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Kelly M, Jeon S, Yun J, Lee B, Park M, Whang Y, Lee C, Charles RC, Bhuiyan TR, Qadri F, Kamruzzaman M, Cho S, Vann WF, Xu P, Kováč P, Ganapathy R, Lynch J, Ryan ET. Vaccination of Rabbits with a Cholera Conjugate Vaccine Comprising O-Specific Polysaccharide and a Recombinant Fragment of Tetanus Toxin Heavy Chain Induces Protective Immune Responses against Vibrio cholerae O1. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 109:1122-1128. [PMID: 37783453 PMCID: PMC10622467 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a need for next-generation cholera vaccines that provide high-level and durable protection in young children in cholera-endemic areas. A cholera conjugate vaccine (CCV) is in development to address this need. This vaccine contains the O-specific polysaccharide (OSP) of Vibrio cholerae O1 conjugated via squaric acid chemistry to a recombinant fragment of the tetanus toxin heavy chain (OSP:rTTHc). This vaccine has been shown previously to be immunogenic and protective in mice and found to be safe in a recent preclinical toxicological analysis in rabbits. We took advantage of excess serum samples collected as part of the toxicological study and assessed the immunogenicity of CCV OSP:rTTHc in rabbits. We found that vaccination with CCV induced OSP-, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-, and rTTHc-specific immune responses in rabbits, that immune responses were functional as assessed by vibriocidal activity, and that immune responses were protective against death in an established virulent challenge assay. CCV OSP:rTTHc immunogenicity in two animal model systems (mice and rabbits) is encouraging and supports further development of this vaccine for evaluation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan Kelly
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Suhi Jeon
- Eubiologics Ltd, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeesun Yun
- Eubiologics Ltd, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byungman Lee
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | | | | | - Chankyu Lee
- Eubiologics Ltd, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Richelle C. Charles
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Taufiqur R. Bhuiyan
- icddr,b (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- icddr,b (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Kamruzzaman
- icddr,b (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Somyoung Cho
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Willie F. Vann
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Peng Xu
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Pavol Kováč
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Julia Lynch
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Edward T. Ryan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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2
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Montero DA, Vidal RM, Velasco J, George S, Lucero Y, Gómez LA, Carreño LJ, García-Betancourt R, O’Ryan M. Vibrio cholerae, classification, pathogenesis, immune response, and trends in vaccine development. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1155751. [PMID: 37215733 PMCID: PMC10196187 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1155751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of cholera, a highly contagious diarrheal disease affecting millions worldwide each year. Cholera is a major public health problem, primarily in countries with poor sanitary conditions and regions affected by natural disasters, where access to safe drinking water is limited. In this narrative review, we aim to summarize the current understanding of the evolution of virulence and pathogenesis of V. cholerae as well as provide an overview of the immune response against this pathogen. We highlight that V. cholerae has a remarkable ability to adapt and evolve, which is a global concern because it increases the risk of cholera outbreaks and the spread of the disease to new regions, making its control even more challenging. Furthermore, we show that this pathogen expresses several virulence factors enabling it to efficiently colonize the human intestine and cause cholera. A cumulative body of work also shows that V. cholerae infection triggers an inflammatory response that influences the development of immune memory against cholera. Lastly, we reviewed the status of licensed cholera vaccines, those undergoing clinical evaluation, and recent progress in developing next-generation vaccines. This review offers a comprehensive view of V. cholerae and identifies knowledge gaps that must be addressed to develop more effective cholera vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Montero
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Roberto M. Vidal
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juliana Velasco
- Unidad de Paciente Crítico, Clínica Hospital del Profesor, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Formación de Especialista en Medicina de Urgencia, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio George
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yalda Lucero
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Pediatría y Cirugía Infantil, Hospital Dr. Roberto del Rio, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leonardo A. Gómez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Leandro J. Carreño
- Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Richard García-Betancourt
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel O’Ryan
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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3
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Lloyd CJ, Klose KE. The Vibrio Polar Flagellum: Structure and Regulation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1404:77-97. [PMID: 36792872 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-22997-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Here we discuss the structure and regulation of the Vibrio flagellum and its role in the virulence of pathogenic species. We will cover some of the novel insights into the structure of this nanomachine that have recently been enabled by cryoelectron tomography. We will also highlight the recent genetic studies that have increased our understanding in flagellar synthesis specifically at the bacterial cell pole, temporal regulation of flagellar genes, and how the flagellum enables directional motility through Run-Reverse-Flick cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron J Lloyd
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Karl E Klose
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA. .,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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4
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Allsing N, Kelley ST, Fox AN, Sant KE. Metagenomic Analysis of Microbial Contamination in the U.S. Portion of the Tijuana River Watershed. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:ijerph20010600. [PMID: 36612923 PMCID: PMC9819409 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The Tijuana River watershed is binational, flowing from Tijuana, Mexico into San Diego and Imperial Beach, USA. Aging sewage and stormwater infrastructure in Tijuana has not kept pace with population growth, causing overflows into this watershed during major rainfall or equipment failures. The public health consequences of this impaired watershed on the surrounding communities remain unknown. Here, we performed untargeted metagenomic sequencing to better characterize the sewage contamination in the Tijuana River, identifying potential pathogens and molecular indicators of antibiotic resistance in surface waters. In 2019-2020, water samples were collected within 48 h of major rainfall events at five transborder flow sites and at the mouth of the river in the US portion of the Tijuana River and estuary. After filtration, DNA was extracted and sequenced, and sequences were run through the Kaiju taxonomic classification program. A pathogen profile of the most abundant disease-causing microbes and viruses present in each of the samples was constructed, and specific markers of fecal contamination were identified and linked to each site. Results from diversity analysis between the sites showed clear distinction as well as similarities between sites and dates, and antibiotic-resistant genes were found at each site. This serves as a baseline characterization of microbial exposures to these local communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Allsing
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Scott T. Kelley
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
- Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics Program, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Alexandra N. Fox
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Karilyn E. Sant
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
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5
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Jensen O, Trivedi S, Li K, Aubé J, Hale JS, Ryan ET, Leung DT. Use of a MAIT-Activating Ligand, 5-OP-RU, as a Mucosal Adjuvant in a Murine Model of Vibrio cholerae O1 Vaccination. Pathog Immun 2022; 7:122-144. [PMID: 36072570 PMCID: PMC9438945 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v7i1.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T cells enriched in the mucosa with capacity for B-cell help. We hypothesize that targeting MAIT cells, using a MAIT-activating ligand as an adjuvant, could improve mucosal vaccine responses to bacterial pathogens such as Vibrio cholerae. Methods We utilized murine models of V. cholerae vaccination to test the adjuvant potential of the MAIT-activating ligand, 5-(2-oxopropylideneamino)-6-D-ribitylaminouracil (5-OP-RU). We measured V. cholerae-specific antibody and antibody-secreting cell responses and used flow cytometry to examine MAIT-cell and B-cell phenotype, in blood, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and mucosal tissues, following intranasal vaccination with live V. cholerae O1 or a V. cholerae O1 polysaccharide conjugate vaccine. Results We report significant expansion of MAIT cells in the lungs (P < 0.001) and BALF (P < 0.001) of 5-OP-RU treated mice, and higher mucosal (BALF, P = 0.045) but not systemic (serum, P = 0.21) V. cholerae O-specific-polysaccharide IgG responses in our conjugate vaccine model when adjuvanted with low-dose 5-OP-RU. In contrast, despite significant MAIT cell expansion, no significant differences in V. cholerae-specific humoral responses were found in our live V. cholerae vaccination model. Conclusions Using a murine model, we demonstrate the potential, as well as the limitations, of targeting MAIT cells to improve antibody responses to mucosal cholera vaccines. Our study highlights the need for future research optimizing MAIT-cell targeting for improving mucosal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Jensen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Shubhanshi Trivedi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Kelin Li
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - J. Scott Hale
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Edward T. Ryan
- Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Immunology and Infectious diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel T. Leung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
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6
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Abstract
Cholera is a severe diarrheal disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae and constitutes a significant public health threat in many areas of the world. V. cholerae infection elicits potent and long-lasting immunity, and efforts to develop cholera vaccines have been ongoing for more than a century. Currently available inactivated two-dose oral cholera vaccines are increasingly deployed to both prevent and actively curb cholera outbreaks, and they are key components of the global effort to eradicate cholera. However, these killed whole-cell vaccines have several limitations, and a variety of new oral and nonoral cholera vaccine platforms have recently been developed. Here, we review emerging concepts in cholera vaccine design and implementation that have been driven by insights from human and animal studies. As a prototypical vaccine-preventable disease, cholera continues to be an excellent target for the development and application of cutting-edge technologies and platforms that may transform vaccinology. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Microbiology, Volume 76 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Sit
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; .,Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bolutife Fakoya
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; .,Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew K Waldor
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; .,Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Massachusetts, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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7
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Muzembo BA, Kitahara K, Mitra D, Ohno A, Miyoshi SI. Long-Term Kinetics of Serological Antibodies against Vibrio cholerae Following a Clinical Cholera Case: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:7141. [PMID: 35742404 PMCID: PMC9223532 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 2.9 million people worldwide suffer from cholera each year, many of whom are destitute. However, understanding of immunity against cholera is still limited. Several studies have reported the duration of antibodies following cholera; however, systematic reviews including a quantitative synthesis are lacking. OBJECTIVE To meta-analyze cohort studies that have evaluated vibriocidal, cholera toxin B subunit (CTB), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antibody levels following a clinical cholera case. METHODS Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis. We searched PubMed and Web of science for studies assessing antibodies against Vibrio cholerae in cohorts of patients with clinical cholera. Two authors independently extracted data and assessed the quality of included studies. Random effects models were used to pool antibody titers in adults and older children (aged ≥ 6 years). In sensitivity analysis, studies reporting data on young children (2-5 years) were included. RESULTS Nine studies met our inclusion criteria for systematic review and seven for meta-analysis. The pooled mean of vibriocidal antibody titers in adults and older children (aged ≥ 6 years) was 123 on day 2 post-symptom onset, which sharply increased on day 7 (pooled mean = 6956) and gradually waned to 2247 on day 30, 578 on day 90, and 177 on day 360. Anti-CTB IgA antibodies also peaked on day 7 (pooled mean = 49), followed by a rapid decrease on day 30 (pooled mean = 21), and further declined on day 90 (pooled mean = 10), after which it plateaued from day 180 (pooled mean = 8) to 360 (pooled mean = 6). Similarly, anti-CTB IgG antibodies peaked in early convalescence between days 7 (pooled mean = 65) and 30 (pooled mean = 69), then gradually waned on days 90 (pooled mean = 42) and 180 (pooled mean = 30) and returned to baseline on day 360 (pooled mean = 24). Anti-LPS IgA antibodies peaked on day 7 (pooled mean = 124), gradually declined on day 30 (pooled mean = 44), which persisted until day 360 (pooled mean = 10). Anti LPS IgG antibodies peaked on day 7 (pooled mean = 94). Thereafter, they decreased on day 30 (pooled mean = 85), and dropped further on days 90 (pooled mean = 51) and 180 (pooled mean = 47), and returned to baseline on day 360 (pooled mean = 32). Sensitivity analysis including data from young children (aged 2-5 years) showed very similar findings as in the primary analysis. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms that serological antibody (vibriocidal, CTB, and LPS) titers return to baseline levels within 1 year following clinical cholera, i.e., before the protective immunity against subsequent cholera wanes. However, this decay should not be interpreted as waning immunity because immunity conferred by cholera against subsequent disease lasts 3-10 years. Our study provides evidence for surveillance strategies and future research on vaccines and also demonstrates the need for further studies to improve our understanding of immunity against cholera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basilua Andre Muzembo
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; (K.K.); (A.O.); (S.-I.M.)
| | - Kei Kitahara
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; (K.K.); (A.O.); (S.-I.M.)
- Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India, Kolkata 700010, India;
| | - Debmalya Mitra
- Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India, Kolkata 700010, India;
| | - Ayumu Ohno
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; (K.K.); (A.O.); (S.-I.M.)
- Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India, Kolkata 700010, India;
| | - Shin-Ichi Miyoshi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; (K.K.); (A.O.); (S.-I.M.)
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8
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Kanungo S, Azman AS, Ramamurthy T, Deen J, Dutta S. Cholera. Lancet 2022; 399:1429-1440. [PMID: 35397865 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(22)00330-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cholera was first described in the areas around the Bay of Bengal and spread globally, resulting in seven pandemics during the past two centuries. It is caused by toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 or O139 bacteria. Cholera is characterised by mild to potentially fatal acute watery diarrhoeal disease. Prompt rehydration therapy is the cornerstone of management. We present an overview of cholera and its pathogenesis, natural history, bacteriology, and epidemiology, while highlighting advances over the past 10 years in molecular epidemiology, immunology, and vaccine development and deployment. Since 2014, the Global Task Force on Cholera Control, a WHO coordinated network of partners, has been working with several countries to develop national cholera control strategies. The global roadmap for cholera control focuses on stopping transmission in cholera hotspots through vaccination and improved water, sanitation, and hygiene, with the aim to reduce cholera deaths by 90% and eliminate local transmission in at least 20 countries by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Kanungo
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Andrew S Azman
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Jaqueline Deen
- Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines-Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Shanta Dutta
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India.
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9
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Rashidijahanabad Z, Kelly M, Kamruzzaman M, Qadri F, Bhuiyan TR, McFall-Boegeman H, Wu D, Piszczek G, Xu P, Ryan ET, Huang X. Virus-like Particle Display of Vibrio choleraeO-Specific Polysaccharide as a Potential Vaccine against Cholera. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:574-583. [PMID: 35170309 PMCID: PMC9119010 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae, a noninvasive mucosal pathogen, is endemic in more than 50 countries. Oral cholera vaccines, based on killed whole-cell strains of Vibrio cholerae, can provide significant protection in adults and children for 2-5 years. However, they have relatively limited direct protection in young children. To overcome current challenges, in this study, a potential conjugate vaccine was developed by linking O-specific polysaccharide (OSP) antigen purified from V. cholerae O1 El Tor Inaba strain PIC018 with Qβ virus-like particles efficiently via squarate chemistry. The Qβ-OSP conjugate was characterized with mass photometry (MP) on the whole particle level. Pertinent immunologic display of OSP was confirmed by immunoreactivity of the conjugate with convalescent phase samples from humans with cholera. Mouse immunization with the Qβ-OSP conjugate showed that the construct generated prominent and long-lasting IgG antibody responses against OSP, and the resulting antibodies could recognize the native lipopolysaccharide from Vibrio cholerae O1 Inaba. This was the first time that Qβ was conjugated with a bacterial polysaccharide for vaccine development, broadening the scope of this powerful carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Rashidijahanabad
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States.,Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Meagan Kelly
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Mohammad Kamruzzaman
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Taufiqur R Bhuiyan
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Hunter McFall-Boegeman
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States.,Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Di Wu
- Biophysics Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Grzegorz Piszczek
- Biophysics Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Peng Xu
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Edward T Ryan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States.,Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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10
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Sit B, Fakoya B, Waldor MK. Animal models for dissecting Vibrio cholerae intestinal pathogenesis and immunity. Curr Opin Microbiol 2022; 65:1-7. [PMID: 34695646 PMCID: PMC8792189 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The human diarrheal disease cholera is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Efforts to develop animal models that closely mimic cholera to study the pathogenesis of this disease began >125 years ago. Here, we review currently used non-surgical, oral inoculation-based animal models for investigation of V. cholerae intestinal colonization and disease and highlight recent discoveries that have illuminated mechanisms of cholera pathogenesis and immunity, particularly in the area of how V. cholerae interacts with the gut microbiome to influence infection. The emergence of high-throughput tools for studies of pathogen-host interactions, along with continued advances in host genetic engineering and manipulation in animal models of V. cholerae will deepen understanding of cholera pathogenesis, uncovering knowledge important for control of this globally important bacterial pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Sit
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bolutife Fakoya
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew K. Waldor
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Massachusetts, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA,corresponding author: , Phone: 6175254646, Address: MCP-759, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts, USA 02115
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11
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Macbeth JC, Liu R, Alavi S, Hsiao A. A dysbiotic gut microbiome suppresses antibody mediated-protection against Vibrio cholerae. iScience 2021; 24:103443. [PMID: 34877500 PMCID: PMC8633975 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholera is a severe diarrheal disease that places a significant burden on global health. Cholera's high morbidity demands effective prophylactic strategies, but oral cholera vaccines exhibit variable efficacy in human populations. One contributor of variance in human populations is the gut microbiome, which in cholera-endemic areas is modulated by malnutrition, cholera, and non-cholera diarrhea. We conducted fecal transplants from healthy human donors and model communities of either human gut microbes that resemble healthy individuals or those of individuals recovering from diarrhea in various mouse models. We show microbiome-specific effects on host antibody responses against Vibrio cholerae, and that dysbiotic human gut microbiomes representative of cholera-endemic areas suppress the immune response against V. cholerae via CD4+ lymphocytes. Our findings suggest that gut microbiome composition at time of infection or vaccination may be pivotal for providing robust mucosal immunity, and suggest a target for improved prophylactic and therapeutic strategies for cholera.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Macbeth
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.,Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.,Graduate Program in Genetics, Genomics, and Bioinformatics, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Salma Alavi
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Ansel Hsiao
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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12
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Li N, Zeng Y, Hu B, Zhu T, Svenningsen SL, Middelboe M, Tan D. Interactions between the Prophage 919TP and Its Vibrio cholerae Host: Implications of gmd Mutation for Phage Resistance, Cell Auto-Aggregation, and Motility. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122342. [PMID: 34960610 PMCID: PMC8706939 DOI: 10.3390/v13122342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Prophage 919TP is widely distributed among Vibrio cholera and is induced to produce free φ919TP phage particles. However, the interactions between prophage φ919TP, the induced phage particle, and its host remain unknown. In particular, phage resistance mechanisms and potential fitness trade-offs, resulting from phage resistance, are unresolved. In this study, we examined a prophage 919TP-deleted variant of V. cholerae and its interaction with a modified lytic variant of the induced prophage (φ919TP cI-). Specifically, the phage-resistant mutant was isolated by challenging a prophage-deleted variant with lytic phage φ919TP cI-. Further, the comparative genomic analysis of wild-type and φ919TP cI--resistant mutant predicted that phage φ919TP cI- selects for phage-resistant mutants harboring a mutation in key steps of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O-antigen biosynthesis, causing a single-base-pair deletion in gene gmd. Our study showed that the gmd-mediated O-antigen defect can cause pleiotropic phenotypes, e.g., cell autoaggregation and reduced swarming motility, emphasizing the role of phage-driven diversification in V. cholerae. The developed approach assists in the identification of genetic determinants of host specificity and is used to explore the molecular mechanism underlying phage-host interactions. Our findings contribute to the understanding of prophage-facilitated horizontal gene transfer and emphasize the potential for developing new strategies to optimize the use of phages in bacterial pathogen control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (N.L.); (B.H.); (T.Z.)
| | - Yigang Zeng
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China;
| | - Bijie Hu
- Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (N.L.); (B.H.); (T.Z.)
| | - Tongyu Zhu
- Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (N.L.); (B.H.); (T.Z.)
| | | | - Mathias Middelboe
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (D.T.)
| | - Demeng Tan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China;
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (D.T.)
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13
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Scalable production and immunogenicity of a cholera conjugate vaccine. Vaccine 2021; 39:6936-6946. [PMID: 34716040 PMCID: PMC8609181 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There is a need to develop cholera vaccines that are protective in young children under 5 years of age, which induce long-term immunity, and which can be incorporated into the Expanded Programme of Immunization (EPI) in cholera-endemic countries. The degree of protection afforded by currently available oral cholera vaccines (OCV) to young children is significantly lower than that induced by vaccination of older vaccine recipients. Immune responses that protect against cholera target the O-specific polysaccharide (OSP) of Vibrio cholerae, and young children have poor immunological responses to bacterial polysaccharides, which are T cell independent antigens. To overcome this, we have developed a cholera conjugate vaccine (CCV) containing the OSP of V. cholerae O1, the main cause of endemic and epidemic cholera. Here, we describe production of CCV through a scalable manufacturing process and preclinical evaluation of immunogenicity in the presence and absence of aluminum phosphate (alum) as an adjuvant. The vaccine displays V. cholerae O1 Inaba OSP in sun-burst display via single point attachment of core oligosaccharide to a recombinant tetanus toxoid heavy chain fragment (rTTHc). Two different pilot-scale production batches of non-GMP CCV were manufactured and characterized in terms of physico-chemical properties and immunogenicity. In preclinical testing, the vaccine induced OSP- and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-specific IgG and IgM responses, vibriocidal responses, memory B cell responses, and protection in a V. cholerae O1 challenge model. The addition of alum to the administered vaccine increased OSP-specific immune responses. These results support evaluation of CCV in humans.
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14
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Ryan ET, Leung DT, Jensen O, Weil AA, Bhuiyan TR, Khan AI, Chowdhury F, LaRocque RC, Harris JB, Calderwood SB, Qadri F, Charles RC. Systemic, Mucosal, and Memory Immune Responses following Cholera. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:192. [PMID: 34842841 PMCID: PMC8628923 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6040192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae O1, the major causative agent of cholera, remains a significant public health threat. Although there are available vaccines for cholera, the protection provided by killed whole-cell cholera vaccines in young children is poor. An obstacle to the development of improved cholera vaccines is the need for a better understanding of the primary mechanisms of cholera immunity and identification of improved correlates of protection. Considerable progress has been made over the last decade in understanding the adaptive and innate immune responses to cholera disease as well as V. cholerae infection. This review will assess what is currently known about the systemic, mucosal, memory, and innate immune responses to clinical cholera, as well as recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms and correlates of protection against V. cholerae O1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward T. Ryan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (E.T.R.); (R.C.L.); (J.B.H.); (S.B.C.)
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel T. Leung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; (D.T.L.); (O.J.)
| | - Owen Jensen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; (D.T.L.); (O.J.)
| | - Ana A. Weil
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA;
| | - Taufiqur Rahman Bhuiyan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (T.R.B.); (A.I.K.); (F.C.); (F.Q.)
| | - Ashraful Islam Khan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (T.R.B.); (A.I.K.); (F.C.); (F.Q.)
| | - Fahima Chowdhury
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (T.R.B.); (A.I.K.); (F.C.); (F.Q.)
| | - Regina C. LaRocque
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (E.T.R.); (R.C.L.); (J.B.H.); (S.B.C.)
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jason B. Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (E.T.R.); (R.C.L.); (J.B.H.); (S.B.C.)
- Department of Pediatrics, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Pediatric Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen B. Calderwood
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (E.T.R.); (R.C.L.); (J.B.H.); (S.B.C.)
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (T.R.B.); (A.I.K.); (F.C.); (F.Q.)
| | - Richelle C. Charles
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (E.T.R.); (R.C.L.); (J.B.H.); (S.B.C.)
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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15
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Abstract
A correlate of protection (CoP) is a measured adaptive immune response to vaccination or infection that is associated with protection against disease. However, the degree to which a CoP can serve as a surrogate end point for vaccine efficacy should depend on the robustness of this association. While cholera toxin is a dominant target of the human antibody response to Vibrio cholerae infection, antitoxin responses are not associated with long-term immunity, and are not effective CoPs for cholera. Instead, protection appears to be mediated by functional antibodies that target the O-polysaccharide coated V. cholerae outer membrane. Vibriocidal antibodies, which are complement-dependent bactericidal antibodies, remain the most accepted CoP for cholera and are used as surrogate end points in some vaccine studies. However, the association between vibriocidal antibody titers and immunity is not absolute, and they are unlikely to reflect a mechanistic correlate of protection against cholera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita S Iyer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jason B Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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16
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Gut Microbiota and Development of Vibrio cholerae-Specific Long-Term Memory B Cells in Adults after Whole-Cell Killed Oral Cholera Vaccine. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0021721. [PMID: 34228490 PMCID: PMC8370679 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00217-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholera is a diarrheal disease caused by Vibrio cholerae that continues to be a major public health concern in populations without access to safe water. IgG- and IgA-secreting memory B cells (MBC) targeting the V. cholerae O-specific polysaccharide (OSP) correlate with protection from infection in persons exposed to V. cholerae and may be a major determinant of long-term protection against cholera. Shanchol, a widely used oral cholera vaccine (OCV), stimulates OSP MBC responses in only some people after vaccination, and the gut microbiota is a possible determinant of variable immune responses observed after OCV. Using 16S rRNA sequencing of feces from the time of vaccination, we compared the gut microbiota among adults with and without MBC responses to OCV. Gut microbial diversity measures were not associated with MBC isotype or OSP-specific responses, but individuals with a higher abundance of Clostridiales and lower abundance of Enterobacterales were more likely to develop an MBC response. We applied protein-normalized fecal supernatants of high and low MBC responders to THP-1-derived human macrophages to investigate the effect of microbial factors at the time of vaccination. Feces from individuals with higher MBC responses induced significantly different IL-1β and IL-6 levels than individuals with lower responses, indicating that the gut microbiota at the time of vaccination may "prime" the mucosal immune response to vaccine antigens. Our results suggest the gut microbiota could impact immune responses to OCVs, and further study of microbial metabolites as potential vaccine adjuvants is warranted.
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17
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Chac D, Dunmire CN, Singh J, Weil AA. Update on Environmental and Host Factors Impacting the Risk of Vibrio cholerae Infection. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:1010-1019. [PMID: 33844507 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of cholera, a diarrheal disease that kills tens of thousands of people each year. Cholera is transmitted primarily by the ingestion of drinking water contaminated with fecal matter, and a safe water supply remains out of reach in many areas of the world. In this Review, we discuss host and environmental factors that impact the susceptibility to V. cholerae infection and the severity of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Chac
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Chelsea N. Dunmire
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Jasneet Singh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Ana A. Weil
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
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18
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Kauffman RC, Adekunle O, Yu H, Cho A, Nyhoff LE, Kelly M, Harris JB, Bhuiyan TR, Qadri F, Calderwood SB, Charles RC, Ryan ET, Kong J, Wrammert J. Impact of Immunoglobulin Isotype and Epitope on the Functional Properties of Vibrio cholerae O-Specific Polysaccharide-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies. mBio 2021; 12:e03679-20. [PMID: 33879588 PMCID: PMC8092325 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03679-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae causes the severe diarrheal disease cholera. Clinical disease and current oral cholera vaccines generate antibody responses associated with protection. Immunity is thought to be largely mediated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-specific antibodies, primarily targeting the O-antigen. However, the properties and protective mechanism of functionally relevant antibodies have not been well defined. We previously reported on the early B cell response to cholera in a cohort of Bangladeshi patients, from which we characterized a panel of human monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) isolated from acutely induced plasmablasts. All antibodies in that previous study were expressed in an IgG1 backbone irrespective of their original isotype. To clearly determine the impact of affinity, immunoglobulin isotype and subclass on the functional properties of these MAbs, we re-engineered a subset of low- and high-affinity antibodies in different isotype and subclass immunoglobulin backbones and characterized the impact of these changes on binding, vibriocidal, agglutination, and motility inhibition activity. While the high-affinity antibodies bound similarly to O-antigen, irrespective of isotype, the low-affinity antibodies displayed significant avidity differences. Interestingly, despite exhibiting lower binding properties, variants derived from the low-affinity MAbs had comparable agglutination and motility inhibition properties to the potently binding antibodies, suggesting that how the MAb binds to the O-antigen may be critical to function. In addition, not only pentameric IgM and dimeric IgA, but also monomeric IgA, was remarkably more potent than their IgG counterparts at inhibiting motility. Finally, analyzing highly purified F(ab) versions of these antibodies, we show that LPS cross-linking is essential for motility inhibition.IMPORTANCE Immunity to the severe diarrheal disease cholera is largely mediated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-specific antibodies. However, the properties and protective mechanisms of functionally relevant antibodies have not been well defined. Here, we have engineered low and high-affinity LPS-specific antibodies in different immunoglobulin backbones in order to assess the impact of affinity, immunoglobulin isotype, and subclass on binding, vibriocidal, agglutination, and motility inhibition functional properties. Importantly, we found that affinity did not directly dictate functional potency since variants derived from the low-affinity MAbs had comparable agglutination and motility inhibition properties to the potently binding antibodies. This suggests that how the antibody binds sterically may be critical to function. In addition, not only pentameric IgM and dimeric IgA, but also monomeric IgA, was remarkably more potent than their IgG counterparts at inhibiting motility. Finally, analyzing highly purified F(ab) versions of these antibodies, we show that LPS cross-linking is essential for motility inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Kauffman
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Oluwaseyi Adekunle
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hanyi Yu
- Department of Computer Science, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Alice Cho
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lindsay E Nyhoff
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Meagan Kelly
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jason B Harris
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Taufiqur Rahman Bhuiyan
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Stephen B Calderwood
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richelle C Charles
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Edward T Ryan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jun Kong
- Department of Computer Science, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jens Wrammert
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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