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Corcionivoschi N, Balta I, McCleery D, Bundurus I, Pet I, Calaway T, Nichita I, Stef L, Morariu S. Mechanisms of Pathogenic Escherichia coli Attachment to Meat. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2024. [PMID: 38593459 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2023.0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli are present in the human and animal microbiome as facultative anaerobes and are viewed as an integral part of the whole gastrointestinal environment. In certain circumstances, some species can also become opportunistic pathogens responsible for severe infections in humans. These infections are caused by the enterotoxinogenic E. coli, enteroinvasive E. coli, enteropathogenic E. coli and the enterohemorrhagic E. coli species, frequently present in food products and on food matrices. Severe human infections can be caused by consumption of meat contaminated upon exposure to animal feces, and as such, farm animals are considered to be a natural reservoir. The mechanisms by which these four major species of E. coli adhere and persist in meat postslaughter are of major interest to public health and food processors given their frequent involvement in foodborne outbreaks. This review aims to structure and provide an update on the mechanistic roles of environmental factors, curli, type I and type IV pili on E. coli adherence/interaction with meat postslaughter. Furthermore, we emphasize on the importance of bacterial surface structures, which can be used in designing interventions to enhance food safety and protect public health by reducing the burden of foodborne illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolae Corcionivoschi
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I from Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Igori Balta
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I from Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - David McCleery
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Iulia Bundurus
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I from Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ioan Pet
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I from Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Todd Calaway
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Ileana Nichita
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I from Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Lavinia Stef
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I from Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Sorin Morariu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I from Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
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Mehta AY, Tilton CA, Muerner L, von Gunten S, Heimburg-Molinaro J, Cummings RD. Reusable glycan microarrays using a microwave assisted wet-erase (MAWE) process. Glycobiology 2024; 34:cwad091. [PMID: 37962922 PMCID: PMC10969520 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwad091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern studies on binding of proteins to glycans commonly involve the use of synthetic glycans and their derivatives in which a small amount of the material is covalently printed onto a functionalized slide in a glycan microarray format. While incredibly useful to explore binding interactions with many types of samples, the common techniques involve drying the slides, which leads to irreversible association of the protein to the spots on slides to which they bound, thus limiting a microarray to a single use. We have developed a new technique which we term Microwave Assisted Wet-Erase (MAWE) glycan microarrays. In this approach we image the slides under wet conditions to acquire the data, after which the slides are cleaned of binding proteins by treatment with a denaturing SDS solution along with microwave treatment. Slides cleaned in this way can be reused multiple times, and an example here shows the reuse of a single array 15 times. We also demonstrate that this method can be used for a single-array per slide or multi-array per slide platforms. Importantly, the results obtained using this technique for a variety of lectins sequentially applied to a single array, are concordant to those obtained via the classical dry approaches on multiple slides. We also demonstrate that MAWE can be used for different types of samples, such as serum for antibody binding, and whole cells, such as yeast. This technique will greatly conserve precious glycans and prolong the use of existing and new glycan microarrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akul Y Mehta
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, Center for Life Sciences, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Catherine A Tilton
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, Center for Life Sciences, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Lukas Muerner
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, Center for Life Sciences, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, INO-F, Bern 3010, Switzerland
| | - Stephan von Gunten
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, INO-F, Bern 3010, Switzerland
| | - Jamie Heimburg-Molinaro
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, Center for Life Sciences, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, Center for Life Sciences, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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Samanta P, Doerksen RJ. Identifying FmlH lectin-binding small molecules for the prevention of Escherichia coli-induced urinary tract infections using hybrid fragment-based design and molecular docking. Comput Biol Med 2023; 163:107072. [PMID: 37329611 PMCID: PMC10810094 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.107072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Nearly 50% of women are affected by urinary tract infections (UTIs) during their lifetimes. The most common agent to cause UTIs is Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). UPEC expresses fibers known as chaperone-usher pathway pili with adhesins that specifically bind to receptors as they colonize various host tissues. UPEC uses an F9/Yde/Fml pilus, tipped with FmlH, which interacts with terminal galactoside/galactosaminoside units in glycoproteins in the epithelial cells of the bladder and kidney. The extensive use of traditional antibiotics has led to the rise of various antibiotic-resistant strains of UPEC. An alternative therapeutic approach is to use an anti-adhesion strategy mediated by competitive tight-binding FmlH inhibitors. In the current study, we have applied various computational modeling techniques, including fragment-based e-pharmacophore virtual screening, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations and binding free energy calculations for the design of small molecules that exhibit binding to FmlH. Our modeling protocol successfully predicted ligand moieties, such as a thiazole group, which were previously found as components of UPEC adhesin pili inhibitors, thereby validating our designed screening protocol. The screening protocol developed here could be utilized for design of ligands for other homologous protein targets. We also identified several novel galactosaminoside-containing molecules that, according to the computational modeling, are predicted to interact strongly with FmlH and hence we predict will be good FmlH inhibitors. Additionally, we have prepared and supplied a database of ∼190K small molecules obtained from virtual screening, which can serve as an excellent resource for the discovery of novel FmlH inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Samanta
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677-1848, USA
| | - Robert J Doerksen
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677-1848, USA; Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677-1848, USA.
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Lenchenko E, Sachivkina N, Lobaeva T, Zhabo N, Avdonina M. Bird immunobiological parameters in the dissemination of the biofilm-forming bacteria Escherichia coli. Vet World 2023; 16:1052-1060. [PMID: 37576771 PMCID: PMC10420717 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1052-1060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim With the development of industrial maintenance technology, a group of pathogens called avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) became very common. The initiation, development, and outcome of the infectious process mediated by virulent APEC strains occur through a decrease in the colonization resistance of the intestine, an immunobiological marker of homeostasis stability in susceptible species. This study focused on the pathogenetic features of colibacillosis and the morphological features of E. coli. Materials and Methods Clinical, immunological, bacteriological, and histological studies were conducted on 15-day-old white Leghorn birds (n = 20). The birds were divided into two groups: Control group (Group I; n = 10) with birds intranasally inoculated with 0.5 mL of 0.9% NaCl solution and experimental group (Group II; n = 10) with birds intranasally inoculated with 0.5 mL of an E. coli suspension at 1 billion/mL. Results During the biofilm formation, clusters of microcolonies were formed as a gel-like intercellular matrix that accumulated due to cell coagulation. The intercellular matrix "glues" heteromorphic cells together and forms a structure of densely packed heteromorphic cells arranged in an orderly manner and growing in different directions. During the experimental reproduction of E. coli, excessive growth was observed in material isolated from poultry. Pathogenic E. coli strains implementing virulence factors adhered to the receptors of erythrocytes, alveolocytes, and enterocytes. Multicellular heterogeneous biofilms, united by an intercellular matrix, were located at the apical poles of the respiratory tract alveolocytes and enterocytes of the terminal ileum villi. Many bacteria exudate containing desquamated epithelial cells with an admixture of mucus, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes were detected in the lumen of the birds' abdominal organs. Invasive bacteria damaged the epithelial layer, violated the endothelial layer of blood vessels, and developed inflammatory hyperemia of the lamina propria of the respiratory and digestive systems' mucous membrane. A correlative dependence of changes developed by the type of delayed hypersensitivity reaction was established. Signs of accidental transformation of the thymus, atrophy of the bursa of Fabricius, disseminated thrombosis, and septic spleen developed. Moreover, toxic cardiomyocyte dystrophy, signs of congestive vascular hyperemia, massive disintegration of lymphocytes, macrophage reactions, perivascular edema resulting from the release of plasma, and shaped blood elements were detected. Conclusion The development and outcome of the infectious process in escherichiosis primarily depend on the homeostasis stability of susceptible species and virulence factors of the pathogenic microorganisms. One of the selected strains, E. coli O78:K80 displayed the highest ability to form biofilms. Its strong adhesion ability to bird erythrocytes was demonstrated. Deepening the scientific knowledge of the interaction between eukaryotes and prokaryotes will contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenetic aspects of avian escherichiosis and eventually find promising anti-adhesive drugs that could reduce primary bacterial contamination in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Lenchenko
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Russian Biotechnological University (BIOTECH University), 125080, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Sachivkina
- Department of Microbiology V.S. Kiktenko, Institute of Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University), 117198, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana Lobaeva
- Department of Biochemistry T.T. Berezov, Institute of Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natallia Zhabo
- Department of Foreign Languages, Institute of Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University), 117198, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina Avdonina
- Department of Linguistics and Intercultural Communication, Moscow State Linguistic University, 119034, Moscow, Russia
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O’Boyle N, Douce GR, Farrell G, Rattray NJW, Schembri MA, Roe AJ, Connolly JPR. Distinct ecological fitness factors coordinated by a conserved Escherichia coli regulator during systemic bloodstream infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2212175120. [PMID: 36574699 PMCID: PMC9910484 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2212175120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of bacterial pathogens to adapt to host niches is driven by the carriage and regulation of genes that benefit pathogenic lifestyles. Genes that encode virulence or fitness-enhancing factors must be regulated in response to changing host environments to allow rapid response to challenges presented by the host. Furthermore, this process can be controlled by preexisting transcription factors (TFs) that acquire new roles in tailoring regulatory networks, specifically in pathogens. However, the mechanisms underlying this process are poorly understood. The highly conserved Escherichia coli TF YhaJ exhibits distinct genome-binding dynamics and transcriptome control in pathotypes that occupy different host niches, such as uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC). Here, we report that this important regulator is required for UPEC systemic survival during murine bloodstream infection (BSI). This advantage is gained through the coordinated regulation of a small regulon comprised of both virulence and metabolic genes. YhaJ coordinates activation of both Type 1 and F1C fimbriae, as well as biosynthesis of the amino acid tryptophan, by both direct and indirect mechanisms. Deletion of yhaJ or the individual genes under its control leads to attenuated survival during BSI. Furthermore, all three systems are up-regulated in response to signals derived from serum or systemic host tissue, but not urine, suggesting a niche-specific regulatory trigger that enhances UPEC fitness via pleiotropic mechanisms. Collectively, our results identify YhaJ as a pathotype-specific regulatory aide, enhancing the expression of key genes that are collectively required for UPEC bloodstream pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicky O’Boyle
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, CorkT12 K8AF, Ireland
| | - Gillian R. Douce
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, GlasgowG12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian Farrell
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, GlasgowG4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. W. Rattray
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, GlasgowG4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A. Schembri
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Andrew J. Roe
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, GlasgowG12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - James P. R. Connolly
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-TyneNE2 4HH, United Kingdom
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Yao R, Mao X, Xu Y, Qiu X, Zhou L, Wang Y, Pang B, Chen M, Cao S, Bao L, Bao Y, Guo S, Hu L, Zhang H, Cui X. Polysaccharides from Vaccaria segetalis seeds reduce urinary tract infections by inhibiting the adhesion and invasion abilities of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1004751. [PMID: 36506014 PMCID: PMC9727262 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1004751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The seeds of Vaccaria segetalis (Neck.) are from a traditional medicinal plant Garcke, also called Wang-Bu-Liu-Xing in China. According to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, the seeds of V. segetalis can be used for treating urinary system diseases. This study was designed to investigate the underlying mechanism of VSP (polysaccharides from Vaccaria segetalis) against urinary tract infections caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). Here, both in vitro and in vivo infection models were established with the UPEC strain CFT073. Bacterial adhesion and invasion into bladder epithelial cells were analyzed. We found that VSP reduced the adhesion of UPEC to the host by inhibiting the expression of bacterial hair follicle adhesion genes. VSP also reduced the invasion of UPEC by regulating the uroplakins and Toll-like receptors of host epithelial cells. In addition, the swarming motility and flagella-mediated motility genes flhC, flhD and Flic of UPEC were diminished after VSP intervention. Taken together, our findings reveal a possible mechanism by which VSP interferes with the adhesion and invasion of UPEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongmei Yao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Mao
- Guangzhou Baiyunshan Xingqun Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingli Xu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Qiu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lirun Zhou
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yaxin Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Pang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengping Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Cao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Bao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyan Bao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Guo
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Limin Hu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Haijiang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Regional Resource Exploitation and Medicinal Research, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai’an, China,*Correspondence: Haijiang Zhang, ; Xiaolan Cui,
| | - Xiaolan Cui
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Haijiang Zhang, ; Xiaolan Cui,
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Suwandi A, Alvarez KG, Galeev A, Steck N, Riedel CU, Puente JL, Baines JF, Grassl GA. B4galnt2-mediated host glycosylation influences the susceptibility to Citrobacter rodentium infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:980495. [PMID: 36033875 PMCID: PMC9403859 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.980495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Histo-blood group antigens in the intestinal mucosa play important roles in host–microbe interactions and modulate the susceptibility to enteric pathogens. The B4galnt2 gene, expressed in the GI tract of most mammals, including humans, encodes a beta-1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase enzyme which catalyzes the last step in the biosynthesis of the Sd(a) and Cad blood group antigens by adding an N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) residue to the precursor molecules. In our study, we found that loss of B4galnt2 expression is associated with increased susceptibility to Citrobacter rodentium infection, a murine model pathogen for human enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. We observed increased histopathological changes upon C. rodentium infection in mice lacking B4galnt2 compared to B4galnt2-expressing wild-type mice. In addition, wild-type mice cleared the C. rodentium infection faster than B4galnt2−/− knockout mice. It is known that C. rodentium uses its type 1 fimbriae adhesive subunit to bind specifically to D-mannose residues on mucosal cells. Flow cytometry analysis of intestinal epithelial cells showed the absence of GalNAc-modified glycans but an increase in mannosylated glycans in B4galnt2-deficient mice compared to B4galnt2-sufficient mice. Adhesion assays using intestinal epithelial organoid-derived monolayers revealed higher C. rodentium adherence to cells lacking B4galnt2 expression compared to wild-type cells which in turn was reduced in the absence of type I fimbriae. In summary, we show that B4galnt2 expression modulates the susceptibility to C. rodentium infection, which is partly mediated by fimbriae-mannose interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulhadi Suwandi
- Institute of Cell Biochemistry, Center of Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kris Gerard Alvarez
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alibek Galeev
- Section of Evolutionary Medicine, Institute for Experimental Medicine, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
| | - Natalie Steck
- Section of Evolutionary Medicine, Institute for Experimental Medicine, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian U. Riedel
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - José Luis Puente
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - John F. Baines
- Section of Evolutionary Medicine, Institute for Experimental Medicine, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
| | - Guntram A. Grassl
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
- *Correspondence: Guntram A. Grassl,
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Microscale communication between bacterial pathogens and the host epithelium. Genes Immun 2021; 22:247-254. [PMID: 34588625 PMCID: PMC8497271 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-021-00149-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria have evolved a variety of highly selective adhesins allowing these microbes to engage specific surface determinants of their eukaryotic host cells. Receptor clustering induced by the multivalent microorganisms will not only anchor the bacteria to the tissue, but will inevitably trigger host cell signaling. It has become clear, that these bacteria-initiated signaling events can be seen as a form of localized communication with host epithelial cells. Such a microscale communication can have immediate consequences in the form of changes in host cell membrane morphology or cytoskeletal organization, but can also lead to transcriptional responses and medium- and long-term alterations in cellular physiology. In this review, we will discuss several examples of this form of microscale communication between bacterial pathogens and mammalian host cells and try to delineate their downstream ramifications in the infection process. Furthermore, we will highlight recent findings that specialized pathogenic bacteria utilize the adhesin-based interaction to diffuse the short-range messenger molecule nitric oxide into the host tissue. While anti-adhesive strategies to disrupt the initial bacterial attachment have not yet translated into medical applications, the ability to interfere with the microscale communication emanating on the host side provides an unconventional approach for preventing infectious diseases.
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