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Samudralwar RD, Bailey TC, Vellimana AK, Wright NM, Clifford DB. Mycobacterium haemophilum Related Myelitis in Geographically Linked Cases. Ann Neurol 2024; 95:614-616. [PMID: 37953637 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rohini D Samudralwar
- Division of Multiple Sclerosis and Related Neuroinflammatory Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Thomas C Bailey
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ananth K Vellimana
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - David B Clifford
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
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2
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Sun Y, Li H. Mycobacterium haemophilum infection in immunocompetent adults: a literature review and case report. Int J Dermatol 2024; 63:169-176. [PMID: 38058233 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.16874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium haemophilum has been increasingly found in severely immunocompromised patients but is scarcely reported in immunocompetent adults. METHODS We systematically reviewed previous literature to identify studies on infection in immunocompetent adults. Articles reporting at least one case of M. haemophilum infection were included. We excluded articles involving patients who had immunosuppression-related diseases and routinely used glucocorticoids or immunosuppressants. We also reported a case of a young immunocompetent woman infected by M. haemophilum along the eyebrows, which was probably due to the use of an eyebrow pencil retrieved from a sink drain. RESULTS Twelve qualifying articles reporting M. haemophilum infection in immunocompetent adults were identified. Among them, most cases report skin lesions along the eyebrows, and the remaining had cervicofacial lymphadenitis, lesions on the arm or fingers, inflammation in the eyeballs, or ulceration in the perineal region. Most cases were caused by tattoos, make-up, injury, or surgical operation. For diagnosis, specialized tissue culture sensitivity was roughly 75%, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test sensitivity was approximately 89%. Triple antibiotic therapy for 3 to 24 months, or surgical excision was effective in controlling infection. CONCLUSION M. haemophilum infection should be considered if routine antibacterial and glucocorticoid treatments are ineffective against the disease, even in healthy adults. To definitively diagnose this infection, conditioned tissue culture or PCR testing is required. Treatment usually involves a combination of multiple antibiotics and, if necessary, surgical removal of infected tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huiyan Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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De New KM, Coates JR, Wellehan J, Gull T, Childress A, Anderson MN, Royal AB. Mycobacterium haemophilum infection in canine cerebrospinal fluid. Vet Clin Pathol 2023. [PMID: 36931892 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
A 4-year-old female spayed Australian cattle dog was presented to the Emergency Service at the University of Missouri Veterinary Health Center Small Animal Hospital for generalized pain and lethargy. At presentation, the dog showed severe cervical spinal pain and thoracic limb deficits consistent with a multifocal neuroanatomic localization. Magnetic resonance imaging of the cervical spine revealed T2 and T1 postcontrast intense signal extending from the level of the medulla through C5 most marked in the caudal brainstem and cranial cervical spinal cord. The suspected diagnosis was severe meningoencephalomyelitis and secondary edema. Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected from the cerebellomedullary cistern revealed a marked mixed pleocytosis with intralesional structures morphologically consistent with Mycobacterium sp. Standard DNA PCR assay performed on the CSF yielded the presence of Mycobacterium haemophilum. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported case of CNS mycobacteriosis diagnosed on CSF analysis in a dog.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jim Wellehan
- University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Tamara Gull
- University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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4
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Nielsen M, Kreiter C, Polsfuß S, Krause A. [Two severe cases of disseminated cutaneous nontuberculous mycobacteriosis due to Mycobacterium haemophilum]. Z Rheumatol 2023; 82:143-150. [PMID: 34825949 DOI: 10.1007/s00393-021-01131-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium haemophilum is a rare pathogen belonging to the group of slowly growing nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) that can cause infections, especially in immunocompromised patients. Detection by culturing is difficult because M. haemophilum only grows under special cultivation conditions. Therefore, it is believed that the pathogen is too rarely identified as a cause of disease overall. In addition to patients with severe immunodeficiency, e.g. due to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), chemotherapy or immunosuppression after transplantation, patients with underlying rheumatic diseases are increasingly described in the literature, who are at risk due to the immunosuppressive treatment regimen. Clinically, ulcerative skin alterations, lymphadenopathy and arthropathy are in the foreground. In immunosuppressed patients with unclear skin lesions, infections due to M. haemophilum should be considered and specific microbiological diagnostics should be initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Nielsen
- Abteilung Rheumatologie, Klinische Immunologie und Osteologie - Standort Wannsee, Immanuel Krankenhaus Berlin - Klinik für Innere Medizin, Berlin, Deutschland.
| | - Carolin Kreiter
- Abteilung Rheumatologie, Klinische Immunologie und Osteologie - Standort Buch, Immanuel Krankenhaus Berlin - Klinik für Innere Medizin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Silke Polsfuß
- Immunologie und Laboratoriumsmedizin, Helios Klinikum Emil von Behring Berlin - Institut für Mikrobiologie, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Andreas Krause
- Abteilung Rheumatologie, Klinische Immunologie und Osteologie - Standort Wannsee, Immanuel Krankenhaus Berlin - Klinik für Innere Medizin, Berlin, Deutschland
- Abteilung Rheumatologie, Klinische Immunologie und Osteologie - Standort Buch, Immanuel Krankenhaus Berlin - Klinik für Innere Medizin, Berlin, Deutschland
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5
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Romero-Navarrete M, Arenas R, Han XY, Vega-Memije ME, Castillo-Solana AD. Leprosy Caused by Mycobacterium lepromatosis. Am J Clin Pathol 2022; 158:678-686. [PMID: 36200553 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqac110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Leprosy is caused by Mycobacterium leprae or Mycobacterium lepromatosis. This study reviews literature on M lepromatosis and reports on a Mexican family with this infection. METHODS The review included all primary studies. Family history and surveys were used to uncover the infection cluster. Genome-based differential polymerase chain reactions were designed to detect etiologic agents. RESULTS Since the discovery of M lepromatosis in 2008, 154 cases of M lepromatosis infection from 11 countries in the Americas and Asia have been reported, with most cases coming from Mexico. These cases included diffuse lepromatous leprosy (DLL) and other leprosy forms. Genomes of M lepromatosis strains have lately been sequenced, revealing 3,271,694 nucleotides and approximately 15% mismatches with M leprae. The Mexican family with leprosy involved the grandfather, mother, and 2 grandsons. The index was the oldest grandson, who manifested DLL and likely contracted the infection from his maternal grandfather approximately 13 years earlier. Family surveys diagnosed DLL in the index patient's mother and borderline leprosy in his brother; both were likely infected by the index patient. M lepromatosis was identified from archived biopsies from the index patient and his mother, while M leprae was excluded. CONCLUSIONS M lepromatosis is a significant cause of leprosy in Mexico and requires better surveillance and control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberto Arenas
- General Hospital Dr Manuel Gea González, Mexico City, Mexicos
| | - Xiang Y Han
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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6
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Silva FJ, Santos-Garcia D, Zheng X, Zhang L, Han XY. Construction and Analysis of the Complete Genome Sequence of Leprosy Agent Mycobacterium lepromatosis. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0169221. [PMID: 35467405 PMCID: PMC9248898 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01692-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is caused by Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis. We report construction and analyses of the complete genome sequence of M. lepromatosis FJ924. The genome contained 3,271,694 nucleotides to encode 1,789 functional genes and 1,564 pseudogenes. It shared 1,420 genes and 885 pseudogenes (71.4%) with M. leprae but differed in 1,281 genes and pseudogenes (28.6%). In phylogeny, the leprosy bacilli started from a most recent common ancestor (MRCA) that diverged ~30 million years ago (Mya) from environmental organism Mycobacterium haemophilum. The MRCA then underwent reductive evolution with pseudogenization, gene loss, and chromosomal rearrangements. Analysis of the shared pseudogenes estimated the pseudogenization event ~14 Mya, shortly before species bifurcation. Afterwards, genomic changes occurred to lesser extent in each species. Like M. leprae, four major types of highly repetitive sequences were detected in M. lepromatosis, contributing to chromosomal rearrangements within and after MRCA. Variations in genes and copy numbers were noted, such as three copies of the gene encoding bifunctional diguanylate cyclase/phosphodiesterase in M. lepromatosis, but single copy in M. leprae; 6 genes encoding the TetR family transcriptional regulators in M. lepromatosis, but 11 such genes in M. leprae; presence of hemW gene in M. lepromatosis, but absence in M. leprae; and others. These variations likely aid unique pathogenesis, such as diffuse lepromatous leprosy associated with M. lepromatosis, while the shared genomic features should explain the common pathogenesis of dermatitis and neuritis in leprosy. Together, these findings and the genomic data of M. lepromatosis may facilitate future research and care for leprosy. IMPORTANCE Leprosy is a dreaded infection that still affects millions of people worldwide. Mycobacterium lepromatosis is a recently recognized cause in addition to the well-known Mycobacterium leprae. M. lepromatosis is likely specific for diffuse lepromatous leprosy, a severe form of the infection and endemic in Mexico. This study constructed and annotated the complete genome sequence of M. lepromatosis FJ924 and performed comparative genomic analyses with related mycobacteria. The results afford new and refined insights into the genome size, gene repertoire, pseudogenes, phylogenomic relationship, genome organization and plasticity, process and timing of reductive evolution, and genetic and proteomic basis for pathogenesis. The availability of the complete M. lepromatosis genome may prove to be useful for future research and care for the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Silva
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), University of Valencia and CSIC, Paterna, Spain
- Genomics and Health Area, Foundation for the Promotion of Sanitary and Biomedical Research, Valencia, Spain
| | - Diego Santos-Garcia
- Laboratory of Biometry and Evolutionary Biology UMR CNRS, University of Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Xiaofeng Zheng
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiang Y. Han
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Tan WX, Tan KW, Tay YK, Ang CC. Erosive and granulomatous forearm dermatitis of the elderly, a new presentation for cutaneous Mycobacterium haemophilum infection: a brief report. Int J Dermatol 2021; 60:e309-e311. [PMID: 33650117 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.15484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xuan Tan
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ki Wei Tan
- Department of Dermatology, Changi General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Yong Kwang Tay
- Department of Dermatology, Changi General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Chia Chun Ang
- Department of Dermatology, Changi General Hospital, Singapore
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8
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Piñar G, Sclocchi MC, Pinzari F, Colaizzi P, Graf A, Sebastiani ML, Sterflinger K. The Microbiome of Leonardo da Vinci's Drawings: A Bio-Archive of Their History. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:593401. [PMID: 33329475 PMCID: PMC7718017 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.593401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven emblematic Leonardo da Vinci’s drawings were investigated through third generation sequencing technology (Nanopore). In addition, SEM analyses were carried out to acquire photographic documentation and to infer the nature of the micro-objects removed from the surface of the drawings. The Nanopore generated microbiomes can be used as a “bio-archive” of the drawings, offering a kind of fingerprint for current and future biological comparisons. This information might help to create a biological catalog of the drawings (cataloging), a microbiome-fingerprint for each single analyzed drawing, as a reference dataset for future studies (monitoring) and last but not least a bio-archive of the history of each single object (added value). Results showed a relatively high contamination with human DNA and a surprising dominance of bacteria over fungi. However, it was possible to identify typical bacteria of the human microbiome, which are mere contaminants introduced by handling of the drawings as well as other microorganisms that seem to have been introduced through vectors, such as insects and their droppings, visible through the SEM analyses. All drawings showed very specific bio-archives, but a core microbiome of bacteria and fungi that are repeatedly found in this type of material as true degraders were identified, such as members of the phyla Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes among bacteria, and fungi belonging to the classes Sordariomycetes and Eurotiomycetes. In addition, some similarities were observed that could be influenced by their geographical location (Rome or Turin), indicating the influence of this factor and denoting the importance of environmental and storage conditions on the specific microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Piñar
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Carla Sclocchi
- Laboratorio di Biologia, Istituto Centrale per la Patologia degli Archivi e del Libro (ICPAL), Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Pinzari
- Institute for Biological Systems (ISB), Council of National Research of Italy (CNR), Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Piero Colaizzi
- Laboratorio di Biologia, Istituto Centrale per la Patologia degli Archivi e del Libro (ICPAL), Rome, Italy
| | - Alexandra Graf
- Applied Life Sciences/Bioengineering/Bioinformatics, FH Campus, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Letizia Sebastiani
- Laboratorio di Biologia, Istituto Centrale per la Patologia degli Archivi e del Libro (ICPAL), Rome, Italy
| | - Katja Sterflinger
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
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9
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Herrera-Belaroussi A, Normand P, Pawlowski K, Fernandez MP, Wibberg D, Kalinowski J, Brachmann A, Berckx F, Lee N, Blom J, Pozzi AC, Fournier P, Bethencourt L, Dubost A, Abrouk D, Sellstedt A. Candidatus Frankia nodulisporulans sp. nov., an Alnus glutinosa-infective Frankia species unable to grow in pure culture and able to sporulate in-planta. Syst Appl Microbiol 2020; 43:126134. [PMID: 33059155 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2020.126134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We describe a new Frankia species, for three non-isolated strains obtained from Alnus glutinosa in France and Sweden, respectively. These strains can nodulate several Alnus species (A. glutinosa, A. incana, A. alnobetula), they form hyphae, vesicles and sporangia in the root nodule cortex but have resisted all attempts at isolation in pure culture. Their genomes have been sequenced, they are significantly smaller than those of other Alnus-infective species (5Mb instead of 7.5Mb) and are very closely related to one another (ANI of 100%). The name Candidatus Frankia nodulisporulans is proposed. The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession numbers for the 16S rRNA gene and draft genome sequences reported in this study for AgTrS, AgUmASt1 and AgUmASH1 are MT023539/LR778176/LR778180 and NZ_CADCWS000000000.1/CADDZU010000001/CADDZW010000001, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Herrera-Belaroussi
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5557, Ecologie Microbienne, INRA, UMR 1418, 43 bd du 11 novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Philippe Normand
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5557, Ecologie Microbienne, INRA, UMR 1418, 43 bd du 11 novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Katharina Pawlowski
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria P Fernandez
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5557, Ecologie Microbienne, INRA, UMR 1418, 43 bd du 11 novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Daniel Wibberg
- The Center for Biotechnology CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- The Center for Biotechnology CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Andreas Brachmann
- Biocenter of the LMU Munich, Genetics Section, Grosshaderner Str. 2-4, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Fede Berckx
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Natuschka Lee
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jochen Blom
- Bioinformatics & Systems Biology, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Hesse, Germany
| | - Adrien C Pozzi
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5557, Ecologie Microbienne, INRA, UMR 1418, 43 bd du 11 novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Pascale Fournier
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5557, Ecologie Microbienne, INRA, UMR 1418, 43 bd du 11 novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Lorine Bethencourt
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5557, Ecologie Microbienne, INRA, UMR 1418, 43 bd du 11 novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Audrey Dubost
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5557, Ecologie Microbienne, INRA, UMR 1418, 43 bd du 11 novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Danis Abrouk
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5557, Ecologie Microbienne, INRA, UMR 1418, 43 bd du 11 novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Anita Sellstedt
- Department of Plant Physiology, UPSC, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden.
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Leskinen S, Flowers X, Thoene K, Uhlemann AC, Goldman JE, Hickman RA. Meningomyeloencephalitis secondary to Mycobacterium haemophilum infection in AIDS. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:73. [PMID: 32430060 PMCID: PMC7236527 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-00937-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections by opportunistic non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are rising in global incidence. One emerging, slowly growing NTM is Mycobacterium haemophilum, which can cause skin, lung, bone, and soft tissue infections in immunocompromised patients as well as lymphadenitis in immunocompetent individuals. Detection of this microorganism is difficult using conventional culture-based methods and few reports have documented involvement of this pathogen within the central nervous system (CNS). We describe the neuropathologic autopsy findings of a 39-year-old man with AIDS who died secondary to M. haemophilum CNS infection. He initially presented with repeated bouts of pyrexia, nausea and vomiting, and altered mental status that required numerous hospitalizations. CSF infectious workups were consistently negative. His most recent admission identified hyperintensities within the brainstem by MRI and despite antibiotic therapies for suspected CNS infection, he died. Autopsy revealed a swollen brain with marked widening of the brainstem. Microscopic examination of the brain and spinal cord showed focal lymphohistiocytic infiltrates, gliosis and neuronal loss that were associated with acid-fast bacilli (AFB). The brainstem was the most severely damaged and AFB were found to congregate along arterial territories lending support to the notion of hematogenous spread as a mechanism for the organisms’ dissemination. 16S rRNA sequencing on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue enabled post-mortem identification of M. haemophilum. This sequencing methodology may permit diagnosis on CSF intra-vitam.
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Ploemacher T, Faber WR, Menke H, Rutten V, Pieters T. Reservoirs and transmission routes of leprosy; A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008276. [PMID: 32339201 PMCID: PMC7205316 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) and the more recently discovered Mycobacterium lepromatosis (M. lepromatosis). The two leprosy bacilli cause similar pathologic conditions. They primarily target the skin and the peripheral nervous system. Currently it is considered a Neglected Tropical Disease, being endemic in specific locations within countries of the Americas, Asia, and Africa, while in Europe it is only rarely reported. The reason for a spatial inequality in the prevalence of leprosy in so-called endemic pockets within a country is still largely unexplained. A systematic review was conducted targeting leprosy transmission research data, using PubMed and Scopus as sources. Publications between January 1, 1945 and July 1, 2019 were included. The transmission pathways of M. leprae are not fully understood. Solid evidence exists of an increased risk for individuals living in close contact with leprosy patients, most likely through infectious aerosols, created by coughing and sneezing, but possibly also through direct contact. However, this systematic review underscores that human-to-human transmission is not the only way leprosy can be acquired. The transmission of this disease is probably much more complicated than was thought before. In the Americas, the nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) has been established as another natural host and reservoir of M. leprae. Anthroponotic and zoonotic transmission have both been proposed as modes of contracting the disease, based on data showing identical M. leprae strains shared between humans and armadillos. More recently, in red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) with leprosy-like lesions in the British Isles M. leprae and M. lepromatosis DNA was detected. This finding was unexpected, because leprosy is considered a disease of humans (with the exception of the armadillo), and because it was thought that leprosy (and M. leprae) had disappeared from the United Kingdom. Furthermore, animals can be affected by other leprosy-like diseases, caused by pathogens phylogenetically closely related to M. leprae. These mycobacteria have been proposed to be grouped as a M. leprae-complex. We argue that insights from the transmission and reservoirs of members of the M. leprae-complex might be relevant for leprosy research. A better understanding of possible animal or environmental reservoirs is needed, because transmission from such reservoirs may partly explain the steady global incidence of leprosy despite effective and widespread multidrug therapy. A reduction in transmission cannot be expected to be accomplished by actions or interventions from the human healthcare domain alone, as the mechanisms involved are complex. Therefore, to increase our understanding of the intricate picture of leprosy transmission, we propose a One Health transdisciplinary research approach. Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) and the more recently discovered Mycobacterium lepromatosis (M. lepromatosis). The two leprosy bacilli cause similar stigmatizing pathologic conditions. M. leprae primarily targets the skin and the peripheral nervous system. Currently it is considered a Neglected Tropical Disease. The transmission pathways of M. leprae are not fully understood. Solid evidence exists of an increased risk for individuals living in close contact with leprosy patients, most likely through infectious aerosols, created by coughing and sneezing, but possibly also through direct contact. However, this systematic review underscores that human-to-human transmission is not the only way leprosy can be acquired. Anthroponotic and zoonotic transmission have both been proposed as modes of contracting the disease, based on data showing identical M. leprae strains shared between humans and armadillos. A better understanding of possible animal or environmental reservoirs is needed, because transmission from such reservoirs may partly explain the steady global incidence of leprosy despite effective and widespread multidrug therapy. Reducing transmission cannot be expected from the human healthcare domain alone, as the mechanisms involved are complex. Therefore, we propose a One Health transdisciplinary research approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ploemacher
- Faculty of Science, Freudenthal Institute & Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - William R. Faber
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henk Menke
- Faculty of Science, Freudenthal Institute & Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Victor Rutten
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
- Dept of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Republic of South Africa
| | - Toine Pieters
- Faculty of Science, Freudenthal Institute & Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Sapriel G, Brosch R. Shared Pathogenomic Patterns Characterize a New Phylotype, Revealing Transition toward Host-Adaptation Long before Speciation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Genome Biol Evol 2020; 11:2420-2438. [PMID: 31368488 PMCID: PMC6736058 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evz162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains one of the deadliest infectious diseases of humanity. To better understand the evolutionary history of host-adaptation of tubercle bacilli (MTB), we sought for mycobacterial species that were more closely related to MTB than the previously used comparator species Mycobacterium marinum and Mycobacterium kansasii. Our phylogenomic approach revealed some recently sequenced opportunistic mycobacterial pathogens, Mycobacterium decipiens, Mycobacterium lacus, Mycobacterium riyadhense, and Mycobacterium shinjukuense, to constitute a common clade with MTB, hereafter called MTB-associated phylotype (MTBAP), from which MTB have emerged. Multivariate and clustering analyses of genomic functional content revealed that the MTBAP lineage forms a clearly distinct cluster of species that share common genomic characteristics, such as loss of core genes, shift in dN/dS ratios, and massive expansion of toxin–antitoxin systems. Consistently, analysis of predicted horizontal gene transfer regions suggests that putative functions acquired by MTBAP members were markedly associated with changes in microbial ecology, for example adaption to intracellular stress resistance. Our study thus considerably deepens our view on MTB evolutionary history, unveiling a decisive shift that promoted conversion to host-adaptation among ancestral founders of the MTBAP lineage long before Mycobacterium tuberculosis has adapted to the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Sapriel
- UFR des Sciences de La Santé, Université de Versailles St. Quentin, Montigny le Bretonneux, France.,Atelier de Bioinformatique, ISYEB, UMR 7205, Paris, France
| | - Roland Brosch
- Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3525, Paris, France
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Larsen MH, Lacourciere K, Parker TM, Kraigsley A, Achkar JM, Adams LB, Dupnik KM, Hall-Stoodley L, Hartman T, Kanipe C, Kurtz SL, Miller MA, Salvador LCM, Spencer JS, Robinson RT. The Many Hosts of Mycobacteria 8 (MHM8): A conference report. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2020; 121:101914. [PMID: 32279870 PMCID: PMC7428850 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2020.101914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacteria are important causes of disease in human and animal hosts. Diseases caused by mycobacteria include leprosy, tuberculosis (TB), nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections and Buruli Ulcer. To better understand and treat mycobacterial disease, clinicians, veterinarians and scientists use a range of discipline-specific approaches to conduct basic and applied research, including conducting epidemiological surveys, patient studies, wildlife sampling, animal models, genetic studies and computational simulations. To foster the exchange of knowledge and collaboration across disciplines, the Many Hosts of Mycobacteria (MHM) conference series brings together clinical, veterinary and basic scientists who are dedicated to advancing mycobacterial disease research. Started in 2007, the MHM series recently held its 8th conference at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine (Bronx, NY). Here, we review the diseases discussed at MHM8 and summarize the presentations on research advances in leprosy, NTM and Buruli Ulcer, human and animal TB, mycobacterial disease comorbidities, mycobacterial genetics and 'omics, and animal models. A mouse models workshop, which was held immediately after MHM8, is also summarized. In addition to being a resource for those who were unable to attend MHM8, we anticipate this review will provide a benchmark to gauge the progress of future research concerning mycobacteria and their many hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle H Larsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Karen Lacourciere
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tina M Parker
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alison Kraigsley
- Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Achkar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Linda B Adams
- Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Healthcare Systems Bureau, National Hansen's Disease Programs, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Kathryn M Dupnik
- Center for Global Health, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luanne Hall-Stoodley
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Travis Hartman
- Center for Global Health, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carly Kanipe
- Department of Immunobiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA; Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Sherry L Kurtz
- Laboratory of Mucosal Pathogens and Cellular Immunology, Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Michele A Miller
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Liliana C M Salvador
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - John S Spencer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Richard T Robinson
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Eyer-Silva WDA, Almeida MRD, Martins CJ, Basílio-de-Oliveira RP, Araujo LFD, Basílio-de-Oliveira CA, Azevedo MCVMD, Pinto JFDC, Vasconcellos SEG, Rodrigues-Dos-Santos Í, MagdinierGomes H, Suffys PN. Antiretroviral therapy-induced paradoxical worsening of previously healed Mycobacterium haemophilum cutaneous lesions in advanced HIV infection. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2019; 61:e71. [PMID: 31859848 PMCID: PMC6922018 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201961071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium haemophilum is a nontuberculous mycobacterium that causes localized or disseminated disease, mainly in immunocompromised hosts. We report the case of a 35-year-old HIV-infected woman who presented with several enlarging cutaneous lesions over the arms and legs. Histopathological examination revealed the diagnosis of a cutaneous mycobacterial disease. Mycobacterial analyses unveiled M. haemophilum infection. Six months after completion of a successful antimycobacterial treatment, she developed an immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). This paradoxical relapse presented as tenderness, redness and swelling at the precise sites of the healed lesions and took place in the setting of significant recovery of the CD4 cell count (from 05 to 318 cells/mm 3 ). Microbiological analyses of these worsening lesions were negative, and they spontaneously remitted without the initiation of a novel antimycobacterial treatment cycle. M. haemophilum infection should always be considered as a cause of skin lesions in immunocompromised subjects. Physicians should be aware of the possibility of IRIS as a complication of successful antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients with M. haemophilum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter de Araujo Eyer-Silva
- Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Hospital Universitário Gaffrée e Guinle, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marina Rodrigues de Almeida
- Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Hospital Universitário Gaffrée e Guinle, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos José Martins
- Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Hospital Universitário Gaffrée e Guinle, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Panno Basílio-de-Oliveira
- Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Hospital Universitário Gaffrée e Guinle, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana Ferreira de Araujo
- Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Hospital Universitário Gaffrée e Guinle, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Basílio-de-Oliveira
- Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Hospital Universitário Gaffrée e Guinle, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Costa Velho Mendes de Azevedo
- Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Hospital Universitário Gaffrée e Guinle, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jorge Francisco da Cunha Pinto
- Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Hospital Universitário Gaffrée e Guinle, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Ícaro Rodrigues-Dos-Santos
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Aplicada a Micobactérias, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Harrison MagdinierGomes
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Aplicada a Micobactérias, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Philip Noel Suffys
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Aplicada a Micobactérias, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Intramedullary spinal cord lesions in an immunocompromised host due to Mycobacterium haemophilum. IDCases 2019; 19:e00674. [PMID: 32226763 PMCID: PMC7093745 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2019.e00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
M. haemophilum can produce severe disease in persons living with HIV/AIDS or other immunocompromised patients. The spectrum of disease caused by M. haemophilum may produce life-threatening central nervous system disease. The treatment of M. haemophilum when involving the CNS is challenging requiring multi-drug therapy. Patients with M. haemophilum central nervous system disease, with and without HIV, should be monitored for IRIS.
Mycobacterium haemophilum is a slow growing acid-fast bacillus (AFB) in the nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) group. M. haemophilum typically causes cervicofacial lymphadenitis in children, cutaneous diseases, septic arthritis and osteomyelitis. However, it rarely causes isolated spinal cord disease. We report the first case, to our knowledge, of isolated intramedullary spinal lesions secondary to M. haemophilum. This case involved a patient with newly diagnosed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). He developed significant immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) during his treatment. M. haemophilum should be on the differential for isolated intramedullary spinal lesions, particularly in immunocompromised patients. Given our patient’s severe IRIS, patients with HIV and M. haemophilum infection should be closely monitored for IRIS and treated aggressively. In high risk circumstances such as M. haemophilum spinal disease in patients with HIV, clinicians should consider pre-emptive treatment for IRIS.
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16
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Thakuri B, Graves AB, Chao A, Johansen SL, Goulding CW, Liptak MD. The affinity of MhuD for heme is consistent with a heme degrading function in vivo. Metallomics 2019; 10:1560-1563. [PMID: 30239544 DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00238j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
MhuD is a protein found in mycobacteria that can bind up to two heme molecules per protein monomer and catalyze the degradation of heme to mycobilin in vitro. Here the Kd1 for heme dissociation from heme-bound MhuD was determined to be 7.6 ± 0.8 nM and the Kd2 for heme dissocation from diheme-bound MhuD was determined to be 3.3 ± 1.1 μM. These data strongly suggest that MhuD is a competent heme oxygenase in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswash Thakuri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA.
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17
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van Wyk R, van Wyk M, Mashele SS, Nelson DR, Syed K. Comprehensive Comparative Analysis of Cholesterol Catabolic Genes/Proteins in Mycobacterial Species. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051032. [PMID: 30818787 PMCID: PMC6429209 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In dealing with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of the deadliest human disease—tuberculosis (TB)—utilization of cholesterol as a carbon source indicates the possibility of using cholesterol catabolic genes/proteins as novel drug targets. However, studies on cholesterol catabolism in mycobacterial species are scarce, and the number of mycobacterial species utilizing cholesterol as a carbon source is unknown. The availability of a large number of mycobacterial species’ genomic data affords an opportunity to explore and predict mycobacterial species’ ability to utilize cholesterol employing in silico methods. In this study, comprehensive comparative analysis of cholesterol catabolic genes/proteins in 93 mycobacterial species was achieved by deducing a comprehensive cholesterol catabolic pathway, developing a software tool for extracting homologous protein data and using protein structure and functional data. Based on the presence of cholesterol catabolic homologous proteins proven or predicted to be either essential or specifically required for the growth of M. tuberculosis H37Rv on cholesterol, we predict that among 93 mycobacterial species, 51 species will be able to utilize cholesterol as a carbon source. This study’s predictions need further experimental validation and the results should be taken as a source of information on cholesterol catabolism and genes/proteins involved in this process among mycobacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle van Wyk
- Unit for Drug Discovery Research, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9300, Free State, South Africa.
| | - Mari van Wyk
- Unit for Drug Discovery Research, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9300, Free State, South Africa.
| | - Samson Sitheni Mashele
- Unit for Drug Discovery Research, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9300, Free State, South Africa.
| | - David R Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Khajamohiddin Syed
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa.
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18
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Study of the whole genome, methylome and transcriptome of Cordyceps militaris. Sci Rep 2019; 9:898. [PMID: 30696919 PMCID: PMC6351555 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38021-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The complete genome of Cordyceps militaris was sequenced using single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing technology at a coverage over 300×. The genome size was 32.57 Mb, and 14 contigs ranging from 0.35 to 4.58 Mb with an N50 of 2.86 Mb were assembled, including 4 contigs with telomeric sequences on both ends and an additional 8 contigs with telomeric sequences on either the 5′ or 3′ end. A methylome database of the genome was constructed using SMRT and m4C and m6A methylated nucleotides, and many unknown modification types were identified. The major m6A methylation motif is GA and GGAG, and the major m4C methylation motif is GC or CG/GC. In the C. militaris genome DNA, there were four types of methylated nucleotides that we confirmed using high-resolution LCMS-IT-TOF. Using PacBio Iso-Seq, a total of 31,133 complete cDNA sequences were obtained in the fruiting body. The conserved domains of the nontranscribed regions of the genome include TATA boxes, which are the initial regions of genome replication. There were 406 structural variants between the HN and CM01 strains, and there were 1,114 structural variants between the HN and ATCC strains.
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Cutaneous Mycobacterium haemophilum. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40475-018-0164-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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O’Brien CR, Malik R, Globan M, Reppas G, McCowan C, Fyfe JA. Feline leprosy due to Candidatus 'Mycobacterium lepraefelis': Further clinical and molecular characterisation of eight previously reported cases and an additional 30 cases. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 19:919-932. [PMID: 28838294 PMCID: PMC11128897 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x17706470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This paper, the last in a series of three on 'feline leprosy', provides a detailed description of disease referable to the previously unnamed species, Candidatus 'Mycobacterium lepraefelis', a close relative of the human pathogens Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis. METHODS Cases were sourced retrospectively and prospectively for this observational study, describing clinical, geographical and molecular microbiological data for cats definitively diagnosed with Candidatus 'M lepraefelis' infection. RESULTS A total of 145 cases of feline leprosy were scrutinised; 114 'new' cases were sourced from the Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL) records, veterinary pathology laboratories or veterinarians, and 31 cases were derived from six published studies. Thirty-eight cats were definitively diagnosed with Candidatus 'M lepraefelis' infection. Typically, cats tended to be middle-aged or older when first infected, with a male predilection. Affected cats typically had widespread cutaneous lesions, in some cases after initially localised disease. Advanced cases were often systemically unwell. All cats had outdoor access. The histological picture was lepromatous in the majority of patients, although two cases had tuberculoid disease. In one case that underwent necropsy, lesions were evident in the liver, spleen and lungs. Treatment was varied, although most cats received a combination of oral clarithromycin and rifampicin. Prognosis for recovery was variable, but typically poor. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Candidatus 'M lepraefelis' typically causes high bacterial index (lepromatous) feline leprosy that in some cases progresses to systemic mycobacteriosis. The disease has a variable clinical course and prognosis. Many cases either died or were euthanased due to the infection. Multilocus sequence analysis reveals a heterogeneous picture and further analysis of draft genome sequencing may give clues to the taxonomy and epidemiology of this organism. Prospective treatment trials and/or additional drug susceptibility testing in specialised systems would further inform treatment recommendations. Comparative aspects: This paper finishes with a discussion of comparative aspects of infection caused by the three feline leproid disease agents that have been the subject of this series: Candidatus 'Mycobacterium tarwinense', Mycobacterium lepraemurium and Candidatus 'M lepraefelis'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn R O’Brien
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Maria Globan
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - George Reppas
- Vetnostics, 60 Waterloo Road, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia
| | - Christina McCowan
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia
- Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Janet A Fyfe
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
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Abstract
The tuberculosis agent Mycobacterium tuberculosis has undergone a long and selective evolution toward human infection and represents one of the most widely spread pathogens due to its efficient aerosol-mediated human-to-human transmission. With the availability of more and more genome sequences, the evolutionary trajectory of this obligate pathogen becomes visible, which provides us with new insights into the molecular events governing evolution of the bacterium and its ability to accumulate drug-resistance mutations. In this review, we summarize recent developments in mycobacterial research related to this matter that are important for a better understanding of the current situation and future trends and developments in the global epidemiology of tuberculosis, as well as for possible public health intervention possibilities.
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Tyner HL, Wilson JW. Fifteen-year clinical experience with Mycobacterium haemophilum at the Mayo Clinic: A case series. J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis 2017; 8:26-32. [PMID: 31723708 PMCID: PMC6850245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jctube.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium haemophilum is an uncommonly encountered acid-fast staining bacillus (AFB) that can cause a broad range of infections. We describe a tertiary care center's experience with M. haemophilum infections identified from 2000 to 2015. Ten adult patients were identified with M. haemophilum infections, and most had immunocompromising conditions. M. haemophilum presented in one of two syndromes: a peripheral cutaneous infection presenting with skin nodularity and local invasion, and a cervicofacial infection involving regional lymph nodes. Duration of therapy was variable (0–18 months) and was dependent on the underlying syndrome and immunological status of the patient. Treatment responses were favorable in all patients. During therapy, three patients developed culture-negative aseptic cutaneous lesions, consistent with immunologic reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS); we postulate that such reactions may not be uncommon with select M. haemophilum infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmony L Tyner
- St. Luke's Infectious Disease Associates, 920 First St., Duluth, MN 55805, United States
| | - John W Wilson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St., Rochester, MN 55905, United States
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Rotcheewaphan S, Belisle JT, Webb KJ, Kim HJ, Spencer JS, Borlee BR. Diguanylate cyclase activity of the Mycobacterium leprae T cell antigen ML1419c. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2016; 162:1651-1661. [PMID: 27450520 PMCID: PMC5772806 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The second messenger, bis-(3',5')-cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (cyclic di-GMP), is involved in the control of multiple bacterial phenotypes, including those that impact host-pathogen interactions. Bioinformatics analyses predicted that Mycobacterium leprae, an obligate intracellular bacterium and the causative agent of leprosy, encodes three active diguanylate cyclases. In contrast, the related pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis encodes only a single diguanylate cyclase. One of the M. leprae unique diguanylate cyclases (ML1419c) was previously shown to be produced early during the course of leprosy. Thus, functional analysis of ML1419c was performed. The gene encoding ML1419c was cloned and expressed in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 to allow for assessment of cyclic di-GMP production and cyclic di-GMP-mediated phenotypes. Phenotypic studies revealed that ml1419c expression altered colony morphology, motility and biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa PAO1 in a manner consistent with increased cyclic di-GMP production. Direct measurement of cyclic di-GMP levels by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry confirmed that ml1419c expression increased cyclic di-GMP production in P. aeruginosa PAO1 cultures in comparison to the vector control. The observed phenotypes and increased levels of cyclic di-GMP detected in P. aeruginosa expressing ml1419c could be abrogated by mutation of the active site in ML1419c. These studies demonstrated that ML1419c of M. leprae functions as diguanylate cyclase to synthesize cyclic di-GMP. Thus, this protein was renamed DgcA (Diguanylate cyclase A). These results also demonstrated the ability to use P. aeruginosa as a heterologous host for characterizing the function of proteins involved in the cyclic di-GMP pathway of a pathogen refractory to in vitro growth, M. leprae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John T. Belisle
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Kristofor J. Webb
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Hee-Jin Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - John S. Spencer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Bradley R. Borlee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Iron Acquisition in Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. J Bacteriol 2015; 198:857-66. [PMID: 26712939 PMCID: PMC4810606 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00922-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is a host-adapted pathogen that evolved from the environmental bacterium M. avium subsp. hominissuis through gene loss and gene acquisition. Growth of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in the laboratory is enhanced by supplementation of the media with the iron-binding siderophore mycobactin J. Here we examined the production of mycobactins by related organisms and searched for an alternative iron uptake system in M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Through thin-layer chromatography and radiolabeled iron-uptake studies, we showed that M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis is impaired for both mycobactin synthesis and iron acquisition. Consistent with these observations, we identified several mutations, including deletions, in M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis genes coding for mycobactin synthesis. Using a transposon-mediated mutagenesis screen conditional on growth without myobactin, we identified a potential mycobactin-independent iron uptake system on a M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-specific genomic island, LSPP15. We obtained a transposon (Tn) mutant with a disruption in the LSPP15 gene MAP3776c for targeted study. The mutant manifests increased iron uptake as well as intracellular iron content, with genes downstream of the transposon insertion (MAP3775c to MAP3772c [MAP3775-2c]) upregulated as the result of a polar effect. As an independent confirmation, we observed the same iron uptake phenotypes by overexpressing MAP3775-2c in wild-type M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. These data indicate that the horizontally acquired LSPP15 genes contribute to iron acquisition by M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis, potentially allowing the subsequent loss of siderophore production by this pathogen. IMPORTANCE Many microbes are able to scavenge iron from their surroundings by producing iron-chelating siderophores. One exception is Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, a fastidious, slow-growing animal pathogen whose growth needs to be supported by exogenous mycobacterial siderophore (mycobactin) in the laboratory. Data presented here demonstrate that, compared to other closely related M. avium subspecies, mycobactin production and iron uptake are different in M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis, and these phenotypes may be caused by numerous deletions in its mycobactin biosynthesis pathway. Using a genomic approach, supplemented by targeted genetic and biochemical studies, we identified that LSPP15, a horizontally acquired genomic island, may encode an alternative iron uptake system. These findings shed light on the potential physiological consequence of horizontal gene transfer in M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis evolution.
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