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Abrahamsen HL, Sanford TC, Collamore CE, Johnstone BA, Coyne MJ, García-Bayona L, Christie MP, Evans JC, Farrand AJ, Flores K, Morton CJ, Parker MW, Comstock LE, Tweten RK. Distant relatives of a eukaryotic cell-specific toxin family evolved a complement-like mechanism to kill bacteria. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5028. [PMID: 38866748 PMCID: PMC11169675 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49103-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs) comprise a large family of pore-forming toxins produced by Gram-positive bacteria, which are used to attack eukaryotic cells. Here, we functionally characterize a family of 2-component CDC-like (CDCL) toxins produced by the Gram-negative Bacteroidota that form pores by a mechanism only described for the mammalian complement membrane attack complex (MAC). We further show that the Bacteroides CDCLs are not eukaryotic cell toxins like the CDCs, but instead bind to and are proteolytically activated on the surface of closely related species, resulting in pore formation and cell death. The CDCL-producing Bacteroides is protected from the effects of its own CDCL by the presence of a surface lipoprotein that blocks CDCL pore formation. These studies suggest a prevalent mode of bacterial antagonism by a family of two-component CDCLs that function like mammalian MAC and that are wide-spread in the gut microbiota of diverse human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter L Abrahamsen
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Tristan C Sanford
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Casie E Collamore
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Bronte A Johnstone
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Michael J Coyne
- Duchossois Family Institute and Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Leonor García-Bayona
- Duchossois Family Institute and Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michelle P Christie
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Jordan C Evans
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Wheeler Bio, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Allison J Farrand
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Wheeler Bio, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Katia Flores
- Duchossois Family Institute and Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Craig J Morton
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- CSIRO Biomedical Manufacturing Program, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Michael W Parker
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
- Australian Cancer Research Foundation Rational Drug Discovery Centre, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, 2065, Australia.
| | - Laurie E Comstock
- Duchossois Family Institute and Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Rodney K Tweten
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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2
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Tsertou MI, Triga A, Droubogiannis S, Kokkari C, Anasi G, Katharios P. Isolation and characterization of a novel Tenacibaculum species and a corresponding bacteriophage from a Mediterranean fish hatchery: Description of Tenacibaculum larymnensis sp. nov. and Tenacibaculum phage Larrie. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1078669. [PMID: 36925475 PMCID: PMC10013915 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1078669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tenacibaculum larymnensis sp. nov., a novel species of the Tenacibaculum genus was isolated from a commercial fish hatchery in Greece. The novel species is phylogenetically close to T. discolor and was biochemically and genetically characterized. The genome of T. larymnensis has 3.66 Mbps length, 31.83% GC content and the genomic analysis demonstrated that it harbors a wide enzymatic repertoire suggestive of increased degrading capacity but also several virulence factors including hemolysins, secretion systems, transporters, siderophores, pili and extracellular proteins. Using the novel strain, a virulent bacteriophage designated as Tenacibaculum phage Larrie was isolated and characterized. Larrie is a novel Siphovirus with relatively large genome, 77.5 kbps with 111 ORFs, a GC content of 33.7% and an exclusively lytic lifestyle. The new phage-host system can serve as an efficient model to study microbial interactions in the aquatic environment which contribute to the nutrient cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ioanna Tsertou
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Adriana Triga
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion, Greece.,Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Engineering, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Stavros Droubogiannis
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion, Greece.,Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Engineering, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Constantina Kokkari
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Pantelis Katharios
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion, Greece
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3
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Senior MJT, Monico C, Weatherill EE, Gilbert RJ, Heuck AP, Wallace MI. Single-molecule tracking of perfringolysin O assembly and membrane insertion uncoupling. FEBS J 2023; 290:428-441. [PMID: 35989549 PMCID: PMC10086847 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We exploit single-molecule tracking and optical single channel recording in droplet interface bilayers to resolve the assembly pathway and pore formation of the archetypical cholesterol-dependent cytolysin nanopore, Perfringolysin O. We follow the stoichiometry and diffusion of Perfringolysin O complexes during assembly with 60 ms temporal resolution and 20 nm spatial precision. Our results suggest individual nascent complexes can insert into the lipid membrane where they continue active assembly. Overall, these data support a model of stepwise irreversible assembly dominated by monomer addition, but with infrequent assembly from larger partial complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J T Senior
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Carina Monico
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, UK.,Department of Chemistry, King's College London, UK
| | - Eve E Weatherill
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, UK.,Department of Chemistry, King's College London, UK
| | - Robert J Gilbert
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Alejandro P Heuck
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
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4
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Johnstone BA, Joseph R, Christie MP, Morton CJ, McGuiness C, Walsh JC, Böcking T, Tweten RK, Parker MW. Cholesterol-dependent cytolysins: The outstanding questions. IUBMB Life 2022; 74:1169-1179. [PMID: 35836358 PMCID: PMC9712165 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs) are a major family of bacterial pore-forming proteins secreted as virulence factors by Gram-positive bacterial species. CDCs are produced as soluble, monomeric proteins that bind specifically to cholesterol-rich membranes, where they oligomerize into ring-shaped pores of more than 30 monomers. Understanding the details of the steps the toxin undergoes in converting from monomer to a membrane-spanning pore is a continuing challenge. In this review we summarize what we know about CDCs and highlight the remaining outstanding questions that require answers to obtain a complete picture of how these toxins kill cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronte A Johnstone
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Riya Joseph
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michelle P Christie
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Craig J Morton
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Conall McGuiness
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - James C Walsh
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Till Böcking
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rodney K Tweten
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Michael W Parker
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Cancer Research Foundation Rational Drug Discovery Centre, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
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5
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Liu N, Wang X, Shan Q, Li S, Li Y, Chu B, Wang J, Zhu Y. Single Point Mutation and Its Role in Specific Pathogenicity to Reveal the Mechanism of Related Protein Families. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0092322. [PMID: 36214694 PMCID: PMC9603606 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00923-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyolysin (PLO) is secreted by Trueperella pyogenes as a water-soluble monomer after forming transmembrane β-barrel channels in the cell membrane by binding cholesterol. Two significantly conserved residues at domain 1 of PLO are mutated, which provides novel evidence of a relationship between conformational change and interaction with the cell membrane and uncovers the pore formation mechanism of the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin (CDC) family. Moreover, PLO is a special member of the CDCs, which the percentage of sequence identities between PLO and other CDC members is from 31% to 45%, while others are usually from 40% to 70%. It is important to understand that at very low sequence identities, models can be different in the pathogenic mechanisms of these CDC members, which are dedicated to a large number of Gram-positive bacterial pathogens. Our studies, for the first time, located and mutated two different highly conserved structural sites in the primary structure critical for PLO structure and function that proved the importance of these sites. Together, novel and repeatable observations into the pore formation mechanism of CDCs are provided by our findings. IMPORTANCE Postpartum disease of dairy cows caused by persistent bacterial infection is a global disease, which has a serious impact on the development of the dairy industry and brings huge economic losses. As one of the most relevant pathogenic bacteria for postpartum diseases in dairy cows, Trueperella pyogenes can secrete pyolysin (PLO), a member of the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin (CDC) family and recognized as the most important toxin of T. pyogenes. However, the current research work on PLO is still insufficient. The pathogenic mechanism of this toxin can be fully explored by changing the local structure and overall function of the toxin by a previously unidentified single point mutation. These studies lay the groundwork for future studies that will explore the contribution of this large family of CDC proteins to microbial survival and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Shan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuxian Li
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Li
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Bingxin Chu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiufeng Wang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaohong Zhu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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6
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McGuinness C, Walsh JC, Bayly-Jones C, Dunstone MA, Christie MP, Morton CJ, Parker MW, Böcking T. Single-molecule analysis of the entire perfringolysin O pore formation pathway. eLife 2022; 11:74901. [PMID: 36000711 PMCID: PMC9457685 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cholesterol-dependent cytolysin perfringolysin O (PFO) is secreted by Clostridium perfringens as a bacterial virulence factor able to form giant ring-shaped pores that perforate and ultimately lyse mammalian cell membranes. To resolve the kinetics of all steps in the assembly pathway, we have used single-molecule fluorescence imaging to follow the dynamics of PFO on dye-loaded liposomes that lead to opening of a pore and release of the encapsulated dye. Formation of a long-lived membrane-bound PFO dimer nucleates the growth of an irreversible oligomer. The growing oligomer can insert into the membrane and open a pore at stoichiometries ranging from tetramers to full rings (~35 mers), whereby the rate of insertion increases linearly with the number of subunits. Oligomers that insert before the ring is complete continue to grow by monomer addition post insertion. Overall, our observations suggest that PFO membrane insertion is kinetically controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conall McGuinness
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - James C Walsh
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Charles Bayly-Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michelle A Dunstone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michelle P Christie
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Craig J Morton
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael W Parker
- Australian Cancer Research Foundation Rational Drug Discovery Centre, St Vincents Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Till Böcking
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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7
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Yamaji-Hasegawa A, Murate M, Inaba T, Dohmae N, Sato M, Fujimori F, Sako Y, Greimel P, Kobayashi T. A novel sterol-binding protein reveals heterogeneous cholesterol distribution in neurite outgrowth and in late endosomes/lysosomes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:324. [PMID: 35644822 PMCID: PMC11072113 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04339-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We identified a mushroom-derived protein, maistero-2 that specifically binds 3-hydroxy sterol including cholesterol (Chol). Maistero-2 bound lipid mixture in Chol-dependent manner with a binding threshold of around 30%. Changing lipid composition did not significantly affect the threshold concentration. EGFP-maistero-2 labeled cell surface and intracellular organelle Chol with higher sensitivity than that of well-established Chol probe, D4 fragment of perfringolysin O. EGFP-maistero-2 revealed increase of cell surface Chol during neurite outgrowth and heterogeneous Chol distribution between CD63-positive and LAMP1-positive late endosomes/lysosomes. The absence of strictly conserved Thr-Leu pair present in Chol-dependent cytolysins suggests a distinct Chol-binding mechanism for maistero-2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Motohide Murate
- Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Cellular Informatics Laboratory, RIKEN CPR, 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- UMR 7021, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67401, Illkirch, France
| | - Takehiko Inaba
- Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Cellular Informatics Laboratory, RIKEN CPR, 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Naoshi Dohmae
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit, RIKEN CSRS, 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masayuki Sato
- Yukiguni Maitake Co, Ltd. Yokawa 89, Minamiuonuma, Niigata, 949-6695, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Fujimori
- Laboratory of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo Kasei University, 1-18-1 Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo, 173-8062, Japan
| | - Yasushi Sako
- Cellular Informatics Laboratory, RIKEN CPR, 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Peter Greimel
- Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Toshihide Kobayashi
- Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
- Cellular Informatics Laboratory, RIKEN CPR, 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
- UMR 7021, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67401, Illkirch, France.
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8
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Membrane Cholesterol Content and Lipid Organization Influence Melittin and Pneumolysin Pore-Forming Activity. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14050346. [PMID: 35622592 PMCID: PMC9147762 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14050346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Melittin, the main toxic component in the venom of the European honeybee, interacts with natural and artificial membranes due to its amphiphilic properties. Rather than interacting with a specific receptor, melittin interacts with the lipid components, disrupting the lipid bilayer and inducing ion leakage and osmotic shock. This mechanism of action is shared with pneumolysin and other members of the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin family. In this manuscript, we investigated the inverse correlation for cholesterol dependency of these two toxins. While pneumolysin-induced damage is reduced by pretreatment with the cholesterol-depleting agent methyl-β-cyclodextrin, the toxicity of melittin, after cholesterol depletion, increased. A similar response was also observed after a short incubation with lipophilic simvastatin, which alters membrane lipid organization and structure, clustering lipid rafts. Therefore, changes in toxin sensitivity can be achieved in cells by depleting cholesterol or changing the lipid bilayer organization.
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Lata K, Singh M, Chatterjee S, Chattopadhyay K. Membrane Dynamics and Remodelling in Response to the Action of the Membrane-Damaging Pore-Forming Toxins. J Membr Biol 2022; 255:161-173. [PMID: 35305136 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-022-00227-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pore-forming protein toxins (PFTs) represent a diverse class of membrane-damaging proteins that are produced by a wide variety of organisms. PFT-mediated membrane perforation is largely governed by the chemical composition and the physical properties of the plasma membranes. The interaction between the PFTs with the target membranes is critical for the initiation of the pore-formation process, and can lead to discrete membrane reorganization events that further aids in the process of pore-formation. Punching holes on the plasma membranes by the PFTs interferes with the cellular homeostasis by disrupting the ion-balance inside the cells that in turn can turn on multiple signalling cascades required to restore membrane integrity and cellular homeostasis. In this review, we discuss the physicochemical attributes of the plasma membranes associated with the pore-formation processes by the PFTs, and the subsequent membrane remodelling events that may start off the membrane-repair mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kusum Lata
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Mahendra Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Shamaita Chatterjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Kausik Chattopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India.
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10
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Ulhuq FR, Mariano G. Bacterial pore-forming toxins. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2022; 168:001154. [PMID: 35333704 PMCID: PMC9558359 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pore-forming toxins (PFTs) are widely distributed in both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. PFTs can act as virulence factors that bacteria utilise in dissemination and host colonisation or, alternatively, they can be employed to compete with rival microbes in polymicrobial niches. PFTs transition from a soluble form to become membrane-embedded by undergoing large conformational changes. Once inserted, they perforate the membrane, causing uncontrolled efflux of ions and/or nutrients and dissipating the protonmotive force (PMF). In some instances, target cells intoxicated by PFTs display additional effects as part of the cellular response to pore formation. Significant progress has been made in the mechanistic description of pore formation for the different PFTs families, but in several cases a complete understanding of pore structure remains lacking. PFTs have evolved recognition mechanisms to bind specific receptors that define their host tropism, although this can be remarkably diverse even within the same family. Here we summarise the salient features of PFTs and highlight where additional research is necessary to fully understand the mechanism of pore formation by members of this diverse group of protein toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima R. Ulhuq
- Microbes in Health and Disease Theme, Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Giuseppina Mariano
- Microbes in Health and Disease Theme, Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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11
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Tabata A, Nagamune H. Diversity of β-hemolysins produced by the human opportunistic streptococci. Microbiol Immunol 2021; 65:512-529. [PMID: 34591320 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The genus Streptococcus infects a broad range of hosts, including humans. Some species, such as S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae, S. pneumoniae, and S. mutans, are recognized as the major human pathogens, and their pathogenicity toward humans has been investigated. However, many of other streptococcal species have been recognized as opportunistic pathogens in humans, and their clinical importance has been underestimated. In our previous study, the Anginosus group streptococci (AGS) and Mitis group streptococci (MGS) showed clear β-hemolysis on blood agar, and the factors responsible for the hemolysis were homologs of two types of β-hemolysins, cholesterol-dependent cytolysin (CDC) and streptolysin S (SLS). In contrast to the regular β-hemolysins produced by streptococci (typical CDCs and SLSs), genetically, structurally, and functionally atypical β-hemolysins have been observed in AGS and MGS. These atypical β-hemolysins are thought to affect and contribute to the pathogenic potential of opportunistic streptococci mainly inhabiting the human oral cavity. In this review, we introduce the diverse characteristics of β-hemolysin produced by opportunistic streptococci, focusing on the species/strains belonging to AGS and MGS, and discuss their pathogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Tabata
- Department of Bioengineering, Division of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nagamune
- Department of Bioengineering, Division of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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12
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Parperis C, Wallace MI. Single-molecule imaging of pore-forming toxin dynamics in droplet interface bilayers. Methods Enzymol 2021; 649:431-459. [PMID: 33712195 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Single-channel recording from pore-forming toxins (PFTs) provides a clear and direct molecular readout of toxin action. However to complete any mechanistic understanding of PFT behavior, this functional kinetic readout must be linked to the underlying changes in toxin structure, binding, conformation, or stoichiometry. Here we review how single-molecule imaging methods might be used to further our understanding of PFTs, and provide detailed practical guidance on the use of droplet interface bilayers as a method capable of examining both single-molecule fluorescence and single-channel electrical signals from PFTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Parperis
- Department of Chemistry, Britannia House, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark I Wallace
- Department of Chemistry, Britannia House, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Tomishige N, Murate M, Didier P, Richert L, Mély Y, Kobayashi T. The use of pore-forming toxins to image lipids and lipid domains. Methods Enzymol 2021; 649:503-542. [PMID: 33712198 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Very few proteins are reported to bind specific lipids. Because of the high selectivity and strong binding to specific lipids, lipid-targeting pore forming toxins (PFTs) have been employed to study the distribution of lipids in cell- and model-membranes. Non-toxic and monomeric PFT-derivatives are especially useful to study living cells. In this chapter we highlight sphingomyelin (SM)-binding PFT, lysenin (Lys), its derivatives, and newly identified SM/cholesterol binding protein, nakanori. We describe the preparation of non-toxic mutant of Lys (NT-Lys) and its application in optical and super resolution microscopy. We also discuss the observation of nanometer scale lipid domains labeled with nakanori and maltose-binding protein (MBP)-Lys in electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pascal Didier
- UMR 7021 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | | | - Yves Mély
- UMR 7021 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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Evans JC, Tweten RK. How protein engineering has revealed the molecular mechanisms of pore-forming toxins. Methods Enzymol 2021; 649:47-70. [PMID: 33712197 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Pore-forming proteins are found in prokaryotes, vertebrates, and invertebrates, and when involved in pathogenic processes they are classified as pore-forming toxins (PFTs). The use of gene engineering methods in combination with the information provided by the high-resolution crystal structures of the PFTs have allowed investigators to gain a deep understanding of their pore-forming mechanisms. In this chapter, we discuss how protein engineering has helped us and others to reveal the molecular mechanisms of pore formation by prokaryotic PFTs with an emphasis on our experiences with the cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan C Evans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Rodney K Tweten
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.
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Li Y, Li Y, Mengist HM, Shi C, Zhang C, Wang B, Li T, Huang Y, Xu Y, Jin T. Structural Basis of the Pore-Forming Toxin/Membrane Interaction. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13020128. [PMID: 33572271 PMCID: PMC7914777 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rapid growth of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, it is urgent to develop alternative therapeutic strategies. Pore-forming toxins (PFTs) belong to the largest family of virulence factors of many pathogenic bacteria and constitute the most characterized classes of pore-forming proteins (PFPs). Recent studies revealed the structural basis of several PFTs, both as soluble monomers, and transmembrane oligomers. Upon interacting with host cells, the soluble monomer of bacterial PFTs assembles into transmembrane oligomeric complexes that insert into membranes and affect target cell-membrane permeability, leading to diverse cellular responses and outcomes. Herein we have reviewed the structural basis of pore formation and interaction of PFTs with the host cell membrane, which could add valuable contributions in comprehensive understanding of PFTs and searching for novel therapeutic strategies targeting PFTs and interaction with host receptors in the fight of bacterial antibiotic-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; (Y.L.); (C.S.); (B.W.); (T.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yuelong Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Laboratory of Structural Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China; (Y.L.); (H.M.M.); (C.Z.)
| | - Hylemariam Mihiretie Mengist
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Laboratory of Structural Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China; (Y.L.); (H.M.M.); (C.Z.)
| | - Cuixiao Shi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; (Y.L.); (C.S.); (B.W.); (T.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Caiying Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Laboratory of Structural Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China; (Y.L.); (H.M.M.); (C.Z.)
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; (Y.L.); (C.S.); (B.W.); (T.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; (Y.L.); (C.S.); (B.W.); (T.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; (Y.L.); (C.S.); (B.W.); (T.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yuanhong Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; (Y.L.); (C.S.); (B.W.); (T.L.); (Y.H.)
- Correspondence: (Y.X.); (T.J.); Tel.: +86-13505694447 (Y.X.); +86-17605607323 (T.J.)
| | - Tengchuan Jin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Laboratory of Structural Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China; (Y.L.); (H.M.M.); (C.Z.)
- Correspondence: (Y.X.); (T.J.); Tel.: +86-13505694447 (Y.X.); +86-17605607323 (T.J.)
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