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Virulence-related regulatory network of Pseudomonas syringae. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:6259-6270. [DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Xie Y, Ding Y, Shao X, Yao C, Li J, Liu J, Deng X. Pseudomonas syringae senses polyphenols via phosphorelay crosstalk to inhibit virulence. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e52805. [PMID: 34580996 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202152805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria use a variety of mechanisms, such as two-component regulatory systems (TCSs), to rapidly sense and respond to distinct conditions and signals in their host organisms. For example, a type III secretion system (T3SS) is a key determinant of the virulence of the model plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae and contains the TCS RhpRS as a key regulator. However, the plant-derived compound targeting RhpRS remains unknown. Here, we report that RhpRS directly interacts with polyphenols and responds by switching off P. syringae T3SS via crosstalk with alternative histidine kinases. We identify three natural polyphenols that induce the expression of the rhpRS operon in an RhpS-dependent manner. The presence of these three specific polyphenols inhibits the phosphatase activity of RhpS, thus suppressing T3SS activation in T3SS-inducing conditions. The Pro40 residue of RhpS is essential to respond to these polyphenols. In addition, three non-cognate histidine kinases cooperatively phosphorylate RhpR and antagonize the rhpS mutant phenotype. This work illustrates that plant polyphenols can directly target P. syringae RhpRS, which results in bacterial virulence being switched off via a phosphorylation-related crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingpeng Xie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yiqing Ding
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaolong Shao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chunyan Yao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jingwei Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jingui Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xin Deng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
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Yuan X, Hulin MT, Sundin GW. Effectors, chaperones, and harpins of the Type III secretion system in the fire blight pathogen Erwinia amylovora: a review. JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 103:25-39. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1007/s42161-020-00623-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
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O’Malley MR, Anderson JC. Regulation of the Pseudomonas syringae Type III Secretion System by Host Environment Signals. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061227. [PMID: 34198761 PMCID: PMC8228185 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas syringae are Gram-negative, plant pathogenic bacteria that use a type III secretion system (T3SS) to disarm host immune responses and promote bacterial growth within plant tissues. Despite the critical role for type III secretion in promoting virulence, T3SS-encoding genes are not constitutively expressed by P. syringae and must instead be induced during infection. While it has been known for many years that culturing P. syringae in synthetic minimal media can induce the T3SS, relatively little is known about host signals that regulate the deployment of the T3SS during infection. The recent identification of specific plant-derived amino acids and organic acids that induce T3SS-inducing genes in P. syringae has provided new insights into host sensing mechanisms. This review summarizes current knowledge of the regulatory machinery governing T3SS deployment in P. syringae, including master regulators HrpRS and HrpL encoded within the T3SS pathogenicity island, and the environmental factors that modulate the abundance and/or activity of these key regulators. We highlight putative receptors and regulatory networks involved in linking the perception of host signals to the regulation of the core HrpRS–HrpL pathway. Positive and negative regulation of T3SS deployment is also discussed within the context of P. syringae infection, where contributions from distinct host signals and regulatory networks likely enable the fine-tuning of T3SS deployment within host tissues. Last, we propose future research directions necessary to construct a comprehensive model that (a) links the perception of host metabolite signals to T3SS deployment and (b) places these host–pathogen signaling events in the overall context of P. syringae infection.
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Gazi AD, Kokkinidis M, Fadouloglou VE. α-Helices in the Type III Secretion Effectors: A Prevalent Feature with Versatile Roles. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115412. [PMID: 34063760 PMCID: PMC8196651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Type III Secretion Systems (T3SSs) are multicomponent nanomachines located at the cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria. Their main function is to transport bacterial proteins either extracellularly or directly into the eukaryotic host cell cytoplasm. Type III Secretion effectors (T3SEs), latest to be secreted T3S substrates, are destined to act at the eukaryotic host cell cytoplasm and occasionally at the nucleus, hijacking cellular processes through mimicking eukaryotic proteins. A broad range of functions is attributed to T3SEs, ranging from the manipulation of the host cell's metabolism for the benefit of the bacterium to bypassing the host's defense mechanisms. To perform this broad range of manipulations, T3SEs have evolved numerous novel folds that are compatible with some basic requirements: they should be able to easily unfold, pass through the narrow T3SS channel, and refold to an active form when on the other side. In this review, the various folds of T3SEs are presented with the emphasis placed on the functional and structural importance of α-helices and helical domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia D. Gazi
- Unit of Technology & Service Ultrastructural Bio-Imaging (UTechS UBI), Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (A.D.G.); (V.E.F.)
| | - Michael Kokkinidis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Nikolaou Plastira 100, Heraklion, 70013 Crete, Greece;
- Department of Biology, Voutes University Campus, University of Crete, Heraklion, 70013 Crete, Greece
| | - Vasiliki E. Fadouloglou
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
- Correspondence: (A.D.G.); (V.E.F.)
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Shao X, Tan M, Xie Y, Yao C, Wang T, Huang H, Zhang Y, Ding Y, Liu J, Han L, Hua C, Wang X, Deng X. Integrated regulatory network in Pseudomonas syringae reveals dynamics of virulence. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108920. [PMID: 33789108 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas syringae, a Gram-negative plant pathogen, expresses multitudinous transcriptional regulators to control the type III secretion system (T3SS) and response to diverse environmental challenges. Although the mechanisms of virulence-associated regulators of P. syringae have been studied for decades, the overall crosstalk underlying these regulators is still elusive. Here, we identify five T3SS regulators (EnvZ-OmpR, CbrAB2, PhoPQ, PilRS, and MgrA), and find that the two-component systems EnvZ-OmpR and CbrAB2 negatively regulate the T3SS. To elucidate crosstalk between 16 virulence-associated regulators in P. syringae, we map an online intricate network called "PSRnet" (Pseudomonas syringae regulatory network) by combining the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of these 16 regulators by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and their binding loci by chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq). Consequently, we identify 238 and 153 functional genes involved in the T3SS and other virulence-related pathways in KB and MM media, respectively. Our results provide insights into the mechanism of plant infections caused by P. syringae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Shao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Miaomiao Tan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yingpeng Xie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chunyan Yao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hao Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yingchao Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yiqing Ding
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jingui Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Liangliang Han
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Canfeng Hua
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China.
| | - Xin Deng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China.
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Xie Y, Liu W, Shao X, Zhang W, Deng X. Signal transduction schemes in Pseudomonas syringae. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:3415-3424. [PMID: 33294136 PMCID: PMC7691447 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To cope with their continually fluctuating surroundings, pathovars of the unicellular phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae have developed rapid and sophisticated signalling networks to sense extracellular stimuli, which allow them to adjust their cellular composition to survive and cause diseases in host plants. Comparative genomic analyses of P. syringae strains have identified various genes that encode several classes of signalling proteins, although how this bacterium directly perceives these environmental cues remains elusive. Recent work has revealed new mechanisms of a cluster of bacterial signal transduction systems that mainly include two-component systems (such as RhpRS, GacAS, CvsRS and AauRS), extracytoplasmic function sigma factors (such as HrpL and AlgU), nucleotide-based secondary messengers, methyl-accepting chemotaxis sensor proteins and several other intracellular surveillance systems. In this review, we compile a list of the signal transduction mechanisms that P. syringae uses to monitor and respond in a timely manner to intracellular and external conditions. Further understanding of these surveillance processes will provide new perspectives from which to combat P. syringae infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingpeng Xie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong 999077, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Wenbao Liu
- College of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Shandong Agriculture and Engineering University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiaolong Shao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong 999077, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xin Deng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong 999077, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.,Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
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Charova SN, Dölfors F, Holmquist L, Moschou PN, Dixelius C, Tzelepis G. The RsRlpA Effector Is a Protease Inhibitor Promoting Rhizoctonia solani Virulence through Suppression of the Hypersensitive Response. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218070. [PMID: 33138028 PMCID: PMC7662947 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani (Rs) is a soil-borne pathogen with a broad host range. This pathogen incites a wide range of disease symptoms. Knowledge regarding its infection process is fragmented, a typical feature for basidiomycetes. In this study, we aimed at identifying potential fungal effectors and their function. From a group of 11 predicted single gene effectors, a rare lipoprotein A (RsRlpA), from a strain attacking sugar beet was analyzed. The RsRlpA gene was highly induced upon early-stage infection of sugar beet seedlings, and heterologous expression in Cercospora beticola demonstrated involvement in virulence. It was also able to suppress the hypersensitive response (HR) induced by the Avr4/Cf4 complex in transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana plants and functioned as an active protease inhibitor able to suppress Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) burst. This effector contains a double-psi beta-barrel (DPBB) fold domain, and a conserved serine at position 120 in the DPBB fold domain was found to be crucial for HR suppression. Overall, R. solani seems to be capable of inducing an initial biotrophic stage upon infection, suppressing basal immune responses, followed by a switch to necrotrophic growth. However, regulatory mechanisms between the different lifestyles are still unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyridoula N. Charova
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Foundation of Research and Technology-HELLAS, GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (S.N.C.); (P.N.M.)
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Voutes University Campus, P.O. Box 2208, GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Fredrik Dölfors
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Linnean Center for Plant Biology, P.O. Box 7080, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden; (F.D.); (C.D.)
| | - Louise Holmquist
- MariboHilleshög Research AB, Säbyholmsvägen 24, S-26191 Landskrona, Sweden;
| | - Panagiotis N. Moschou
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Foundation of Research and Technology-HELLAS, GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (S.N.C.); (P.N.M.)
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Voutes University Campus, P.O. Box 2208, GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Linnean Center for Plant Biology, P.O. Box 7080, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden; (F.D.); (C.D.)
| | - Christina Dixelius
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Linnean Center for Plant Biology, P.O. Box 7080, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden; (F.D.); (C.D.)
| | - Georgios Tzelepis
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Box 7026, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-18-67181503
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Xie Y, Shao X, Deng X. Regulation of type III secretion system inPseudomonas syringae. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:4465-4477. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingpeng Xie
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCity University of Hong Kong Kowloon Tong Hong Kong SAR 999077 China
| | - Xiaolong Shao
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCity University of Hong Kong Kowloon Tong Hong Kong SAR 999077 China
| | - Xin Deng
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCity University of Hong Kong Kowloon Tong Hong Kong SAR 999077 China
- Shenzhen Research InstituteCity University of Hong Kong Shenzhen 518057 China
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