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Wang X, Dou Y, Hu J, Chan CHC, Li R, Rong L, Gong H, Deng J, Yuen TTT, Lin X, He Y, Su C, Zhang BZ, Chan JFW, Yuen KY, Chu H, Huang JD. Conserved moonlighting protein pyruvate dehydrogenase induces robust protection against Staphylococcus aureus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2321939121. [PMID: 39186649 PMCID: PMC11388329 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2321939121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Developing an effective Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) vaccine has been a challenging endeavor, as demonstrated by numerous failed clinical trials over the years. In this study, we formulated a vaccine containing a highly conserved moonlighting protein, the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex E2 subunit (PDHC), and showed that it induced strong protective immunity against epidemiologically relevant staphylococcal strains in various murine disease models. While antibody responses contributed to bacterial control, they were not essential for protective immunity in the bloodstream infection model. Conversely, vaccine-induced systemic immunity relied on γδ T cells. It has been suggested that prior S. aureus exposure may contribute to the reduction of vaccine efficacy. However, PDHC-induced protective immunity still facilitated bacterial clearance in mice previously exposed to S. aureus. Collectively, our findings indicate that PDHC is a promising serotype-independent vaccine candidate effective against both methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
- Clinical Oncology Center, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Dou
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingchu Hu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Celia Hoi-Ching Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Renhao Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Rong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Huarui Gong
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Deng
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Advanced Medical Research Institute, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Terrence Tsz-Tai Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuansheng Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Yige He
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Canhui Su
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Bao-Zhong Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
- Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
- Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Hin Chu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
- Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Dong Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Clinical Oncology Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Cancer Metastasis and Personalized Therapy, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
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La Guidara C, Adamo R, Sala C, Micoli F. Vaccines and Monoclonal Antibodies as Alternative Strategies to Antibiotics to Fight Antimicrobial Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5487. [PMID: 38791526 PMCID: PMC11122364 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the most critical threats to global public health in the 21st century, causing a large number of deaths every year in both high-income and low- and middle-income countries. Vaccines and monoclonal antibodies can be exploited to prevent and treat diseases caused by AMR pathogens, thereby reducing antibiotic use and decreasing selective pressure that favors the emergence of resistant strains. Here, differences in the mechanism of action and resistance of vaccines and monoclonal antibodies compared to antibiotics are discussed. The state of the art for vaccine technologies and monoclonal antibodies are reviewed, with a particular focus on approaches validated in clinical studies. By underscoring the scope and limitations of the different emerging technologies, this review points out the complementary of vaccines and monoclonal antibodies in fighting AMR. Gaps in antigen discovery for some pathogens, as well as challenges associated with the clinical development of these therapies against AMR pathogens, are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara La Guidara
- Magnetic Resonance Center CERM, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | | | - Claudia Sala
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery Laboratory, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Micoli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.R.L. (GVGH), 53100 Siena, Italy
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Reidel IG, Curti CC, Dorémus L, Béré E, Delwail A, Russi RC, Lecron JC, Morel F, García MI, Müller DM, Jégou JF, Veaute CM. Liposomal co-encapsulation of a novel gemini lipopeptide and a CpG-ODN induces a strong Th1 response with the co-activation of a Th2/Th17 profile and high antibody levels. Vaccine 2024; 42:1953-1965. [PMID: 38378388 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
A successful vaccine depends on its capacity to elicit a protective immune response against the target pathogen. The adjuvant used plays an important role in enhancing and directing the immune response. Liposomes are vaccine adjuvants that allow the co-encapsulation of antigens and immunostimulants. Our aim was to evaluate the adjuvanticity of a cationic liposome (Lip) formulated with a novel gemini lipopeptide (AG2-C16) alone or in combination with CpG-ODN as immunostimulants. To achieve this, we used the recombinant clumping factor of Staphylococcus aureus (rClfA) as a model antigen, in a murine model. We characterized the formulations by DLS, Cryo-SEM, and TEM, and analyzed the humoral and cellular immune responses induced in BALB/c and C57BL/6J mice injected with free rClfA and three formulations: Lip + CpG-ODN + rClfA, Lip + AG2-C16 + rClfA and Lip + AG2-C16 + CpG-ODN + rClfA. The addition of immunostimulants to the liposomes did not change the membrane diameter but affected their hydrodynamic diameter, z-potential, and homogeneity. All liposomal formulations were able to stimulate a specific humoral response, with high serum IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a or IgG2c titers in BALB/c or C57BL/6J mice, respectively. In addition, increased vaginal IgG levels were detected after injection, with no specific IgA. The cellular immunity induced by Lip + AG2-C16 + CpG-ODN + rClfA was characterized by a predominant Th1 profile, with the co-induction of Th2 and Th17 cells, and IFN-γ+ cytotoxic T cells. Furthermore, we studied the capacity of the different formulations to stimulate murine keratinocytes and fibroblasts in vitro. While no formulation activated keratinocytes, Lip + AG2-C16 + CpG-ODN increased the expression of CXCL9 in fibroblasts. These results suggest Lip + AG2-C16 + CpG-ODN as a promising adjuvant candidate to be used in vaccines against pathogens that require Th1/Th2/Th17 combined profiles, like S. aureus. Additionally, based on the IFN-γ+ cytotoxic T cells stimulation and the CXCL9 production by fibroblasts, we propose the use of this adjuvant formulation for the stimulation of a Th1 profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Gabriela Reidel
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Experimental, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States; Université de Poitiers, LITEC, UR15560, Poitiers, France
| | - Cecilia Carol Curti
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Experimental, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Léa Dorémus
- Université de Poitiers, ImageUP platform, CNRS, UAR2038, BioS, Poitiers, France
| | - Emile Béré
- Université de Poitiers, ImageUP platform, CNRS, UAR2038, BioS, Poitiers, France
| | - Adriana Delwail
- Université de Poitiers, ImageUP platform, CNRS, UAR2038, BioS, Poitiers, France; Université de Poitiers, CNRS, UMR 6041, 4CS, Laboratory Channels & Connexins in Cancers and Cell Stemness, Poitiers, France
| | - Romina Cecilia Russi
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Experimental, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | | | - Franck Morel
- Université de Poitiers, LITEC, UR15560, Poitiers, France
| | - María Inés García
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Experimental, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Diana María Müller
- LAQUIMAP, Dto. Química Orgánica, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Jean-François Jégou
- Université de Poitiers, ImageUP platform, CNRS, UAR2038, BioS, Poitiers, France; Université de Poitiers, LITEC, UR15560, Poitiers, France
| | - Carolina Melania Veaute
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Experimental, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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Malley R, Lu YJ, Sebastian S, Zhang F, Willer DO. Multiple antigen presenting system (MAPS): state of the art and potential applications. Expert Rev Vaccines 2024; 23:196-204. [PMID: 38174559 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2299384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Technological innovations have been instrumental in advancing vaccine design and protective benefit. Improvements in the safety, tolerability, and efficacy/effectiveness profiles have profoundly reduced vaccine-preventable global disease morbidity and mortality. Here we present an original vaccine platform, the Multiple Antigen Presenting System (MAPS), that relies on high-affinity interactions between a biotinylated polysaccharide (PS) and rhizavidin-fused pathogen-specific proteins. MAPS allows for flexible combinations of various PS and protein components. AREAS COVERED This narrative review summarizes the underlying principles of MAPS and describes its applications for vaccine design against bacterial and viral pathogens in non-clinical and clinical settings. EXPERT OPINION The utilization of high-affinity non-covalent biotin-rhizavidin interactions in MAPS allows for combining multiple PS and disease-specific protein antigens in a single vaccine. The modular design enables a simplified exchange of vaccine components. Published studies indicate that MAPS technology may support enhanced immunogenic breadth (covering more serotypes, inducing B- and T-cell responses) beyond that which may be elicited via PS- or protein-based conjugate vaccines. Importantly, a more detailed characterization of MAPS-based candidate vaccines is warranted, especially in clinical studies. It is anticipated that MAPS-based vaccines could be adapted and leveraged across numerous diseases of global public health importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Malley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ying-Jie Lu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Fan Zhang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David O Willer
- GSK, Global Medical Affairs, Vaccines Research and Development, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
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Nappi F, Avtaar Singh SS. Host-Bacterium Interaction Mechanisms in Staphylococcus aureus Endocarditis: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11068. [PMID: 37446247 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococci sp. are the most commonly associated pathogens in infective endocarditis, especially within high-income nations. This along with the increasing burden of healthcare, aging populations, and the protracted infection courses, contribute to a significant challenge for healthcare systems. A systematic review was conducted using relevant search criteria from PubMed, Ovid's version of MEDLINE, and EMBASE, and data were tabulated from randomized controlled trials (RCT), observational cohort studies, meta-analysis, and basic research articles. The review was registered with the OSF register of systematic reviews and followed the PRISMA reporting guidelines. Thirty-five studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final systematic review. The role of Staphylococcus aureus and its interaction with the protective shield and host protection functions was identified and highlighted in several studies. The interaction between infective endocarditis pathogens, vascular endothelium, and blood constituents was also explored, giving rise to the potential use of antiplatelets as preventative and/or curative agents. Several factors allow Staphylococcus aureus infections to proliferate within the host with numerous promoting and perpetuating agents. The complex interaction with the hosts' innate immunity also potentiates its virulence. The goal of this study is to attain a better understanding on the molecular pathways involved in infective endocarditis supported by S. aureus and whether therapeutic avenues for the prevention and treatment of IE can be obtained. The use of antibiotic-treated allogeneic tissues have marked antibacterial action, thereby becoming the ideal substitute in native and prosthetic valvular infections. However, the development of effective vaccines against S. aureus still requires in-depth studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Nappi
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Centre Cardiologique du Nord, 93200 Saint-Denis, France
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A MAPS Vaccine Induces Multipronged Systemic and Tissue-Resident Cellular Responses and Protects Mice against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. mBio 2023; 14:e0361122. [PMID: 36749098 PMCID: PMC9973048 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03611-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. To date, the mainstay of vaccination involves the use of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), a live-attenuated vaccine that confers protection against extrapulmonary disease in infants and children but not against lung disease. Thus, there is an urgent need for novel vaccines. Here, we show that a multicomponent acellular vaccine (TB-MAPS) induces robust antibody responses and long-lived systemic and tissue-resident memory Th1, Th17, and cytotoxic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and promotes trained innate immunity mediated by γδT and NKT cells in mice. When tested in a mouse aerosol infection model, TB-MAPS significantly reduced bacterial loads in the lungs and spleens to the same extent as BCG. When used in conjunction with BCG, TB-MAPS further enhanced BCG-mediated protection, especially in the lungs, further supporting this construct as a promising TB vaccine candidate. IMPORTANCE Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Here, we evaluate a novel vaccine which induces a broad immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis including robust antibody responses and long-lived systemic and tissue-resident memory Th1, Th17, and cytotoxic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. When tested in a mouse aerosol infection model, this vaccine significantly reduced bacterial loads in the lungs and spleens to the same extent as BCG. When used in conjunction with BCG, TB-MAPS further enhanced BCG-mediated protection, especially in the lungs, further supporting this construct as a promising TB vaccine candidate.
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Kidney-resident innate-like memory γδ T cells control chronic Staphylococcus aureus infection of mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2210490120. [PMID: 36574651 PMCID: PMC9910431 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2210490120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells are involved in the control of Staphylococcus aureus infection, but their importance in protection compared to other T cells is unclear. We used a mouse model of systemic S. aureus infection associated with high bacterial load and persistence in the kidney. Infection caused fulminant accumulation of γδ T cells in the kidney. Renal γδ T cells acquired tissue residency and were maintained in high numbers during chronic infection. At day 7, up to 50% of renal γδ T cells produced IL-17A in situ and a large fraction of renal γδ T cells remained IL-17A+ during chronic infection. Controlled depletion revealed that γδ T cells restricted renal S. aureus replication in the acute infection and provided protection during chronic renal infection and upon reinfection. Our results demonstrate that kidney-resident γδ T cells are nonredundant in limiting local S. aureus growth during chronic infection and provide enhanced protection against reinfection.
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Sorieul C, Dolce M, Romano MR, Codée J, Adamo R. Glycoconjugate vaccines against antimicrobial resistant pathogens. Expert Rev Vaccines 2023; 22:1055-1078. [PMID: 37902243 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2274955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is responsible for the death of millions worldwide and stands as a major threat to our healthcare systems, which are heavily reliant on antibiotics to fight bacterial infections. The development of vaccines against the main pathogens involved is urgently required as prevention remains essential against the rise of AMR. AREAS COVERED A systematic research review was conducted on MEDLINE database focusing on the six AMR pathogens defined as ESKAPE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli), which are considered critical or high priority pathogens by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The analysis was intersecated with the terms carbohydrate, glycoconjugate, bioconjugate, glyconanoparticle, and multiple presenting antigen system vaccines. EXPERT OPINION Glycoconjugate vaccines have been successful in preventing meningitis and pneumoniae, and there are high expectations that they will play a key role in fighting AMR. We herein discuss the recent technological, preclinical, and clinical advances, as well as the challenges associated with the development of carbohydrate-based vaccines against leading AMR bacteria, with focus on the ESKAPE pathogens. The need of innovative clinical and regulatory approaches to tackle these targets is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Sorieul
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marta Dolce
- GSK, Via Fiorentina 1, Siena, Italy
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Jeroen Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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A Bivalent MAPS Vaccine Induces Protective Antibody Responses against Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi A. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 11:vaccines11010091. [PMID: 36679935 PMCID: PMC9865949 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections by Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi A strain are still a major cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Generation of antibodies against the Vi capsular polysaccharide of S. Typhi via either pure polysaccharide or protein-polysaccharide conjugate is a very effective way to protect against S. Typhi. To date, there is no commercially available vaccine against S. Paratyphi A. The O-specific polysaccharide (OSP) has been generally considered a good vaccine target for Paratyphi A. Here, a bivalent vaccine against Vi and OSP was generated using the Multiple Antigen Presenting System (MAPS). Three different protein constructs, including CRM197, rEPA of Pseudomonas, and a pneumococcal fusion protein SP1500-SP0785, were fused to Rhizavidin (Rhavi) and evaluated their impact on immunogenicity when incorporated as fusion proteins affinity-bound to the two polysaccharides. We compared the antibody responses, antibody avidity, and cidal activity of sera post-immunization with monovalent vs. combination vaccines. We also wished to evaluate the generation of Vi-specific memory B cells in mice. We found little interference when combination vaccine was compared to monovalent vaccines with respect to antibody concentration and cidal activity of sera. Significant affinity maturation was noted for both Vi and OSP antigens. Thus, our preclinical results with a combination Vi- and OSP-MAPS vaccine strongly support the feasibility of this approach and its application of this approach to other important salmonella and Shigella species.
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Santos KR, Souza FN, Ramos-Sanchez EM, Batista CF, Reis LC, Fotoran WL, Heinemann MB, Cunha AF, Rocha MC, Faria AR, Andrade HM, Cerqueira MMOP, Gidlund M, Goto H, Della Libera AMMP. Staphylococcus aureus-Cure-Associated Antigens Elicit Type 3 Immune Memory T Cells. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:1831. [PMID: 36551488 PMCID: PMC9774748 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most frequently major mastitis pathogens that cause clinical and subclinical mastitis worldwide. Current antimicrobial treatments are usually ineffective, and the commercially available vaccines lack proven effectiveness. The immunological response elicited by the recombinant S. aureus-cure-associated proteins phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), enolase (ENO), and elongation factor-G (EF-G) in combination with the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) DNA vaccination was studied in this work. METHODS Here, twenty-three C57BL/6 mice were divided into four groups and vaccinated with: G1: none (control); G2: GM-CSF DNA plasmid DNA vaccine; G3: the combination of EF-G+ENO+PGK; and G4: the combinations of EF-G+ENO+PGK proteins plus GM-CSF plasmid DNA vaccine. After 44 days, spleen cells were collected for immunophenotyping and lymphocyte proliferation evaluation by flow cytometry upon S. aureus stimulus. RESULTS Immunization with the three S. aureus recombinant proteins alone resulted in a higher percentage of IL-17A+ cells among CD8+ T central memory cells, as well as the highest intensity of IL-17A production by overall lymphocytes indicating that the contribution of the combined lymphocyte populations is crucial to sustaining a type 3 cell immunity environment. CONCLUSION The immunization with three S. aureus-cure-associated recombinant proteins triggered type 3 immunity, which is a highly interesting path to pursue an effective bovine S. aureus mastitis vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila R. Santos
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Fernando N. Souza
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia 58397-000, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M. Ramos-Sanchez
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia 58397-000, Brazil
- Laboratório de Soroloepidemiologia e Imunobiologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
- Departamento de Salud Publica, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Nacional Torino Rodriguez de Mendonza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru
| | - Camila F. Batista
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Luiza C. Reis
- Laboratório de Soroloepidemiologia e Imunobiologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Wesley L. Fotoran
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantã, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Marcos B. Heinemann
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Adriano F. Cunha
- Departamento de Tecnologia e Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil
| | - Mussya C. Rocha
- Laboratório de Soroloepidemiologia e Imunobiologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Angélica R. Faria
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-000, Brazil
| | - Hélida M. Andrade
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Mônica M. O. P. Cerqueira
- Departamento de Tecnologia e Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil
| | - Magnus Gidlund
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Hiro Goto
- Laboratório de Soroloepidemiologia e Imunobiologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Alice Maria M. P. Della Libera
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
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11
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Infective Endocarditis in High-Income Countries. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12080682. [PMID: 35893249 PMCID: PMC9329978 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12080682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Infective endocarditis remains an illness that carries a significant burden to healthcare resources. In recent times, there has been a shift from Streptococcus sp. to Staphylococcus sp. as the primary organism of interest. This has significant consequences, given the virulence of Staphylococcus and its propensity to form a biofilm, rendering non-surgical therapy ineffective. In addition, antibiotic resistance has affected treatment of this organism. The cohorts at most risk for Staphylococcal endocarditis are elderly patients with multiple comorbidities. The innovation of transcatheter technologies alongside other cardiac interventions such as implantable devices has contributed to the increased risk attributable to this cohort. We examined the pathophysiology of infective endocarditis carefully. Inter alia, the determinants of Staphylococcus aureus virulence, interaction with host immunity, as well as the discovery and emergence of a potential vaccine, were investigated. Furthermore, the potential role of prophylactic antibiotics during dental procedures was also evaluated. As rates of transcatheter device implantation increase, endocarditis is expected to increase, especially in this high-risk group. A high level of suspicion is needed alongside early initiation of therapy and referral to the heart team to improve outcomes.
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12
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Oral Administration with Recombinant Attenuated Regulated Delayed Lysis Salmonella Vaccines Protecting against Staphylococcus aureus Kidney Abscess Formation. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10071073. [PMID: 35891237 PMCID: PMC9324569 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abscess formation is one of the main symptoms of Staphylococcus aureus infection. It is very important to inhibit abscess formation for preventing S. aureus persistent infection. To find a feasible solution, the live oral vaccines delivering S. aureus antigens, rEsxAB and rHlam, were constructed, which were based on the attenuated regulated delayed lysis Salmonella enterica subspecies Serovar Typhimurium strain χ11802, and the inhibiting effect on abscess formation was evaluated in mice kidneys. As the results showed, after oral administration, humoral immunity was induced via the mucosal route as the antigen-specific IgG in the serum and IgA in the intestinal mucus both showed significant increases. Meanwhile, the production of IFN-γ and IL-17 in the kidney tissue suggested that Th1/Th17-biased cellular immunity played a role in varying degrees. After challenged intravenously (i.v.) with S. aureus USA300, the χ11802(pYA3681−esxAB)-vaccinated group showed obvious inhibition in kidney abscess formation among the vaccinated group, as the kidney abscess incidence rate and the staphylococcal load significantly reduced, and the kidney pathological injury was improved significantly. In conclusion, this study provided experimental data and showed great potential for live oral vaccine development with the attenuated regulated delayed lysis Salmonella Typhimurium strains against S. aureus infection.
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13
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Cieslewicz B, Makrinos D, Burke H, Bree D, Haridas R, Tonkiss I, Bartsch Y, Alter G, Malley R, Besin G. Preclinical Immunogenicity and Efficacy of a Multiple Antigen-Presenting System (MAPS TM) SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1069. [PMID: 35891233 PMCID: PMC9317729 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the remarkable success of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, the rise of variants, some of which are more resistant to the effects of vaccination, highlights the potential need for additional COVID-19 vaccines. We used the Multiple Antigen-Presenting System (MAPS) technology, in which proteins are presented on a polysaccharide polymer to induce antibody, Th1, Th17 and CD8+ T cell responses, to engineer a novel vaccine targeting SARS-CoV-2. This vaccine contains a fragment of the spike (S) protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) sequence of the original D614G strain and was used to immunize nonhuman primates (NHP) for assessment of immunological responses and protection against SARS-CoV-2 challenge. The SARS-CoV-2 MAPS vaccine generated robust neutralizing antibodies as well as Th1, Th17 and cytotoxic CD8 T-cell responses in NHPs. Furthermore, MAPS-immunized NHPs had significantly lower viral loads in the nasopharynx and lung compared to control animals. Taken together, these findings support the use of the MAPS platform to make a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. The nature of the platform also could enable its use for the inclusion of different variants in a single vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Cieslewicz
- Affinivax, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (B.C.); (D.M.); (H.B.); (D.B.); (R.H.); (I.T.); or
| | - Daniel Makrinos
- Affinivax, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (B.C.); (D.M.); (H.B.); (D.B.); (R.H.); (I.T.); or
| | - Heidi Burke
- Affinivax, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (B.C.); (D.M.); (H.B.); (D.B.); (R.H.); (I.T.); or
| | - Dara Bree
- Affinivax, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (B.C.); (D.M.); (H.B.); (D.B.); (R.H.); (I.T.); or
| | - Renuka Haridas
- Affinivax, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (B.C.); (D.M.); (H.B.); (D.B.); (R.H.); (I.T.); or
| | - Ian Tonkiss
- Affinivax, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (B.C.); (D.M.); (H.B.); (D.B.); (R.H.); (I.T.); or
| | - Yannic Bartsch
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; (Y.B.); (G.A.)
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; (Y.B.); (G.A.)
| | - Richard Malley
- Affinivax, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (B.C.); (D.M.); (H.B.); (D.B.); (R.H.); (I.T.); or
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gilles Besin
- Affinivax, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (B.C.); (D.M.); (H.B.); (D.B.); (R.H.); (I.T.); or
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14
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Zhang F, Thompson C, Ma N, Lu YJ, Malley R. Carrier Proteins Facilitate the Generation of Antipolysaccharide Immunity via Multiple Mechanisms. mBio 2022; 13:e0379021. [PMID: 35420488 PMCID: PMC9239039 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03790-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) are important antigenic targets against bacterial infections. As T-independent antigens, however, CPSs elicit short-lived immune responses in adults and are poorly immunogenic in young children. Coupling CPS with protein carriers enhances anti-CPS responses and generates long-lasting immune memory. However, the mechanisms whereby carrier proteins accomplish this are not fully understood. Here, we dissect different mechanisms whereby carrier proteins enhance anti-CPS immunity. We show how coupling CPS with protein carriers modifies the interaction of CPS with antigen-presenting cells, enables a dual-activation mechanism for CPS-specific B cells via interaction with CPS- or carrier-specific T helper cells, and potentiates the recall of anti-CPS responses by engaging memory T helper cells during subsequent vaccination or bacterial exposure. Our findings provide new insights into the immunological basis of carrier-mediated anti-CPS immunity and may help in the design of more effective CPS-based vaccines. IMPORTANCE Polysaccharide capsules, the outermost shells of many bacterial pathogens, play a role in pathogenesis and protect bacteria against the immune system. Generating antipolysaccharide antibodies by vaccination has provided effective protection against infectious diseases caused by encapsulated bacteria. However, most pure polysaccharide preparations are poorly immunogenic, particularly in young children. To circumvent this problem, vaccines have been developed using polysaccharides associated with protein carriers. The precise mechanism whereby protein carriers enhance the immunogenicity of the polysaccharide remains unclear. The significance of our research is in elucidating the different roles played by carriers in facilitating polysaccharide processing and presentation, priming polysaccharide-specific B cells, and potentiating recall antipolysaccharide responses. Overall, our work provides new insights into the immunological basis of carrier-mediated antipolysaccharide immunity and may help in the design of more effective polysaccharide-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Claudette Thompson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicole Ma
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ying-Jie Lu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richard Malley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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15
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Mi S, Tang Y, Shi L, Liu X, Si J, Yao Y, Augustino SMA, Fang L, Yu Y. Protective Roles of Folic Acid in the Responses of Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells to Different Virulent Staphylococcus aureus Strains. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10111164. [PMID: 34827157 PMCID: PMC8615268 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infection is one of the most difficult diseases to treat in dairy cattle. Exploring the biological progression of S. aureus mastitis via the interaction between host, pathogen, and environment is the key to an effective and sustainable improvement of animal health. Here, two strains of S. aureus and a strain of MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) isolated from cows with different inflammation phenotypes were used to challenge Mac-T cells and to investigate their effects on the global transcriptome of the cells, then to explore the potential regulatory mechanisms of folic acid on S. aureus mastitis prevention. Differential gene expression or splicing analysis showed that different strains of S. aureus led to distinct transcriptional responses from the host immune system. Folic acid could protect host defense against the challenge of S. aureus and MRSA partially through activating cytoplasmic DNA sensing and tight junction pathway. ZBP1 at the upstream of cytoplasmic DNA sensing pathway was verified and related to anti-pathogen through RNA interference. Further enrichment analysis using these transcriptome data with cattle large-scale genome-wide association study (GWAS) data confirmed that ZBP1 gene is highly associated with bovine somatic cell score (SCS) trait. Our data shed light on the potential effect of FA through regulating key gene and then protect host cells' defense against S. aureus and MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Mi
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.M.); (Y.T.); (L.S.); (X.L.); (J.S.); (S.M.A.A.); (L.F.)
| | - Yongjie Tang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.M.); (Y.T.); (L.S.); (X.L.); (J.S.); (S.M.A.A.); (L.F.)
| | - Liangyu Shi
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.M.); (Y.T.); (L.S.); (X.L.); (J.S.); (S.M.A.A.); (L.F.)
| | - Xueqin Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.M.); (Y.T.); (L.S.); (X.L.); (J.S.); (S.M.A.A.); (L.F.)
| | - Jingfang Si
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.M.); (Y.T.); (L.S.); (X.L.); (J.S.); (S.M.A.A.); (L.F.)
| | - Yuelin Yao
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK;
| | - Serafino M. A. Augustino
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.M.); (Y.T.); (L.S.); (X.L.); (J.S.); (S.M.A.A.); (L.F.)
- College of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, University of Juba, Juba P.O. Box 82, South Sudan
| | - Lingzhao Fang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.M.); (Y.T.); (L.S.); (X.L.); (J.S.); (S.M.A.A.); (L.F.)
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK;
| | - Ying Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.M.); (Y.T.); (L.S.); (X.L.); (J.S.); (S.M.A.A.); (L.F.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Barbosa MMF, Kanno AI, Barazzone GC, Rodriguez D, Pancakova V, Trentini M, Faquim-Mauro EL, Freitas AP, Khouri MI, Lobo-Silva J, Goncalves VM, Schenkman RPF, Tanizaki MM, Boraschi D, Malley R, Farias LP, Leite LCC. Robust Immune Response Induced by Schistosoma mansoni TSP-2 Antigen Coupled to Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:7153-7168. [PMID: 34712047 PMCID: PMC8548026 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s315786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The use of adjuvants can significantly strengthen a vaccine’s efficacy. We sought to explore the immunization efficacy of bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) displaying the Schistosoma mansoni antigen, SmTSP-2, through a biotin-rhizavidin coupling approach. The rationale is to exploit the nanoparticulate structure and the adjuvant properties of OMVs to induce a robust antigen-specific immune response, in light of developing new vaccines against S. mansoni. Materials and Methods OMVs were obtained from Neisseria lactamica and conjugated with biotin. The recombinant SmTSP-2 in fusion with the biotin-binding protein rhizavidin (rRzvSmTSP-2) was produced in E. coli and coupled to biotinylated OMVs to generate an OMV complex displaying SmTSP-2 on the membrane surface (OMV:rSmTSP-2). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering analysis were used to determine particle charge and size. The immunogenicity of the vaccine complex was evaluated in C57BL/6 mice. Results The rRzvSmTSP-2 protein was successfully coupled to biotinylated OMVs and purified by size-exclusion chromatography. The OMV:rSmTSP-2 nanoparticles showed an average size of 200 nm, with zeta potential around – 28 mV. Mouse Bone Marrow Dendritic Cells were activated by the nanoparticles as determined by increased expression of the co-stimulatory molecules CD40 and CD86, and the proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-12) or IL-10. Splenocytes of mice immunized with OMV:rSmTSP-2 nanoparticles reacted to an in vitro challenge with SmTSP-2 with an increased production of IL-6, IL-10 and IL-17 and displayed a higher number of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes expressing IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-2, compared to mice immunized with the antigen alone. Immunization of mice with OMV:rSmTSP-2 induced a 100-fold increase in specific anti-SmTSP-2 IgG antibody titers, as compared to the group receiving the recombinant rSmTSP-2 protein alone or even co-administered with unconjugated OMV. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that the SmTSP-2 antigen coupled with OMVs is highly immunogenic in mice, supporting the potential effectiveness of this platform for improved antigen delivery in novel vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra M F Barbosa
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alex I Kanno
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovana C Barazzone
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dunia Rodriguez
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Violeta Pancakova
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL1), Villeurbanne, 69100, France
| | - Monalisa Trentini
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Amanda P Freitas
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana I Khouri
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores e Inflamação, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Jessica Lobo-Silva
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores e Inflamação, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Viviane M Goncalves
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Martha M Tanizaki
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diana Boraschi
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biologia Cellulare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Napoli, Italy.,Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Napoli, Italy.,Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technologies (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, China Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard Malley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leonardo P Farias
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores e Inflamação, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Luciana C C Leite
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
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17
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Staphylococcus aureus Protection-Related Type 3 Cell-Mediated Immune Response Elicited by Recombinant Proteins and GM-CSF DNA Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9080899. [PMID: 34452024 PMCID: PMC8402413 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus mastitis remains a major challenge for dairy farming. Here, 24 mice were immunized and divided into four groups: G1: control; G2: Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) DNA vaccine; G3: F0F1 ATP synthase subunit α (SAS), succinyl-diaminopimelate (SDD), and cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase (CTS) recombinant proteins; and G4: SAS+SDD+CTS plus GM-CSF DNA vaccine. The lymphocyte subpopulations, and the intracellular interleukin-17A (IL-17A) and interferon-γ production in the draining lymph node cells were immunophenotyped by flow cytometry. The immunophenotyping and lymphocyte proliferation was determined in spleen cells cultured with and without S. aureus stimulus. Immunization with S. aureus recombinant proteins generated memory cells in draining lymph nodes. Immunization with the three recombinant proteins plus GM-CSF DNA led to an increase in the percentage of IL-17A+ cells among overall CD44+ (memory), T CD4+, CD4+ T CD44+ CD27-, γδ TCR, γδ TCR+ CD44+ CD27+, and TCRVγ4+ cells. Vaccination with S. aureus recombinant proteins associated with GM-CSF DNA vaccine downregulated TH2 immunity. Immunization with the three recombinant proteins plus the GM-CSF DNA led to a proliferation of overall memory T, CD4+, and CD4+ TEM cells upon S. aureus stimulus. This approach fostered type 3 immunity, suggesting the development of a protective immune response against S. aureus.
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18
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Wei J, Cheng X, Zhang Y, Gao C, Wang Y, Peng Q, Luo P, Yang L, Zou Q, Zeng H, Gu J. Identification and application of a neutralizing epitope within alpha-hemolysin using human serum antibodies elicited by vaccination. Mol Immunol 2021; 135:45-52. [PMID: 33873093 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (SA), especially the methicillin-resistant variant (MRSA), is becoming a serious threat to human health in hospitals and communities, making the development of an effective vaccine urgent. Alpha-hemolysin (Hla) is a key virulence factor and also a good target for the development of SA vaccines. However, the epitopes in Hla recognized by human immunity are not characterized in detail, which hinders the design of epitope-based human vaccines against SA. In this study, we collected sera from volunteers in a phase 1b clinical trial of a novel recombinant five-antigen SA vaccine (NCT03966040). Using a Luminex-based assay, we characterized the human serologic response against Hla, and identified Hla121-138 as a neutralizing epitope. In addition, we successfully produced ferritin nanoparticles carrying the neutralizing Hla121-138 epitope (EpNP) in E. coli. EpNP presented as homogenous nanoparticles in aqueous solution. Immunization with EpNP elicited potent hemolysis-neutralizing antibodies and conferred significant protection in a mouse model of SA skin infection. Our data suggest that EpNP, carrying the neutralizing epitope Hla121-138, is a good candidate for a vaccine against SA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinning Wei
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Xin Cheng
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Yi Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Chen Gao
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Qi Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Luo
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Liuyang Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, PR China; Medical Laboratory Center, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Quanming Zou
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Hao Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, PR China.
| | - Jiang Gu
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, PR China.
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19
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Mrochen DM, Trübe P, Jorde I, Domanska G, van den Brandt C, Bröker BM. Immune Polarization Potential of the S. aureus Virulence Factors SplB and GlpQ and Modulation by Adjuvants. Front Immunol 2021; 12:642802. [PMID: 33936060 PMCID: PMC8081891 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.642802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Protection against Staphylococcus aureus is determined by the polarization of the anti-bacterial immune effector mechanisms. Virulence factors of S. aureus can modulate these and induce differently polarized immune responses in a single individual. We proposed that this may be due to intrinsic properties of the bacterial proteins. To test this idea, we selected two virulence factors, the serine protease-like protein B (SplB) and the glycerophosphoryl diester phosphodiesterase (GlpQ). In humans naturally exposed to S. aureus, SplB induces a type 2-biased adaptive immune response, whereas GlpQ elicits type 1/type 3 immunity. We injected the recombinant bacterial antigens into the peritoneum of S. aureus-naïve C57BL/6N mice and analyzed the immune response. This was skewed by SplB toward a Th2 profile including specific IgE, whereas GlpQ was weakly immunogenic. To elucidate the influence of adjuvants on the proteins’ polarization potential, we studied Montanide ISA 71 VG and Imject™Alum, which promote a Th1 and Th2 response, respectively. Alum strongly increased antibody production to the Th2-polarizing protein SplB, but did not affect the response to GlpQ. Montanide enhanced the antibody production to both S. aureus virulence factors. Montanide also augmented the inflammation in general, whereas Alum had little effect on the cellular immune response. The adjuvants did not override the polarization potential of the S. aureus proteins on the adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Mrochen
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Patricia Trübe
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ilka Jorde
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Grazyna Domanska
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Barbara M Bröker
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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20
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Ghaedi T, Davoodian P, Hassaniazad M, Eftekhar E, Faezi S, Abparvar AA, Einakian MA, Ahmadi K. Protective efficacy of Hla-MntC-SACOL0723 fusion protein adjuvanted in alum and MPL against Staphylococcus aureus sepsis infection in mice. J Immunol Methods 2021; 494:113055. [PMID: 33857474 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2021.113055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
To develop a suitable and effective vaccine against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), we selected the Hla-MntC-SACOL0723 (HMS) recombinant protein with two different formulations of alum and Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) adjuvants. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the potentials of alum and MPL adjuvants in stimulating the immune response of HMS vaccine candidate against S. aureus. To evaluate the type of induced immune response, anti-HMS total IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, and IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-17 cytokines were determined after vaccination of mice with HMS-alum, HMS-MPL candidates. Mice were challenged with Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was isolated from pressure sores and evaluated for bacterial load in the kidney homogenates and survival rate. It was observed that total IgG and isotypes (IgG1 and IgG2a), IL-4, and IL-17 were significantly increased in the group that received HMS-alum vaccine compared with the group that received HMS-MPL formulation. On the other hand, the levels of IFN-γ and IL-2 cytokines in the group that received HMS-MPL were higher than the group that received HMS-alum formulation. Bacterial load in the mice who received HMS protein formulated with alum adjuvant was reduced more than the mice who received HMS protein formulated with MPL adjuvant. Histopathological analysis showed more pathological changes in kidney tissues of the group received of HMS-MPL compared with the HMS-alum formulation. The survival rate was equal in both groups of immunized with HMS-alum and HMS-MPL formulations. Finally, it could be concluded that both adjuvants of alum and MPL are suitable immune response enhancers to HMS vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayebeh Ghaedi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Parivash Davoodian
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hassaniazad
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Eftekhar
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Sobhan Faezi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Medical Biotechnology Research Center, School of Paramedicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Ali Atash Abparvar
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Einakian
- Food Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
| | - Khadijeh Ahmadi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
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21
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Identification of CD4 + T cell epitopes from Staphylococcus aureus secretome using immunoinformatic prediction and molecular docking. BIOTECHNOLOGIA 2021; 102:43-54. [PMID: 36605712 PMCID: PMC9642919 DOI: 10.5114/bta.2021.103761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
One major reason for the lack of clinical success of Staphylococcus aureus vaccine candidates is the inability of the antigens to develop a CD4+ T cell-mediated immune response. Hence, it is important to identify CD4+ T cell antigens from S. aureus. CD4+ T cells are activated following the presentation of epitopes derived from exogenous proteins on HLA class II molecules. Fifty-nine secretory proteins of S. aureus were analyzed computationally for the presence of HLA class II binding peptides. Fifteen-mer peptides were generated, and their binding to 26 HLA class II alleles was predicted. The structural feasibility of the peptides binding to HLA-II was studied using molecular docking. Of the 16,724 peptides generated, 6991 (41.8%) were predicted to bind to any one of the alleles with an IC50 value below 50 nM. Comparative sequence analysis revealed that only 545 of the strong binding peptides are non-self in the human system. Approximately 50% of the binding peptides were monoallele-specific. Moreover, approximately 95% of the predicted strong binding non-self peptides interacted with the binding groove of at least one HLA class II molecule with a glide score better than -10 kcal/mol. On the basis of the analysis of the strength of binding, non-self presentation in the human host, propensity to bind to a higher number of alleles, and energetically favorable interactions with HLA molecules, a set of 11 CD4+ T cell epitopes that can be used as vaccine candidates was identified.
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22
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Hendriks A, Mnich ME, Clemente B, Cruz AR, Tavarini S, Bagnoli F, Soldaini E. Staphylococcus aureus-Specific Tissue-Resident Memory CD4 + T Cells Are Abundant in Healthy Human Skin. Front Immunol 2021; 12:642711. [PMID: 33796109 PMCID: PMC8008074 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.642711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is an immunocompetent tissue that harbors several kinds of immune cells and a plethora of commensal microbes constituting the skin microbiome. Staphylococcus aureus is a prominent skin pathogen that colonizes a large proportion of the human population. We currently have an incomplete understanding of the correlates of protection against S. aureus infection, however genetic and experimental evidence has shown that CD4+ T cells play a key role in orchestrating a protective anti-S. aureus immune response. A high S. aureus-specific memory CD4+ T cell response has been reported in the blood of healthy subjects. Since T cells are more abundant in the skin than in blood, we hypothesized that S. aureus-specific CD4+ T cells could be present in the skin of healthy individuals. Indeed, we observed proliferation of tissue-resident memory CD4+ T cells and production of IL-17A, IL-22, IFN-γ and TNF-β by cells isolated from abdominal skin explants in response to heat-killed S. aureus. Remarkably, these cytokines were produced also during an ex vivo epicutaneous S. aureus infection of human skin explants. These findings highlight the importance of tissue-resident memory CD4+ T cells present at barrier sites such as the skin, a primary entry site for S. aureus. Further phenotypical and functional characterization of these cells will ultimately aid in the development of novel vaccine strategies against this elusive pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Hendriks
- GSK, Siena, Italy.,Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Malgorzata Ewa Mnich
- GSK, Siena, Italy.,Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Ana Rita Cruz
- GSK, Siena, Italy.,Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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23
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Clegg J, Soldaini E, Bagnoli F, McLoughlin RM. Targeting Skin-Resident Memory T Cells via Vaccination to Combat Staphylococcus aureus Infections. Trends Immunol 2020; 42:6-17. [PMID: 33309137 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells are important in adaptive immunity against many infections, rendering these cells attractive potential targets in vaccine development. Genetic and experimental evidence highlights the importance of cellular immunity in protection from Staphylococcus aureus skin infections, yet skin-resident memory T cells are, thus far, an untested component of immunity during such infections. Novel methods of generating and sampling vaccine-induced skin memory T cells are paralleled by discoveries of global, skin-wide immunosurveillance. We propose skin-resident memory CD4+ T cells as a potential missing link in the search for correlates of protection during S. aureus infections. A better appreciation of their phenotypes and functions could accelerate the development of preventive vaccines against this highly virulent and antibiotic-resistant pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonah Clegg
- Host Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; GlaxoSmithKline, Siena, Italy
| | | | | | - Rachel M McLoughlin
- Host Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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24
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Armentrout EI, Liu GY, Martins GA. T Cell Immunity and the Quest for Protective Vaccines against Staphylococcus aureus Infection. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8121936. [PMID: 33291260 PMCID: PMC7762175 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a wide-spread human pathogen, and one of the top causative agents of nosocomial infections. The prevalence of antibiotic-resistant S. aureus strains, which are associated with higher mortality and morbidity rates than antibiotic-susceptible strains, is increasing around the world. Vaccination would be an effective preventive measure against S. aureus infection, but to date, every vaccine developed has failed in clinical trials, despite inducing robust antibody responses. These results suggest that induction of humoral immunity does not suffice to confer protection against the infection. Evidence from studies in murine models and in patients with immune defects support a role of T cell-mediated immunity in protective responses against S. aureus. Here, we review the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying adaptive immunity to S. aureus infections and discuss these findings in light of the recent S. aureus vaccine trial failures. We make the case for the need to develop anti-S. aureus vaccines that can specifically elicit robust and durable protective memory T cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin I. Armentrout
- Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (CSMC), Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, CSMC, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - George Y. Liu
- Collaborative to Halt Antibiotic-Resistant Microbes, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Gislâine A. Martins
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute (IBIRI), CSMC, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Research Division of Immunology, CSMC, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, CSMC, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Correspondence:
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25
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Bonifacius A, Goldmann O, Floess S, Holtfreter S, Robert PA, Nordengrün M, Kruse F, Lochner M, Falk CS, Schmitz I, Bröker BM, Medina E, Huehn J. Staphylococcus aureus Alpha-Toxin Limits Type 1 While Fostering Type 3 Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1579. [PMID: 32849537 PMCID: PMC7427519 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus can cause life-threatening diseases, and hospital- as well as community-associated antibiotic-resistant strains are an emerging global public health problem. Therefore, prophylactic vaccines or immune-based therapies are considered as alternative treatment opportunities. To develop such novel treatment approaches, a better understanding of the bacterial virulence and immune evasion mechanisms and their potential effects on immune-based therapies is essential. One important staphylococcal virulence factor is alpha-toxin, which is able to disrupt the epithelial barrier in order to establish infection. In addition, alpha-toxin has been reported to modulate other cell types including immune cells. Since CD4+ T cell-mediated immunity is required for protection against S. aureus infection, we were interested in the ability of alpha-toxin to directly modulate CD4+ T cells. To address this, murine naïve CD4+ T cells were differentiated in vitro into effector T cell subsets in the presence of alpha-toxin. Interestingly, alpha-toxin induced death of Th1-polarized cells, while cells polarized under Th17 conditions showed a high resistance toward increasing concentrations of this toxin. These effects could neither be explained by differential expression of the cellular alpha-toxin receptor ADAM10 nor by differential activation of caspases, but might result from an increased susceptibility of Th1 cells toward Ca2+-mediated activation-induced cell death. In accordance with the in vitro findings, an alpha-toxin-dependent decrease of Th1 and concomitant increase of Th17 cells was observed in vivo during S. aureus bacteremia. Interestingly, corresponding subsets of innate lymphoid cells and γδ T cells were similarly affected, suggesting a more general effect of alpha-toxin on the modulation of type 1 and type 3 immune responses. In conclusion, we have identified a novel alpha-toxin-dependent immunomodulatory strategy of S. aureus, which can directly act on CD4+ T cells and might be exploited for the development of novel immune-based therapeutic approaches to treat infections with antibiotic-resistant S. aureus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Bonifacius
- Department Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Oliver Goldmann
- Department Infection Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Floess
- Department Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Silva Holtfreter
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Philippe A Robert
- Department Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maria Nordengrün
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Friederike Kruse
- Department Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Matthias Lochner
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research; A Joint Venture Between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hanover, Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Christine S Falk
- Institute of Transplant Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.,DZIF, German Center for Infectious Diseases, TTU-IICH Hannover-Braunschweig Site, Hanover, Germany
| | - Ingo Schmitz
- Department Systems-Oriented Immunology and Inflammation Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Molecular Immunology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Barbara M Bröker
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Eva Medina
- Department Infection Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Department Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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26
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Baliban SM, Lu YJ, Malley R. Overview of the Nontyphoidal and Paratyphoidal Salmonella Vaccine Pipeline: Current Status and Future Prospects. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 71:S151-S154. [PMID: 32725233 PMCID: PMC7388718 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nontyphoidal Salmonella and Salmonella Paratyphi are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. To date, no vaccine has been licensed against these organisms. The development of effective vaccines remains an urgent priority. In this review, the rationale for and current status of various vaccine candidates against S. Paratyphi and nontyphoidal Salmonella are presented, with a focus on the research findings from the 2019 International Conference on Typhoid and Other Invasive Salmonelloses. Additionally, other vaccine candidates that are currently undergoing clinical development are highlighted. Future approaches, which may include antigens that are genetically conserved across Salmonella and confer broad, non-serotype-specific protection, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Baliban
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ying-Jie Lu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richard Malley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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27
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Yang S, Li W, Fan Z, Zhai L, Chen J, Xiao X, Ma J, Song B, Ma J, Tong C, Yu L, Yu Y, Cao W, Cui Y. Identification of CD4 + T cell epitopes on glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-C of Staphylococcus aureus in Babl/c mice. Microb Pathog 2020; 144:104167. [PMID: 32222538 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-C (GapC) is a highly conserved surface protein of Staphylococcus aureus, with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, which represents an excellent vaccine candidate antigen. It can induce protective immune responses to S. aureus infections. However, CD4+ T cell epitopes of GapC that induce CD4+ T cell immune responses are currently unclear. In this study, we used bioinformatics prediction algorithms to predict CD4+ T cell epitopes of GapC. Ten peptides were synthesized to investigate the candidate epitopes. Our results showed that the peptides, G4 (GapC 104-123) and G10 (GapC 314-333) were able to induce proliferation of CD4+ T cells and secrete high levels of interferon (IFN)-γ, respectively. In addition, they significantly reduced bacterial loads in tissue and induced immunoprotective effects. It is suggested that G4 and G10 are Th1-type epitopes of S. aureus GapC. This study provides the potential development of the design of epitope-based vaccine against S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Yang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Wanyu Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Zhaowei Fan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Lu Zhai
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Jing Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Xue Xiao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Jun Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Baifen Song
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Jinzhu Ma
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Chunyu Tong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Liquan Yu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Yongzhong Yu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Weifan Cao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Yudong Cui
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China.
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28
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Xu W, Tian K, Li X, Zhang S. IL-9 blockade attenuates inflammation in a murine model of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2020; 52:133-140. [PMID: 31942919 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmz149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important etiology of pneumonia. Interleukin (IL)-9 is a T helper 9 (Th9) cytokine and participates in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Here, we investigated the role of IL-9 by using an MRSA pneumonia animal model. The BALB/c mice underwent nasal inhalation with an ST239 MRSA strain to establish the mouse model of MRSA pneumonia, and a subset of mice were intravenously injected with IL-9 neutralizing antibody or immunoglobulin (Ig) G. At 3 and 8 days postinfection, the peripheral blood, bronchioalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and lung tissues were collected. The frequencies of Th9 cells and the levels of cytokines in peripheral blood, BALF, and lung tissues were determined by flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. The colony counts of MRSA in BALF and lung tissue were detected. The lung pathological changes were examined using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Data from flow cytometry, qRT-PCR, and ELISA showed that MRSA-infected mice exhibited higher frequency of Th9 cells and higher IL-9 mRNA and protein levels in the peripheral blood, BALF, and lung tissues of mice. In contrast, the neutralization of IL-9 abrogated MRSA inoculation-induced Th9 cell generation and IL-9 production in BALF and lung tissues. Furthermore, bacterial counting and histological examination showed that the numbers of bacteria in BALF and lungs and the lung pathological scores induced by MRSA inoculation were attenuated by the neutralization of IL-9. Moreover, cell counting and ELISA results demonstrated that IL-9 neutralization diminished the MRSA inoculation-induced count of neutrophils and macrophages and levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in BALF. Collectively, IL-9 neutralization attenuated inflammation of MRSA pneumonia by regulating Th9/IL-9 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Xu
- Emergency Department, Anhui Children's Hospital, Hefei 230051, China
| | - Keyin Tian
- Emergency Department, Anhui Children's Hospital, Hefei 230051, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Li
- Emergency Department, Anhui Children's Hospital, Hefei 230051, China
| | - Shihai Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, Anhui Children's Hospital, Hefei 230051, China
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29
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Côté-Gravel J, Brouillette E, Malouin F. Vaccination with a live-attenuated small-colony variant improves the humoral and cell-mediated responses against Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0227109. [PMID: 31881064 PMCID: PMC6934294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is known to produce persistent and chronic infections in both humans and animals. It is recognized that small-colony variants (SCVs), which produce higher levels of biofilm and that are capable of intracellular persistence, contribute to the chronicity or recurrence of infections and that this phenotype is inherent to the pathogenesis process. Prevention of S. aureus infections through vaccination has not yet met with considerable success. Some of the current vaccine formulations for S. aureus bovine mastitis consist of inactivated S. aureus bacteria, sometimes combined to E. coli J5. As such, the stimulation of cell-mediated immunity by these vaccines might not be optimal. With this in mind, we recently engineered a genetically stable double mutant SCV (ΔvraGΔhemB), which was highly attenuated in a mastitis model of infection. The present work describes the immune responses elicited in mice by various experimental vaccine compositions including the live-attenuated SCV double mutant and its inactivated form, combined or not with inactivated E. coli J5. The live-attenuated SCV was found to provoke a strong and balanced humoral response in immunized mice, as well as strong proliferation of ex-vivo stimulated splenocytes isolated from these animals. These splenocytes were also found to release high concentration of IL-17 and IFN-γ when compared to every other vaccination formulation. Inversely, the inactivated whole-cell vaccine, alone or in combination with the E. coli J5 bacterin, elicited lower antibody titers and failed to induce Th1 or Th17 cell-mediated responses in the splenocyte proliferation assay. Our results suggest that live-attenuated SCVs can trigger host immunity differently than inactivated bacteria and could represent a suitable vector for inducing strong humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, which are crucial for protection. This could represent an important improvement over existing vaccine formulations for preventing S. aureus bovine mastitis and other infections caused by this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Côté-Gravel
- Centre d’étude et de Valorisation de la Diversité Microbienne (CEVDM), Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Eric Brouillette
- Centre d’étude et de Valorisation de la Diversité Microbienne (CEVDM), Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - François Malouin
- Centre d’étude et de Valorisation de la Diversité Microbienne (CEVDM), Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
- * E-mail:
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30
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O’Brien EC, McLoughlin RM. Considering the ‘Alternatives’ for Next-Generation Anti-Staphylococcus aureus Vaccine Development. Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:171-184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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