we find that sorting of cholera toxin into this transcytotic pathway bypasses retrograde transport to the TGN. We also find that GM1 sphingolipids can traffic from apical to basolateral membranes by transcytosis in the absence of toxin binding but only if the GM1 species contain cis-unsaturated or short acyl chains in the ceramide domain. We found previously that the same GM1 species are needed to efficiently traffic retrograde into the TGN and endoplasmic reticulum and into the recycling endosome, implicating a shared mechanism of action for sorting by lipid shape among these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Saslowsky
- From the Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital,; Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, and; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115.
| | - Yvonne M Te Welscher
- From the Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital,; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Daniel J-F Chinnapen
- From the Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital,; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Jessica S Wagner
- From the Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital,; Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, and
| | - Joy Wan
- From the Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital
| | - Eli Kern
- From the Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital
| | - Wayne I Lencer
- From the Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital,; Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, and; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
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45
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Hussain MRM, Asfour H, Yasir M, Khan A, Mohamoud HSA, Al-Aama JY. The Microbial Pathology of Neu5Ac and Gal Epitopes. J Carbohydr Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2013.793773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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